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현곡(玄谷) 사비탕(瀉脾湯)의 구성한약과 그 기미배오(氣味配伍) 분석 (Hyeongok's Sabeetang Was Combined According to the Theory for Properties and Tastes of Herbal Medicines)

  • 박태열;김경철;신순식
    • 대한한의학방제학회지
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.137-144
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    • 2007
  • Background and Objectives : There are three kinds of formulas for purging the spleen to cure its sthenic syndrome based on the types of preparation formulas : Sabeetang, Sabeehwan, Sabeesan and Sabeeeum. Another formulas called Sahwangtang, Sahwangsan. Sahwangeum is to purge the yellow colour of spleen. There are 8 kinds of Sabeetang, 3 kinds of Sabeehwan, 3 kinds of Sabeesan, 1 kind of Sabeeeum, 4 kinds of Sahwangtang, 7 kinds of Sahwangsan, and 1 kind of Sahwangeum. Combination of herbal medicines, carried out in formulas for purging the spleen, consists of various kinds depending on medical scientists' personal experience in medical treatment without any general principles, which makes it difficult to apply it to clinical use. The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Sabeetang for curing the sthenic syndrome of spleen through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Sabeetang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of Sabeetang. Methods : This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Sabeetang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the ${\ulcorner}$Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$ , the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Sabeetang is an odd prescription, composed of 7 kinds of ingredients : No.1 Rhizoma Coptidis (2don;7.5g), No.2 Fructus Gardeniae (1don;3.75g), No.3 Ramulus Cinnamomi (1don), No.4 Gypsum Fibrosum (1don), No.5 Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (1don), No.6 Cortex Magnoliae Omcinalis (1don), and No.7 Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei (1don) Results : There are three methods for curing the sthenic syndrome of spleen according to the five elements doctrine : purging the spleen, purging the lung and invigorating the liver. First, if you suffer from the sthenic syndrome of the spleen, you need to purge your spleen. There are two available methods, including taste and property purgation according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each imply the bitter taste and the cool property purge the spleen. In the case of taste purgation, two herbal medicines with bitter taste. Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Gardeniae, are combined into the principal and assistant herbal medicine, respectively. For property purgation, three herbal medicines with the cool property, Gypsum Fibrosum, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Secondly, if you suffer from the sthenic syndrome of the spleen, you need to purge your lung which is child in the mother-child relationship in inter-promotion among the five elements. There are two methods to purge the lung, including taste and property purgation according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each mean the pungent taste and the warm property purge the lung. Therefore, it is important to use pungent herbal medicines for taste purgation and warm ones for property purgation. Both pungent and warm herb and property invigoration to invigorate the liver with warm property. Therefore, it is important to use pungent herbal medicines for taste invigoration and warm ones for property invigoration. Both pungent and warm herbal medicines, Ramulus Cinnamomi and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, were combined to invigorate the liver and purge the lung. In addition, Gypsum Fibrosum are combined as dispatcher herbal medicine, leading all the herbal medicines composing the formula to the spleen. Conclusions : First, to cure the sthenic syndrome of the spleen, the methods of purging the spleen and the lung, and invigorating the liver should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Sabeetang is combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines.

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현곡(玄谷) 보신탕(補腎湯)의 구성한약과 그 기미배오(氣味配伍) 분석 (Hyeongok's Boshintang was combined according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines.)

