• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study is to analyze aneurysm morphology and define limitations and feasibility in endovascular Gugliemi detachable coil[GDC] embolization for anterior communicating artery [ACoA] aneurysms. Methods : From January 2000 through October 2003, 123patients were treated with endovascular coil embolization for ACoA aneurysms. There were 75women and 48men, with a mean age of 63years. All ruptured aneurysms were treated within 15days of rupture. Aneurysm morphology was classified according to neck size and projection of aneurysm dome as follows-A : neck of aneurysm <4mm & anterior projection, B : neck of aneurysm [4mm & anterior projection, C : neck of aneurysm<4mm & posterior [superior] projection, D : neck of aneurysm [4mm & posterior [superior] projection, E : neck of aneurysm<4mm & inferior projection, and F : neck of aneurysm [4mm & inferior projection. Endovascular procedures were categorized as either "successful" or "unsuccessful". Clinical follow-up was estimated at discharge and at 6months, post treatment results were classified according to Glasgow Outcome Scale[GOS]. Results : Successful embolization for ACoA was performed in 86patients of 123patients [69.9%]. Complete or near complete aneurysm occlusion was observed in 102patients [82.9%]; a neck remnant was observed in 6patients [4.9%]; partial embolization was done in 3patients [2.4%]; and embolization was attempted in 12patients [9.8%]. Among 55patients with follow-up angiographic results, 18patients [32.7%] were defined as recanalization of the aneurysm sac. Morphological analysis demonstrated that anterior projecting aneurysms and morphological classifications [morphological classifications worsens [A - D] chances of successful coil occlusion significantly decrease] were major factors in successful embolization, and, inferiorly projecting and wide neck [${\ge}4mm$] aneurysms are highly related to recanalization of aneurysms. Conclusion : Endovascular coil embolization of ACoA aneurysms shows good outcome in our study. Nevertheless, there is a limitation in the endovascular approach to ACoA, even though advanced modern techniques evolve rapidly. Compensatory surgical approach with the endovascular approach is required for successful treatment of ACoA aneurysms.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 2013

This study examined the mechanism of action of a local anesthetic, lidocaine HCl. Energy transfer between the surface fluorescent probe, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid, and the hydrophobic fluorescent probe, 1,3-di(1-pyrenyl) propane, was used to determine the effect of lidocaine HCl on the thickness (D) of the synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles (SPMV) isolated from the bovine cerebral cortex, and liposomes of the total lipids (SPMVTL) and phospholipids (SPMVPL) extracted from the SPMV. The thickness (D) of the intact SPMV, SPMVTL and SPMVPL were $1.044{\pm}0.008$, $0.914{\pm}0.005$ and $0.890{\pm}0.003$ (arbitrary units, n=5) at $37^{\circ}C$ (pH 7.4), respectively. Lidocaine HCl decreased the thickness of the neuronal and model membrane lipid bilayers in a dose-dependent manner with a significant decrease in the thickness, even at 0.1 mM. The decreasing effect of lidocaine HCl on the membrane thickness might be responsible for some, but not all of its anesthetic action.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.460-467
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• 2010

For D-WTP's sedimentation basin and distribution reservoir, and water tap the predictive models proposed tentatively herein included the models for estimating TTHM concentration in precipitated water, for treated water and for tap water, and the estimated correlation formula between treated water's TTHM concentration and tap water. As for TTHM-concentration predictive model in sedimentation water, the coefficient of determination is 0.866 for best-fitted short-term $DOC{\times}UV_{254}$ based Model (TTHM). As for $HAA_5$-concentration predictive model in sedimentation water, the coefficient of determination is 0.947 for the suitable $UV_{254}$-based model ($HAA_5$). In case of the predictive model in treated water, the coefficient of determination is 0.980 for best-fitted $DOC{\times}UV_{254}$ based model (TTHM) using coagulated waters, while the coefficient of determination is 0.983 for best-fitted $DOC{\times}UV_{254}$ based model ($HAA_5$) using coagulated waters, which described the $HAA_5$ concentration well. However, the predictive model for tap water could not be compatible with the one for treated water, only except for possibility inducing correlation formula for prediction, [i.e., the correlation formula between TTHM concentration and tap water was verified as TTHM (tap water) = $1.162{\times}TTHM$ (treated water), while $HAA_5$ (tap water) = $0.965{\times}HAA_5$ (treated water).] The correlation analysis between DOC and $KMnO_4$ consumption by process resulted in higher relationship with filtrated water, showing that its regression is $DOC=0.669{\times}KMnO_4$ consumption - 0.166 with 0.689 of determination coefficient. By substituting it to the existing DOC-based model ($HAA_5$) for treated water, the consequential model formula was made as follows; $HAA_5=8.35(KMnO_4\;consumption{\times}0.669-0.166)^{0.701}(Cl_2)^{0.577}t^{0.150}0.9216^{(pH-7.5)}1.022^{(Temp-20^{\circ}C)}$

