• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

The objective of this paper was to quantitatively analyze the effect of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) NPS pollution on a small watershed water quality. Monitoring was conducted from March to October, 2013. Monthly flow rate and selected water quality at each monitoring site were measured during dry days. Rainy day monitoring also was conducted. Modeling was conducted to evaluate the effect of CAFO NPS pollution on the water quality at the watershed outlet. The highest and mean concentration of selected water quality indices during rainy days were higher than those in dry days in general. The highest TN concentration measured at the CAFP pollution discharge point was 237.831 mg/L. The results revealed that the CAFO NPS pollution sources could be equally blamed for the water quality degradation of the stream. However, the effect of the NPS pollution from CAFOs seemed not to be very influential to the watershed water quality at the outlet. SWAT modeling revealed that the TN load was reduced by 18.95 %, 23.39 % and 30.53 % at the watershed outlet if the TN load at the CAFO NPS pollution discharge point reduced by 20 %, 40 % and 60 %, respectively. It was thought that the natural attenuation processes played an important role. The modeling was based only on the assumption of the load reduction and not verified by the monitored data. Therefore, it was suggested that a long term monitoring studies for the evaluation of the impact of CAFO NPS pollution on the watershed water quality be conducted.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.337-345
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• 2016

Recently, as the number of cores in computer systems has increased, the need for larger memory capacity has also increased. Unfortunately, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), popularly used as main memory for decades, now faces a scalability limitation. Phase change memory (PCM) is considered one of the strong alternatives to DRAM due to its advantages, such as high scalability, non-volatility, low idle power, and so on. However, since PCM suffers from short write endurance, direct use of PCM in main memory incurs a significant problem due to its short lifetime. To solve the lifetime limitation, many studies have focused on reducing the number of bit flips per write request. In this paper, we describe the PCM operating principles in detail and explore various bit flip reduction schemes. Also, we compare their performance in terms of bit reduction rate and lifetime improvement.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.158-164
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• 2006

축산 관리시설로부터 발생하는 악취와 이를 저감하려는 연구들이 국내에서 활발히 진행되고 있다. 축산 관리시설로부터 발생하는 악취를 저감시키기 위해서는 주요 악취 기인 화합물 및 이들의 발생 메커니즘이 규명되어져야 하는데, 이를 위해 정확하고 객관적인 악취 화합물의 분석 기술이 필수적이다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 고상(固想) 미세추출법(SPME; Solid-phase microextraction)을 이용하여 현장에서 대상 화합물을 흡착하고, GC/MSD 혹은 GC/FID를 이용하여 정량 분석하여 화합물의 손실을 최소화 하는 분석 방법을 소개하고자 한다. 본 연구에서의 대상 악취 화합물은 trimethylamine(TMA), carbon disulfide($CS_2$), dimethyl sulfide(DMS), dimethyl disulfide(DMDS), acetic acid(AA), propionic arid(PA) 그리고 n-butyric acid(BA)이다. SPME-GC 검정곡선의 직선성을 나타내는 결과로 TMA의 결정계수($R^2$)는 0.984(0.056-1.437), $CS_2$는 0.996(0.039-0.999), DMS는 0.994(0.029-0.756), DMDS는 0.995(0.024-0.623), AA는 0.992(0.068-1.314), PA는 0.955(0.047-0.940), 그리고 BA는 0.976(0.036-0.712)이었다. 분석 검출한계는 AA, PA, BA, TMA, DMS, $CS_2$, DMDS에 대하여 각각 5.67, 6.39, 5.78, 25.2, 0.098, 0.363, 0.099 ppbv이었다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법을 이용하여 계사, 돈사 및 우사에서 발생하는 악취화합물을 정량 분석하였다. 계사 내부에서 DMDS를 제외한 모든 화합물이 검출이 되었는데, 문헌에서 보고된 human odor threshold를 초과하였다.