  • 차창민;서부일;김경철;신순식
    • 대한한의학방제학회지
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.29-38
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    • 2008
  • Background and Objectives : There are four kinds of formulas for invigorating the kidney to cure its asthenic syndrome based on the types of preparation formulas : Boshintang, Boshinhwan, Boshinsan, and Boshingaeng. There are 16 kinds of Boshintang, 28 kinds of Boshinhwan, 3 kinds of Boshinsan, and one kind of Boshingaeng. Combination of herbal medicines, carried out in formulas for invigorating the kidney, consists of various kinds depending on medical scientists' personal experience in medical treatment without any general principles, which makes it difficult to apply it to clinical use. The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Boshintang for curing the asthenic syndrome of kidney through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Boshintang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of Boshintang. Methods : This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Boshintang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the ${\ulcorner}$Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$ , the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Boshintang is an even prescription, composed of 6 kinds of ingredients : No.1 Fructus Lycii (3don;11.25g), No.2 Radix Polygoni Multiflori (1don:3.75g), No.3 Sarcucarpium Corni (1don), No.4 Fructus Schisandrae (1don), No.5 Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (5poon: 1.875g), and No.6 Cortex Phellodendri (5poon) Results : There are three methods for curing the asthenic syndrome of kidney according to the five elements doctrine : invigorating the kidney, invigorating the lung and purging the spleen. First, if you suffer from the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to invigorate your kidney. There are two available methods, including taste and property invigoration according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each imply the bitter taste and the cold property invigorate the kidney. In the case of taste invigoration, two herbal medicines with bitter taste, Fructus Lycii and Radix Polygoni Multiflori, are combined into the principal and assistant herbal medicine, respectively. For property invigoration, two herbal medicines with the cold property, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Secondly, if you suffer from the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to invigorate your lung which is mother in the mother-child relationship in inter-promotion among the five elements. There are two methods to invigorate the lung, including taste and property invigoration according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each mean the sour taste and the cool property invigorate the lung. Therefore, it is important to use sour herbal medicines for taste invigoration and cool ones for property invigoration. Both bitter and cool herbal medicines, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Lastly, if you suffer from the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to purge your spleen which is an element being surpassed in the relationship between the elements surpassed and ones not surpassed in inter-restraint among the five elements. There are two methods to purge the spleen, which include taste and property purgation according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. Taste purgation means to purge the spleen with bitter taste and property purgation to purge the spleen with cool property. Therefore, it is important to use bitter herbal medicines for taste purgation and cool ones for property purgation. Both bitter and cool herbal medicines, Rhizome Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri. were combined to purge the spleen and invigorate the kidney. In addition, Rhizome Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri are combined as dispatcher herbal medicine, reinforcing the kidney energy. Conclusions : First, to cure the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, the methods of invigorating the kidney and the lung, and purging the spleen should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Boshintang is combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines.

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현곡(玄谷) 사간탕(瀉肝湯)의 구성한약과 그 기미배오(氣味配伍) 분석 (Hyeongok's Sagan-tang was Combined according to the Theory for Properties and Tastes of Herbal Medicines)

  • 원찬욱;김상찬;신순식
    • 동의생리병리학회지
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    • 제21권5호
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    • pp.1341-1345
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    • 2007
  • There are four kinds of formulas for purging the liver to cure its sthenic syndrome based on the types of preparation formulas : Sagan-tang, Saganhwan, Saseem-san and Saganeum. Another formula called Sacheonghwan, Sacheong-tang and Sacheong-san is to purge the green colour of liver. There are 38 kinds of Sagan-tang, 2 kinds of Saganhwan, 29 kinds of Sagan-san, 5 kinds of Saganeum, 4 kinds of Sacheonghwan, 3 kinds of Sacheong-tang and 1 kind of Sacheong-san. Combination of herbal medicines, carried out in formulas for purging the liver, consists of various kinds depending on medical scientists' personal experience in medical treatment without any general principles, which makes it difficult to apply it to clinical use. The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Sagan-tang for curing the sthenic syndrome of liver through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Sagan-tang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of Sagan-tang. This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Sagan-tang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the ${\ulcorner}$Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$, the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Sagan-tang is an odd prescription, composed of 7 kinds of ingredients : No.1 Radix Paeoniae (2don;7.5 g), No.2 Fructus Chaenomelis (1don;3.75 g), No.3 Radix Rehmanniae (1don), No.4 Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (1don), No.5 Radix Bupleuri (1don), No.6 Radix Scutellariae (1don), and No.7 Radix Glycyrrhizae (1don). There are three methods for curing the sthenic syndrome of liver according to the five elements doctrine : purging the liver, purging the heart and invigorating the lung. In the case of taste purgation, two herbal medicines with sour taste, Radix Paeoniae and Fructus Chaenomelis, are combined into the principal and assistant herbal medicine, respectively. For property purgation, two herbal medicines with the cool property, Radix Bupleuri and Radix Scutellariae, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Both sweet and cold herbal medicines, Radix Rehmanniae and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Sour herbal medicines, Radix Paeoniae and Fructus Chaenomelis, were combined to invigorate the lung. Cool herbal medicines, Radix Bupleuri and Radix Scutellariae, were combined to invigorate the lung and to purge the liver. In addition, Radix Glycyrrhizae are combined as dispatcher herbal medicine, harmonizing all the herbal medicines composing the formula. First, to cure the sthenic syndrome of the liver, the methods of purging the liver and the heart, and invigorating the lung should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Sagan-tang is combined according to the above theories.