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 1985

To establish the weed control in transplanted bed of Pinus koraiensis and Larix leptolepis, alachlor, simazine, terbutryn, pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen and amitrol/2,4-D/methabenthiazuron (ustinex) were used by soil treatment and foliage application at 7days after transplantion of seedling. From the of soil treatment, grasses such as Dimeria ornithopoda, Alopecurus aequalis, Agropyron tsukushiense and Setaria verticillata were effectively controVed by 85 to 90% at the respective recommended rate of oxyfluorfen, alachlor and terbutryn. At the application rate of recommentation simazine, oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin and terbutryn respectively controlled 70 to 80% of broad-leaved weeds such as Erigeron annuus, Portulaca olearcea, Cerastium arvense, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Commelina commuis, Chenopodium hybridum and Stellaria alsine. Ustinex and oxyfluorfen were very effective for the control of perennials such as Artemisia princeps and Calystegia japonica. Initial sympton of phytotoxicity and decrease of growth in P. koreaiensis and L. leptolepis were not found by soil treatment and those in P. koraiensis was not shown by foliage application of all tested herbicides. But L. leptolepis foliage-applied with ustinex, oxyfluorfen, terbutryn and pendimethalin was great in early phytotoxicity and severe in growth inhibition.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.10-23
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• 1997

This study was carried out to determine distribution and tuberization characteristics of tubers of water chestnut(Eleocharis Kuroguwai Ohwi) which is a dominant weed species and diffult to control during 1993 to 1994. By early planting of E. kuroguwai tubers, more and heavier tubers were developed, but the tubers were tended to distribute at the upper soils. Large proportion of tubers was remained at the upper 0 to 10cm soil layer and a few tubers were formed below 20cm. Tubers developed earlier tended to be at deeper layer, while later developed tubers were at upper layers. Tuber weight was increased from the surface to 20cm soil depths, but that formed below 20cm was almost same. No tillage resulted in more tuber formation which were distributed at upper soil layers when compared to conventional tillage. Cool water irrigation pumped from ground water resulted in less tuberization but smaller tubers when compared to control. Shading with color cellophan films resulted in smaller tuber formation with lower in sprouting percentage. Among the films tested, the most significant effect was obtained with green color.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 1992

To investigate the delignification behaviour in solvolysis pulping process, Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa H. and Pinus Kuraiensis S. et Z. were cooked with p-cresol and vater solvent(2:8, 5:5, 8:2 v/v) at $175^{\circ}C$ for 9 cooking time levels(20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, min). Pulp yield, residual lignin content, de lignification rate, decarborhydration rate were determined. Delignification behaviours were analyzed by TEM. 1. The p-cresol-water solvent cooking of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa showed good delignification at the solvent system which the mixture ratio of p-cresol and water were 2:8(v/v), while the cooking of P. koraiensis with the p-cresol and water mixture ratio of 5:5 was no good. 2. P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa showed three step-delignification phenomena at the solvent system which the mixture ratio of p-cresol and water were 2:8(v/v) anti 5:5(v/v). But P. koraiensis showed a first order delignification reaction at the same mixture ratio of p-cresol and water solvent system. 3. In TEM micrograph obtained for the solvent system which the mixture ratio of p-cresol and water was 5:5(v/v), the partial delignification of the cell corner of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa and P. koraiensis were observed at 60min. of cooking time. Complete delignification at the cell corner of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa was observed at 160min. and that of P. koraiensis was observed of 180min. of cooking time. 4. In optical microscopic observation, fiber separation of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa occured at 120min. and that of P. koraiensis began at 140min. of cooking time. 5. At the solvent system which the mixture ratio of p-cresol and water was 5:5(v/v), middle layer on secondary wall($S_2$) and cell corner of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa were more selectively delignified than primary wall(P) and outer layer on secondary wall($S_1$). However P. koraiensis did not showed any difference in delignification between cell wall layers and cell corner.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.287-293
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• 2006

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) film was deposited using benzene $(C_6H_6)$ by r. f-plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition. The tribological properties of the DLC film were tested by rotating ball-on-disc type tribometer isolated by a chamber. The tribological test was performed in air environment of relative humidity ranging from 0 to 90% in order to observe the tribological behavior of the DLC film with the change of humidity. We used steel ball and DLC coated steel ball to investigate the effect of the counterface material. Using steel ball, the friction coefficient of DLC film increased from 0.025 to 0.2 as the humidity increased from 0% to 90%. In case of DLC coated steel ball which didn't form the Fe-rich debris, the friction coefficient showed much lower dependence of humidity as 0.08 in relative humidity 90%. We confirmed that the high humidity dependence of the friction coefficient using steel ball resulted from the increase of debris size with humidity and the formation of Fe-rich debris by the wear of steel ball. And the friction coefficient was immediately dropped when the relative humidity changed from 90% to 0% during test using steel ball. From this result, we confirmed that the effect of the Fe-rich debris on the friction coefficient was that Fe element in debris formed the highly sensitive graphitic transfer layer to humidity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.256-265
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• 2011

