• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2000

This study examined the effects of excess intake of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) supplement on bone loss, nephrocalcinosis and renal function in osteoporotic model rats. Seven-week-old female rats were first fed a Ca-deficient diet for four weeks after ovariectomy operation, and then one of nine experimental diets for additional eight weeks, containing three levels of Ca, normal (0.5%) or high (1.5%) or excess (2.5%) and three levels of Fe, normal (35ppm) or high (210ppm) or excess (350ppm). The osteoporotic model rats showed a remarkable increase in body weight, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and decrease in breaking force, Ca, P, Mg contents of femur. Serum Ca concentration was not significantly affected by dietary Ca and Fe levles. Liver Ca content increased in rats fed a high-and excess-Ca diet. Kidney Ca content and microscopic Ca deposition remarkably increased in osteoporotic model rats compared to control group, and showed a tendency to decrease in rats fed a excess-Ca diet. Breaking force of femur increased with increasing dietary Ca levels, but Ca, P contents of femur and serum ALP were not significantly affected by dietary Ca and Fe levels. Serum total protein decreased in rats fed a excess-Ca diet, BUN increased in rats fed a excess-Ca diet, while serum uric acid and creatinine were not significantly affected by dietary Ca levels. Urinary creatinine, GFR increased in rats fed a high-and excess-Ca, diet, and GFR was highest in rats fed a excess-Ca/excess-Fe diet. These results suggest that excess intake of Ca may increase breaking force of femur, but not increase mineral contents of femur, and decrease kidney function. Furthermore, excess intake of Fe and Ca concurrently may aggravate kidney function leading to potential health problems in ovariectomized osteoporotic model rats.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate effect of heavy metals (i.e., $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$) to toxicity of Triclosan as binary mixture. The individual toxicity and combined toxic effects of Triclosan with heavy metals were evaluated by Vibrio fischeri assay. In individual toxicity, the $Hg^{2+}$ was found to be most toxic followed by Triclosan, $Pb^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$, respectively. To evaluate combined toxic effect, correlation analysis of 'predicted value' calculated by Concentration addition (CA) model and Independent action (IA) model with 'experimental value' were performed based on the toxicity of individual compound. As a result, all of the combinations showed that IA model were more correlated with experimental value than CA model. On the basis of the median effect concentration of combination ($EC_{50mix}$) predicted by IA model, experimental $EC_{50mix}$ of Triclosan + Cu, Triclosan + Zn, Triclosan + Pb, Triclosan + Hg, Triclosan + Cd, and Triclosan + Cr were 191%, 226%, 138%, 137%, 209%, and 138% of $EC_{50mix}$ predicted by IA model, respectively, indicating that all of the combinations produced antagonistic effect.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.253-254
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• 2012

In this study, it carried out measurement experiment Ca(OH)₂ and chemically bound water to verify Ca(OH)₂ and chemically bound water prediction model out of hydration model of cement incorporating blast furnace slag. It compared and analyzed prediction results using prediction model with measurement results of Ca(OH)₂ quantity using thermogravimetric differential temperature analysis and chemically bound water quantity using electronic furnace. It agrees well experiments results with prediction results.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39A no.4
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• pp.206-208
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• 2014

In this letter, IQ mismatch of a CA-supporting terminal for LTE-A is analyzed and each of the analog blocks is modeled mathematically. Based on the model, a new digital calibration algorithm is proposed and verified using simulation results.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.115-131
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of sports involvement and consumer attitude on fashion advertisement using sports star models(CAATTM) according to demographics and to investigate the effect of sports involvement to CAATTM. The subjects selected for final analysis were 398 adults living in Daejeon. The statistics used for analysis included factor analysis, ANOVA, multiple range test, regression, $Cronbach'\alpha$, and frequency. The results were as follow: 1. Sports Involvement was divided Cognitive Sports Involvement(CSI) and Emotional Sports Involvement(ESI). The CSI and ESI were different according to sex. And CSI was different according to age, education level and marriage status. 2. CATTM was divided into three factors: Emotional Attitude(EA), Cogitive Attitude(CA), and Ethical Attitude(ETA). CA was different according to sex, age, income, and marriage status. 3. The sports involvement affected CAATTM. People who were high in CSI and ESI showed high attitude in EA and CA.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.493-499
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• 2008