현곡(玄谷) 보폐탕(補肺湯)의 구성한약과 그 기미배오(氣味配伍) 분석 (Hyeongok's Bopyeo-tang Combined According to the Theory of Properties and Tastes of Herbal Medicines)

  • 신순식;박선동;김경철
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제28권3호통권71호
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    • pp.37-44
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    • 2007
  • Objectives : The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Bopyeo-tang for treating asthenic syndrome of the lung through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Bopyeo-tang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical effectiveness of Bopyeo-tang. Methods : This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Bopyeo-tang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the ${\ulcorner}$Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$, the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Bopyeo-tang is an unusual prescription, composed of 7 kinds of ingredients. Results : There are three methods for curing asthenic syndrome of the lung according to the five elements doctrine: invigorating the lung, invigorating the spleen and purging the heart. There are two available methods to invigorate the lung, taste and property invigoration, according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each imply the sour taste and the cool property invigorate the lung. In the case of taste invigoration, two herbal medicines with sour taste, Sarcucarpium Corni and Fructus Schisandrae, are combined into the principal and assistant herbal medicine, respectively. For property invigoration, two herbal medicines with the cool property, Colla Corii Asini and Radix Ophiopogonis, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. There are likewise two methods to invigorate the spleen, including taste and property invigoration according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each mean the sweet taste and the warm property invigorate the spleen. Therefore, it is important to use sweet herbal medicines for taste invigoration and warm ones for property invigoration. Both sweet and warm herbal medicines, Radix Ginseng and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Lastly, there are two methods to purge the heart, which include taste and property purgation according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. Taste purgation means to purge the heart with sweet taste and property purgation to purge the heart with cold property. Therefore, it is important to use sweet herbal medicines for taste purgation and cold ones for property purgation. Both sweet and cold herbal medicines, Colla Corii Asini and Radix Ophiopogonis, were combined to purge the heart and invigorate the lung. In addition, Radix Glycyrrhizae Praeparata is added as a dispatcher herbal medicine, harmonizing all the other herbal medicines comprising the formula. Conclusions : First, to treat asthenic syndrome of the lung, the methods of invigorating the lung and the spleen and purging the heart should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, and dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Bopyeo-tang is combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying the theory of properties and tastes of herbal medicines.

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TWINSPAN과 DCCA에 의한 금강(金剛)소나무 및 춘양목(春陽木)소나무 군집(群集)과 환경(環境)의 상관관계(相關關係) 분석(分析) (An Analysis of Vegetation-Environment Relationships of Pinus densiflora for. erecta and Chunyang-type of Pinus densiflora Communities by TWINSPAN and DCCA)

  • 송호경;김성덕;장규관
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제84권2호
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    • pp.266-274
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    • 1995
  • 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 금강소나무와 춘양목(春陽木)소나무의 삼림(森林) 식생(植生)과 환경요인(環境要因)과의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 62개(個)의 조사구(調査區)를 설치(設置)하여 식생(植生) 조사(調査)를 실시하였으며, TWINSPAN과 DCCA 방법(方法)을 사용(使用)하여 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 금강소나무 군집(群集)에서 중요치(重要値)가 높은 종(種)은 금강소나무, 신갈나무, 굴참나무, 생강나무, 물푸레나무, 개옻나무 등의 순(順)이고, 춘양목소나무 군집(群集)에서 중요치(重要値)가 높은 종(種)은 소나무, 굴참나무, 신갈나무, 쇠물푸레나무, 쪽동백나무, 졸참나무 등의 순(順)이다. 소나무의 삼림군집(森林群集)은 Quercus variabilis-Styrax obassia, Quercus variabilis, Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Quercus mongolica의 4그룹으로 나누어진다. 금강(金剛)소나무 군집(群集)이 춘양목(春陽木)소나무 군집(群集)보다 pH, 전질소(全窒素), 유기물함량(有機物含量), $K^+$, $Ca^{{+}+}$, $Mg^{{+}+}$, cation exchange capacity에서 양호하였으며, 춘양목(春陽木)소나무 군집(群集)은 유효인산(有效燐酸)에서만 양호(良好)하였다. 소나무 군집(群集)에서 군집(群集)과 환경요인(環境要因)들과의 관계(關係)로 보면 신갈나무 군집(群集)은 해발고(海拔高)가 높고, 전질소(全窒素), 유기물함량(有機物含量), C.E.C. 등(等)의 양료(養料)가 많은 곳에 주로 분포(分布)하고 있는데, 굴참나무 군집(群集)은 이와 반대로 해발고(海拔高)가 낮고, 전질소(全窒素), 유기물함량(有機物含量), C.E.C. 등(等)의 양료(養料)가 적은 곳에 주로 분포(分布)하고 있다. 굴참나무 -쪽동백 군집(群集)과 굴참나무-신갈나무 군집(群集)은 신갈나무와 굴참나무 군집(群集)의 중간(中間) 부분(部分)에 주로 분포(分布)하고 있다.