To investigate the effect of a solar salt on Kimchi fermentation, Chinese cabbages were brined with four-years aged solar salt (FS), one-year aged solar salt (OS), and purified salt (PS). The Kimchi was fermented at $7^{\circ}C$ for 33 days. The changes in pH and acidity of the Kimch brined with PS was slower than those of Kimchis brined with FS and OS. In the Kimchis with FS and OS, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts increased from 7.10~7.22 log CFU/mL at 0 day to 9.26~9.42 log CFU/mL at 12 days, after which counts slightly decreased to 8.04~8.75 log CFU/mL by 33 days of fermentation. The LAB counts of the kimchi with PS slowly increased from 7.24 log CFU/mL at 0 day to 8.99 log CFU/mL at 27 days, after then which counts sharply decreased to 7.92 log CFU/mL by 33 days of fermentation. Yellowness (b) color values of the kimchi with PS (59.10) was higher than the Kimchi with FS (53.68) and the Kimchi with OS (53.77). Hardness of the Kimchi with FS was more firm than the other Kimchis after 33 days storage. Sensory evaluation of the Kimchi with FS showed higher score than that of the other Kimchis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to inquire into the effect of different concentrations of bee venom pharmacopuncture to inhibit genesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and to inhibit nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activation on type II collagen induced arthritis. Methods : The experiment was divided into category of the normal group (NOR)-no treated group, control group (CON)-CIA (collagen induced arthritis) induced group, and 4,000 : 1 bee venom group (BV-L)- 4000:1 bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA, and 2000:1 bee venom group (BV-H)- 2,000 : 1 Bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA. RA was induced in the mice via injecting $50{\mu}{\ell}$ C II mixed CFA. The bee venom pharmacopuncture was applied on $ST_{35}$ for 19 days from the 3rd day of RA inducement. To research the effect on the expression of IKK ($I{\kappa}B$ kinase), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) & COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) mRNA, RT-PCR was performed on synovial membrane cells from the knee joint of CIA mice. Results : The PMA-induced $I{\kappa}B$ kinase (IKK), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) mRNA expression were dose-dependantly decreased in bee venom treated with synoviocytes. In mice treated with bee venom pharmacopuncture, foot thickness and the damage of synovial membranes of the joint was lessened, and the activation of RA-related pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MIF, TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-9 was significantly decreased. The activation of iNOS and COX-2 was suppressed by the inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$. In addition, each data was shown that 2,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture was more effective than 4,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture. Conclusions : It is speculated that bee venom pharmacopuncture has the therapeutic effect of palliating the damage of the synovial membrane and inflammation on RA by suppressing of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 1982

Recently in Korea, integration of F.P. & MCH programs for effective and efficient implementation of the health programs has been discussed actively. In fact, categorical health workers in fields have been trained and changed as an integrated health workers by government. But one of the most important problems that had to be solved for successful integration of F.P. and MCH programs, is that there must be a common indicator for the evaluation of the two health services (integrated indicator). We regarded reproductive efficiency (=R.E.) that had been proposed by Charlotter M$\ddot{u}$ller et al, as the good integrated indicator. The object of this brief article is to introduce the meaning of reproductive efficiency and to illustrate the usefulnesses of R.E. as the integrated health indicator by applying this indicator to the data from preliminary survey of Seosan demonstration project for integration of F.P. & MCH service supported by WHO. The results and conclusions are as follows 1) Definition of R.E. is the percentage of pregnancies that succeed in production normal, surving children after taking into account the frequency of all measurable types of adverse outcomes (End point for evaluation of survival is one year of age). 2) On the basis of the past pregnant history, reproductive efficiency of the 2,484 eligible women (15-44 years) was roughly 75% (But, in the concept of good births, it is not regarded whether the survived infant is normal health or not). 3) Compared with the results of the other two surveys of the rural area in Korea, reproductive efficiency has been slightly decreased than before, in spite of family planning and MCH services for past 20 years. Because the quantity of increased abortion rate overwhelmed that of the decreased infant mortality rate. 4) Reproductive efficiency has the object for measure many events during the period from the conception (Wanted pregnancy) to an normal surviving children as an 1 year of age. So these heterogenous adversities, ie, induced abortion, still births, spontaneous abortion, neonate & infant death, are aggregated as R.E. However, if the information of these important events and reproductive efficiency were given, R.E. is used as the comprehensive evaluation indicator for F.P. and M.C.H. after meticulous analysis the various components of R.E. 5) Economic loss for adverse outcomes of preg were pregnancy were calculated applying the medical cost at the relatively small sized hospital of small city. Economic loss for 100 cases of adverse outcome is 10,420,000 won, and economic loss for infant death is 46.1% of the total loss. So, it is rational to invest much more effort and than before to MCH programs.