Cellular Automata(CA) has been used as modeling and computing paradigm for a long time. And CA has been used to model many physical systems. While studying the models of such systems, it is seen that as the complexity of the physical system increase, the CA based model becomes very complex and becomes to difficult to track analytically. Also such models fail to recognize the presence of inherent hierarchical nature of a physical system. In this paper we give the characterization of Hierarchical Cellular Automata(HCA). Especially we analyze transition rules, characteristic polynomials and cyclic structures of HCA.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1099-1104
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• 2009

Cellular Automata(CA) has been used as modeling and computing paradigm for a long time. While studying the models of systems, it is seen that as the complexity of the physical system increase, the CA based model becomes very complex and becomes to difficult to track analytically. Also such models fail to recognize the presence of inherent hierarchical nature of a physical system. In this paper we analyze the properties of GF($2^p$) multiplue attractor cellular automata(GF($2^p$) MACA) C and give a method of synthesis of C which is a special class of hierarchical cellular automata proposed as an alternative to solve the problem.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.3 s.108
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• pp.297-303
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• 2004

Two dimensional cellular automaton (CA) models were developed to investigate growth of biofilms in aquatic ecosystems. Simple local rules on CA were applied to governing growth of bacterial populations in relation to different nutrient concentrations. Initial bacterial distribution played an important role in determining population size and morphology of biofilm at low concentrations of nutrition. With clumped distribution, population size increased slowly compared with uniform and random distributions, while the porosity tented to be higher with uniform distribution compared with other initial distributions.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.333-342
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• 2022

Cellular Automata (CA) is a discrete and abstract computational model that is being applied in various fields. Applicable as an excellent pseudo-random sequence generator, CA has recently developed into a basic element of cryptographic systems. Several studies on CA-based stream ciphers have been conducted and it has been observed that the encryption strength increases when the radius of a CA's neighbor is increased when appropriate CA rules are used. In this paper, among CAs that can be applied as a one-dimensional pseudo-random number sequence generator (PRNG), one-dimensional 5-neighbor CAs are classified according to the connection state of their neighbors, and the ignition relationship of the characteristic polynomial is obtained. Also this paper propose a synthesis algorithm for an asymmetric 1-D linear 5-neighbor MLCA in which the radius of the neighbor is increased by 2 using the one-dimensional 3-neighbor 90/150 CA state transition matrix.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.327-327
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• 2023

인간 활동의 영향으로 인한 기후변화는 지구의 물 순환을 변화시키며 결과적으로 수문학적 재해의 발생빈도와 강도를 변화시킬 것으로 전망한다. 파키스탄은 기후변화에 대한 기여도가 적음에도 불구하고 기후변화로 인한 피해가 큰 나라 중 하나이다. 파키스탄은 2022년 여름 국가의 30% 이상의 지역이 침수되며 3300만명이 피해를 받은 기록적인 홍수를 겪은 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 하천 물리 모델인 Catchment based Macro-scale Floodplain (CaMa-Flood)를 사용하여 2022년 파키스탄에서 발생한 홍수에 대하여 인간 활동에 의한 기후변화 영향을 평가했다. 결합모델간 상호비교 프로젝트 (Coupled Model Intercomparision Project Phase 6, CMIP6)에 참여한 모형들 중, 일 유출량을 제공하는 4개의 전구기후모델 (CanESM5, CNRM-CM6-1, HadGEM3-GC31-LL, IPSL-CM6A-LR)을 선정하였다. 본 연구는 선정된 모델을 기반으로 지난 1950-2014년의 총 65년간, 인간의 영향을 제외한 hist-nat과 인간의 영향이 포함된 historical 시뮬레이션 결과를 비교하여 홍수에 대한 인간 활동의 기여도를 평가하였다. 각 hist-nat과 historical 시뮬레이션에서 산출된 일 유출량을 CaMa-Flood의 입력 자료로 사용하여, 파키스탄 지역의 자연 변동성 및 인위적 강제력이 영향을 미치는 하천 유량, 저수량, 범람 면적 및 수위 등을 계산하였다. 연구 결과, 인간 활동이 2022년 파키스탄 홍수의 하천 범람 면적 및 총 하천 유량 증가에 영향을 미쳤으며, 이는 자연 변동성만을 고려한 hist-nat 시뮬레이션과의 비교를 통해 차이를 확인하였다. 이는 향후 파키스탄 지역에서 발생하는 홍수 사례 전망 및 유엔 기후변화협약당사국총회(COP27)에서 의제로 채택된 기후변화로 인한 손실과 피해의 보상에 대한 구체적인 근거에 도움이 될 것으로 보인다.