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현대회화에서 드러난 해체의 형식론에 관한 연구 -타의적 해체와 자의적 해체의 성격규정을 중심으로- (A study of the destructive styles from Contemporary Paintings - Focused on distinguishing enmity-destruction and self-destruction -)

  • 박기웅
    • 조형예술학연구
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    • 제7권
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    • pp.5-63
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    • 2005
  • Generally, the meanings of destruction are related in the meaning of demolition, breakdown, into fragments ... and so on, and the similar meanings are twist, crush, demolish, split, cut, into pieces , break up ... etc. Further, it has related in the cruelty and destructive heart which are linked with orgy, Sadism, Necrophilia and so on. The meanings are also expressed by the initial , which are deprivation, deface, defame, deform, degrade, delegitimize, denounce , deride, destroy, devalue, as well as debase, debunk, declaim, declassify, decry, delete, denigrate, deprecate, despise or detract ...and so on. Dario Gamboni has discussed the meaning in his book as two categories Iconoclasm and Vandalism. And the similar meanings could be found in the words which has the initial of , like abase, abate, abhor, abjure, abolish, abridge, abuse ...and so on. Even though the distinct meanings of Iconoclasm and Vandalism, it is not easy to distinguish clearly between the differences when the results are accomplished in contemporary paintings because of the similarity of the results. In korean vocabulary there are no similar words to distinguish between the meanings of destruction and deconstruction, and the deconstruction is not recorded in the general dictionaries. However the meaning of is diminishing, separation, contrast and so on. So the unification of the word as do-construction is not construct, minus construction, reverse construction. And Vincent Ditch explained that there are the meaning of destroy the text. From Jacques Derrida, the deconstruction strategy is to criticise the world of traditional metaphysics and logocentrism, and not to reconstruire the philosophical meaning of texts but $d\'{e}construire$ them. And Saussure emphasized that the signifers could have more meaning that there can be more signified in traditional texts in the art. as a result, deconstruction is explained that there are many signified meanings in a signifer. In this thesis , from using the meanings of destruction and deconstruction, to distinguish the expressive skills in contemporary art works are arising. Therefore, special methods which are linked in the destruction styles are selected. As a result, the two different purposes of destruction is arising, one is enmity destruction and the other is self destruction another word, auto destruction or destruction to create The enmity destruction can be distinguished by the two category Iconoclasm and Vandalism. They come from the moment of different historical aspect is arising and want to attack the Icon or masterpiece this concept is from the study of John Philips and especially iconoclasm is linked with religious and artistic heart, but Vandalism is come from the political attack. Sometime, this distinguish is not clearly arising, because the two aspects are co-related in the attack. As a result, firstly, the Iconoclastic controversy had arisen in the methods of Dadaism which has developed by Man Ray, Francis Picabia and Marcel Duchamp. They want to attack the pre-established master-pieces and painting spaces, and they had 'non-artistic attitude' not to be art. Since 1980, the German artist Anselm Kiefer adapted the methods and made them his special skills so he had tried to paint tough brush strokes and draw with hugh pallette image line and fire and water images , they can be the image attack as the Iconoclasm. secondly, the model of vandalism is to be done by hammer, drill, canon and so on. the method is to attack the content of painting. Further, the object of destruction is bound by cords and iron lings to demolish or to declare the authority of pre-statues; it symbolize the pre-authority is gone already. Self-destruction based paintings are clearly different in the purpose of approaching the art work. First of all, they can be auto-destruction, creative destruction and metamorphosis destruction, which is linked with the skill the material aspect and basic stature, and sign destruction or signifier destruction, which is link with the inner meaning destruction that is considered as the Semiotical destruction in post-modern paintings. Since 1960, the auto destruction is based on the method of firing, melting, grinding and similar skills, which is linked with Neo-Dada and reverse-assemblage. Metamorphosis destruction is strongly linked with the basic inner heart price and quality, so it can be resulted in the changedness of expectation and recognition. Tony Cragg has developed the skills to metamorphose the wood as stone or iron as cloth and stone as sponge and rubber and so on. The researcher has developed the same style in the series of since 2003. The other self-destructive methods are found in the skill of sign destruction. In the methods the meaning of the art is not fixed as one or two, but is developed multi-meaning and differ from original starting situation, so Jacques Derrida called the difference meaning in deconstruction. It is the destruction of textes. These methods are accomplished by David Salle, Francesco Clemente, and recently Tracy Emin, who has developed the attacking heart in the spectators' emotion. Sometime in the method of self-destruction, it is based on horror and shock, the method is explored by Demian Hirst and Jakes and Dinos Chapman. Their destructive styles stimulate ambivalent heart and destroy original sign of girl and animals.

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LCD 연구 개발 동향

  • 이종천
    • 전자공학회지
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    • 제29권6호
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    • pp.76-80
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    • 2002
  • 'Liquid Crystal의 상전이(相轉移)와 광학적 이방성(異方性)이 1888년과 1889년 F. Reinitzer와 O. Lehmann에 의해 Monatsch Chem.과 Z.Physikal.Chem.에 각각 보고된 후 부터 제2차 세계대전이 끝난 뒤인 1950년대 까지는 Liquid Crystal을 단지실험실에서의 기초학문 차원의 연구 대상으로만 다루어 왔다. 1963년 Williams가 Liquid Crystal Device로는 최초로 특허 출원을 하였으며, 1968년 RCA사의 Heilmeier등은 Nematic 액정(液晶)에 저주파(低周波) 전압(電壓)을 인가하면 투명한 액정이 혼탁(混濁)상태로 변화하는 '동적산란(動的散亂)'(Dynamic Scattering) 현상을 이용하여 최초의 DSM(Dynamic Scattering Mode) LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)를 발명하였다. 비록 150V 이상의 높은 구동전압과 과소비전력의 특성 때문에 실용화에는 실패하였지만 Guest-Host효과와 Memory효과 등을 발견하였다. 1970년대에 이르러 실온에서 안정되게 사용 가능한 액정물질들이 합성되고(H. Kelker에 의해 MBBA, G. Gray에 의한 Cyano-Biphenyl 액정의 합성), CMOS 트랜지스터의 발명, 투명도전막(ITO), 수은전지등의 주변기술들의 발전으로 인하여 LCD의 상품화가 본격적으로 이루어지게 되었다. 1971년에는 M. Shadt, W. Helfrich, J.L. Fergason등이 TN(Twisted Nematic) LCD를 발명하여 전자 계산기와 손목시계에 응용되었고, 1970년대 말에는 Sharp에서 Dot Matrix형의 휴대형 컴퓨터를 발매하였다. 이러한 단순 구동형의 TN LCD는 그래픽 정보를 표시하는 데에는 품질의 한계가 있어 1979년 영국의 Le Comber에 의해 a-Si TFT(amorphous Silicon Thin Film Transistor) LCD의 연구가 시작되었고, 1983년 T.J. Scheffer, J. Nehring, G. Waters에 의해 STN(Super Twisted Nematic) LCD가 창안되었고, 1980년 N. Clark, S. Lagerwall 및 1983년 K.Yossino에 의해 Ferroelectric LCD가 등장하여 LCD의 정보 표시량 증대에 크게 기여하였다. Color화의 진전은 1972년 A.G. Ficher의 셀 외부에 RGB(Red, Green, Blue) filter를 부착하는 방안과, 1981년 T. Uchida 등에 의한 셀 내부에 RGB filter를 부착하는 방법에 의해 상품화가 되었다. 1985년에는 J.L. Fergason에 의해 Polymer Dispersed LCD가 발명되었고, 1980년대 중반에 이르러 동화상(動畵像) 표시가 가능한 a-Si TFT LCD의 시제품(試製品) 개발이 이루어지고 1990년부터는 본격적인 양산 시대에 접어들게 되었다. 1990년대 초에는 STN LCD의 Color화 및 대형화(大型化) 고(高)품위화에 힘입어 Note-Book PC에 LCD가 본격적으로 적용이 되었고, 1990년대 후반에는TFT LCD의 표시품질 대비 가격경쟁력 확보로 인하여 Note-Book PC 시장을 독점하기에 이르렀다. 이후로는 TFT LCD의 대형화가 중요한 쟁점으로 부각되고 있고, 1995년 삼성전자는 당시 세계최대 크기의 22' TFT LCD를 개발하였다. 또한 LCD의 고정세(高情細)화를 위해 Poly Si TFT LCD의 개발이 이루어졌고, 디지타이져 일체형 LCD의 상품화가 그 응용의 폭을 넓혔으며, LCD의 대형화를 위해 1994년 Canon에 의해 14.8', 21' 등의 FLCD가 개발되었다. 대형화 방안으로 Tiled LCD 기술이 개발되고 있으며, 1995년에 Sharp에 의해 21' 두장의 Panel을 이어 붙인 28' TFT LCD가 전시되었고 1996년에는 21' 4장의 Panel을 이어 붙인 40'급 까지의 개발이 시도 되었으며 현재는 LCD의 특성향상과 생산설비의 성능개선과 안정적인 공정관리기술을 바탕으로 삼성전자에서 단패널 40' TFT LCD가 최근에 개발되었다. Projection용 디스플레이로는 Poly-Si TFT LCD를 이용하여 $25'{\sim}100'$사이의 배면투사형과 전면투사형 까지 개발되어 대형 TV시장을 주도하고 있다. 21세기 디지털방송 시대를 맞아 플라즈마디스플레이패널(PDP) TV, 액정표시장치 (LCD)TV, 강유전성액정(FLCD) TV 등 2005년에 약 1500만대 규모의 거대 시장을 형성할 것으로 예상되는 이른바 '벽걸이TV'로 불리는 차세대 초박형 TV 시장을 선점하기 위하여 세계 가전업계들이 양산에 총력을 기울이고 있다. 벽걸이TV 시장이 본격적으로 형성되더라도 PDP TV와 LCD TV가 직접적으로 시장에서 경쟁을 벌이는 일은 별로 없을 것으로 보인다. 향후 디지털TV 시장이 본격적으로 열리면 40인치 이하의 중대형 시장은 LCD TV가 주도하고 40인치 이상 대화면 시장은 PDP TV가 주도할 것으로 보는 시각이 지배적이기 때문이다. 그러나 이러한 직시형 중대형(重大型)디스플레이는 그 가격이 너무 높아서 현재의 브라운관 TV를 대체(代替)하기에는 시일이 많이 소요될 것으로 추정되고 있다. 그 대안(代案)으로는 비교적 저가격(低價格)이면서도 고품질의 디지털 화상구현이 가능한 고해상도 프로젝션 TV가 유력시되고 있다. 이러한 고해상도 프로젝션 TV용으로 DMD(Digital Micro-mirror Display), Poly-Si TFT LCD와 LCOS(Liquid Crystals on Silicon) 등의 상품화가 진행되고 있다. 인터넷과 정보통신 기술의 발달로 휴대형 디스플레이의 시장이 예상 외로 급성장하고 있으며, 요구되는 디스플레이의 품질도 단순한 문자표시에서 그치지 않고 고해상도의 그래픽 동화상 표시와 칼라 표시 및 3차원 화상표시까지 점차로 그 영역이 넓어지고 있다. <표 1>에서 보여주는 바와 같이 LCD의 시장규모는 적용분야 별로 지속적인 성장이 예상되며, 새로운 응용분야의 시장도 성장성을 어느 정도 예측할 수 있다. 따라서 LCD기술의 연구개발 방향은 크게 두가지로 분류할 수 있으며 첫째로는, 현재 양산되고 있는 LCD 상품의 경쟁력강화를 위하여 원가(原價) 절감(節減)과 표시품질을 향상시키는 것이며 둘째로는, 새로운 타입의 LCD를 개발하여 기존 상품을 대체하거나 새로운 시장을 창출하는 분야로 나눌 수 있다. 이와 같은 관점에서 현재 진행되고 있는 LCD기술개발은 다음과 같이 분류할 수 있다. 1) 원가 절감 2) 특성 향상 3) New Type LCD 개발.

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산성우(酸性雨)에 대한 산림생태계(山林生態系)의 민감도(敏感度) 및 자정기능(自淨機能)(II) - 식생층(植生層)과 토양층(土壤層) 용탈(溶脫)이온 분석(分析)을 중심으로 - (Sensitivity and Self-purification Function of Forest Ecosystem to Acid Precipitation (II) - Ion Balance in Vegetation and Soil Leachate -)

  • 장관순;이수욱
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제84권1호
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    • pp.103-113
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    • 1995
  • 산림생태계(山林生態系)의 산성우(酸性雨)에 대한 완충능(緩衝能)과 민감성(敏感性)을 분석하기 위해서 리기다소나무림(林) 굴참나무림(林)의 수관통과수(樹冠通過水), 수간류(樹幹流) 및 토양층 용탈용액(溶脫溶液)의 성분을 각각 분석하였고, GIS의 IDRISI system을 이용하여 토양도(土壤圖)와 식생도(植生圖)를 영상(映像) 변환(變換)시킨 후 중첩시켜 토양(土壤) 모암(母岩)에 따른 임상(林相)의 분포를 분석하였다. 모암(母岩) 및 토양(土壤)은 산성암(酸性岩), 퇴적암(堆積巖)으로 구분하고 산성(酸性), 중성(中性), 염기성(鹽基性), 변성잔적토(變成殘積土)로 세분하였다. 식생층(植生層)을 통과한 강우의 평균 pH는 굴참나무림(林)보다 리기다소나무림(林)에서 낮았으며, 두 수종 모두 임외강우(林外降雨)보다 수관통과수(樹冠通過水)에서는 높은 반면에 수간류(樹幹流)에서 낮았다. 식생층(植生層)을 통과한 강우(降雨)내 $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$$Cl^-$의 양은 수관통과수(樹冠通過水)보다 수간류(樹幹流)에서 높았고, 토양으로 투입되는 $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$$Cl^-$ 양은 임외(林外)보다 리기다소나무림(林)에서 각각 7.2, 4.3 및 2.5배, 굴참나무림(林)에서 각각 4.4, 2 및 2.5배 많았으며 굴참나무림(林)보다 리기다소나무림(林)에서 많았으나, 치환성(置換性) 양이온의 농도는 리기다소나무림(林)에서 4.1배, 굴참나무림(林)에서 4.6배로 굴참나무림(林)에서 높았다. 토양층(土壤層) 용탈용액(溶脫溶液)의 평균 pH는 수관통과수(樹冠通過水) pH보다는 낮은 반면에, 수간류(樹幹流)보다 높은 경향을 보였으며, 수종별(樹種別)로는 리기다소나무림(林) 지역에서 낮았다. 산성물질(酸性物質)에 의해서 토양층(土壤層)으로부터 용탈되는 양료(養料)와 $Al^{3+}$ 양(量)은 관엽수림(關葉樹林)보다 침엽수림(針葉樹林)이 많았고, 이들 양은 토양(土壤) 용탈용액(溶脫溶液)내 산성물질(酸性物質) 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 산림생태계중(山林生態系中) 리기다소나무림(林)은 식생층 용탈용액에 $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$$Cl^-$ 양이 많은 것으로 보아 산성물질(酸性物質)의 침적량(沈積量)과 차단량(遮斷量)이 많은 것으로 인정되는 동시에 토양으로부터 양료손실이 많았고 반면 굴참나무림(林)은 수관층(樹冠層)에서 양(陽)이온치환(置換)과 $H^+$ 소비가 많았고, 토양에서 양료손실(養料損失)이 적어 식생과 토양층의 완층력(緩衝力)이 우수했다. 대전지역의 산림토양은 산성암잔적토가 69%, 퇴적 및 변성암잔적토가 25%, 중성 및 염기성암잔적토는 6%를 차지하고 있는데, 양이온 치환용량(置換容量)이 부족한 산성암(酸性岩)에서 풍화된 토양(土壤)이 가장 많은 면적을 차지하고 있었고, 산성우(酸性雨) 대해서 가장 민감성(敏感性)을 나타내는 산성암이면서 동시에 침엽수림(針葉樹林)으로 구성된 임지는 소나무림(林)과 리기다소나무림(林)林으로 전체 면적중 50%를 차지하고 있었다.

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현곡(玄谷) 평신탕(平腎湯)의 구성한약과 그 기미배오(氣味配伍) 분석 (Hyeongok's Pyeongshintang was combined according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines)

  • 총배금;송춘호;김보경;사춘교;신우진;박동일;신순식
    • 대한한의학방제학회지
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.91-100
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    • 2008
  • Background and Objectives : There are three kinds of formulas for purging the kidney to cure its sthenic syndrome based on the types of preparation formulas : Sashintang, Sashinhwan and Sashinsan. There are 4 kinds of Sashintang, 1 kind of Sashinhwan and 1 kind of Sashinsan. Combination of herbal medicines, carried out in formulas for purging the kidney, consists of various kinds depending on medical scientists' personal experience in medical treatment without any general principles, which makes it difficult to apply it to clinical use. The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Pyeongshintang for curing the sthenic syndrome of kidney through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Pyeongshintang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of Pyeongshintang. Methods : This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Pyeongshintang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the "Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine", the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Pyeongshintang is an odd prescription, composed of 7 kinds of ingredients : No.1 Rhizoma Alismatis (2don;7.5g), No.2 Poria (1don;3.75g), No.3 Radix Paeoniae Alba (1don), No.4 Fructus Chaenomelis (1don), No.5 Polyporus (1don), No.6 Cortex Cinnamomi (1don), and No.7 Radix Glycyrrhizae (1don) Results : There are three methods for curing the sthenic syndrome of kidney according to the five elements doctrine : purging the kidney, purging the liver and invigorating the spleen. First, if you suffer from the sthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to purge your kidney. There are two available methods, including taste and property purgation according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each imply the salty taste and the hot property purge the kidney. In the case of taste purgation, two herbal medicines with salty taste, Rhizoma Alismatis and Poria, are combined into the principal and assistant herbal medicine, respectively. For property purgation, two herbal medicines with the hot property, Polyporus and Cortex Cinnamomi, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Secondly, if you suffer from the sthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to purge your liver which is child in the mother-child relationship in inter-promotion among the five elements. There are two methods to purge the liver, including taste and property purgation according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each mean the sour taste and the cool property purge the liver. Therefore, it is important to use sour herbal medicines for taste purgation and cool ones for property purgation. Both sour and cool herbal medicines, Radix Paeoniae Alba and Fructus Chaenomelis, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Lastly, if you suffer from the sthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to invigorate your spleen which is an element being surpassed in the relationship between the elements surpassed and ones not surpassed in inter-restraint among the five elements. There are two methods to invigorate the spleen, which include taste and property invigoration according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. Taste invigoration means to invigorate the spleen with sweet taste and property invigoration to invigorate the spleen with warm property. Therefore, it is important to use sweet herbal medicines for taste invigoration and warm ones for property invigoration. Both sweet and warm herbal medicines, Polyporus and Cortex Cinnamomi, were combined to invigorate the spleen and purge the kidney. In addition, Radix Glycyrrhizae are combined as dispatcher herbal medicine, harmonizing all the herbal medicines composing the formula. Conclusions : First, to cure the sthenic syndrome of the kidney, the methods of purging the kidney and the liver, and invigorating the spleen should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Pyeongshintang is combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines.

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남강 농업용수의 시기별 수질변화 (Changes in Agricultural Irrigation Water Quality in Nam River)

  • 이영한;김종균;이한생;조동진;조주식;신원교
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.259-263
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    • 1997
  • 남강수계 농업용수의 수질변화를 구명하기 위하여 1994년에서 1995년까지 매년 4월부터 9월까지 남강수계 7개 지점을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 무기성분 평균치는 pH 7.9, COD 7.3mg/l, $NO_3-N$ 1.2mg/l, $Na^+$ 6.2mg/l, $Cl^-$ 14.8mg/l, EC 0.13dS/m, $PO_4\;^{3-}$ 0.21㎎/l, $K^+$ 2.6mg/l, $Ca^{2+}$ 10.8mg/l,$Mg^{2+}$ 2.9mg/l, $SO_4\;^{2-}$ 10.5mg/l, $Fe^{3+}$ 0.03mg/l and Zn 0.02mg/l였다. 월별 무기성분 평균치는 7월에 COD $8.4{\sim}11.6mg/l$, $NO_3-N$ $1.1{\sim}1.7mg/l$, $Na^+$ $5.4{\sim}13.1$, $Cl^-$ $18.9{\sim}27.9mg/l$로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 조사지역별로는 월아양수장 지점이 COD $8.8{\sim}11.3mg/l$, $NO_3-N$ $1.6{\sim}2.4mg/l$, $Na^+$ $9.0{\sim}10.2mg/l$, $Cl^-$ $21.7{\sim}23.0mg/l$로 가장 높게 나타났다. 무기성분간의 음이온당량과 양이온당량 비율은 월아양수장 지점이 다른 지점보다 높게 나타났다. 주요성분중 EC는 $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$$SO_4\;^{2-}$ 함량과 고도의 정의상관이 있었다.

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