• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.2C
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• pp.141-149
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• 2007

Associating the shoulder line with head location of the human body is useful in verifying, localizing and tracking persons in an image. Since the head line and the shoulder line, what we call ${\Omega}$-shape, move together in a consistent way within a limited range of deformation, we can build a statistical shape model using Active Shape Model (ASM). However, when the conventional ASM is applied to ${\Omega}$-shape fitting, it is very sensitive to background edges and clutter because it relies only on the local edge or gradient. Even though appearance is a good alternative feature for matching the target object to image, it is difficult to learn the appearance of the ${\Omega}$-shape because of the significant difference between people's skin, hair and clothes, and because appearance does not remain the same throughout the entire video. Therefore, instead of teaming appearance or updating appearance as it changes, we model the discriminative appearance where each pixel is classified into head, torso and background classes, and update the classifier to obtain the appropriate discriminative appearance in the current frame. Accordingly, we make use of two features in fitting ${\Omega}$-shape, edge gradient which is used for localization, and discriminative appearance which contributes to stability of the tracker. The simulation results show that the proposed method is very robust to pose change, occlusion, and illumination change in tracking the head and shoulder line of people. Another advantage is that the proposed method operates in real time.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acid etching on the surface appearance and fracture toughness of five glass ionomer cements. Five kinds of commercially available glass ionomer cements including chemical curing filling type, chemical curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, light curing tilling type and light curing lining type were used for this study. The specimens for SEM study were fabricated by treating each glass ionomer cement with either visible light curing or self curing after being inserted into a rubber mold (diameter 4mm, depth 1mm). Some of the specimens were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 0, 15, 30, 60, go seconds, at 5 minutes, 1 hour and 1 day after mixing of powder and liquid. Unetched ones comprised the control group and the others were the experimental groups. The surface texture was examined by using scanning electron microscope at 20 kV. (S-2300, Hitachi Co., Japan). The specimens for fracture toughness were fabricated by curing of each glass ionomer cement previously inserted into a metal mold for the single edge notch specimen according to the ASTME399. They were subjected to a three-point bend test after etching for 0, 30, 60, and 90 seconds at 5 minutes-, 1 hour-and 1 day-lapse after the fabrication of the specimens. The plane strain fracture toughness ($K_{IC}$) was determined by three-point bend test which was conducted with cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min using Instron universal testing machine (Model No. 1122) following seven days storage of the etched specimens under $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity condition. Following conclusions were drawn. 1. In unetched control group, crack was present, but the surface was generally smooth. 2. Deterioration of the surface appearance such as serious dissolving of gel matrix and loss of glass particles occured as the etching time was increased beyond 15 s following Immediate etching of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 3. Etching after 1 h, and 1 d reduced surface damage, 15 s, and 30s etch gave rough surface appearance without loss of glass particle of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 4. Light curing type glass ionomer cement was etched by acid, but there was no difference in surface appearances according to various waiting periods. 5. It was found that the value of plane stram fracture toughness of glass ionomer cements was highest in the light curing filling type as $1.79\;MNm^{-1.5}$ followed by the light curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, chemical curing filling type and chemical curing lining type. 6. The value of plane stram fracture toughness of the chemical curing lining type glass ionomer cement etched after 5 minutes was lower than those of the cement etched after 1 hour or day or unetched (P < 0.05). 7. Light curing glass ionomer cement showed Irregular fractured surface and chemical curing cement showed smooth fractured surface.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.206-223
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• 2003

Bays and caps represent the physical characteristics of Naepo area in Korea. And reclamation of tidal land presents a clue toward the understanding of regional identities and landscape changes in this area. Reclamation of tidal land in the Garorim bay that is representative of the physical geographies of Naepo area had trended toward 'the diffusion of salt ponds' during Joseon dynasty. Hereafter the Japanese imperialism, the reclamation had tumed to 'the reclamation of arable lands' by drainage. But, at the same time the land use of salt pond that had been the most appropriate strategy of adaptation for the ecological environments of this area has showed a sort of the geographical long-term durability. And the great landlords that had emerged during Japanese imperialism were the Yeom-han(鹽漢, laborers who engaged in salt production) in former times. They as a new local elites have played a leading role in the reclamation of tidal land and the making of regional landscape.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.47-50
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• 2007

Insect cell culture system has been demonstrated the effective means of producing medical and agricultural products. Furthermore, Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is in wide use in insect cell culture. Silkworm hemolymph was tested to develop as a substitute for FBS and was effective in insect cell growth. Hemolymph is oxidized and darkens visibly during the collection from silkworms due to the activity of tyrosinase in it. Toxic quinones are produced by the oxidation and consequently inhibit the cell growth. Heat treatment can be used to prevent the oxidation; however, the oxidation may occur during the collection of hemolymph before it is heat-treated. Hemolymphs collected from 257 different strains of silkworms were examined to select the slowly oxidized hemolymphs. Hemolymphs collected from mutant strains such as $Y_4$, TBO and $wE^b$ showed relatively slow color changes. Oxidation rates of the hemolymphs were measured by the absorbance change using a spectrophotometer. The absorbance of mutant hemolymph reached the saturation value at $20^{\circ}C$ in each 330 min ($Y_4$), 360 min (TBO) and 450 min ($wE^b$) min, whereas the total oxidation time of the wild-type (Baekokjam) hemolymph at the same temperature was 120 min. The cell growth in the medium supplemented with mutant species hemolmph was more effective that in the medium supplemented with Baekokjam species hemolymph.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.368-379
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the dosimetric difference between simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SIB-IMRT) and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), and the clinical outcomes of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) chemoradiotherapy featuring SIB-IMRT. Materials and Methods: This study included ten patients with ASCC who underwent chemoradiotherapy using SIB-IMRT with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C. SIB-IMRT delivered 54 Gy to each primary tumor plus metastatic lymph nodes and 45 Gy to regional lymph nodes, in 30 fractions. Four patients received additional boosts to the primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes; the median total dose was 54 Gy (range, 54 to 60 Gy). We additionally created 3DCRT plans following the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9811 protocol to allow dosimetric comparisons with SIB-IMRT. Locoregional control, overall survival, and toxicity were calculated for the clinical outcome evaluation. Results: Compared to 3DCRT, SIB-IMRT significantly reduced doses to the external genitalia, bladder, and intestine, delivering the doses to target and elective nodal region. At a median follow-up time of 46 months, 3-year locoregional control and overall survival rates were 88.9% and 100%, respectively. Acute toxicities were treated conservatively. All patients completed radiotherapy with brief interruptions (range, 0 to 2 days). No patient experienced ${\geq}grade$ 3 late toxicity during the follow-up period. Conclusion: The dosimetric advantages of SIB-IMRT appeared to reduce the toxicity of chemoradiotherapy for ASCC achieving high locoregional control in the extended period.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1993

Experiments were carried out to investigate the utilization of paraquat and diquat as desiccants for harvest-aid of sesame. When paraquat and diquat were sprayed at 3days or 3hours before cutting of sesame plants, moisture content in treated plots was evenly rapidly decreased and sesame yeild was not significantly different as compared with that in untreated plot. Percentage of germination of sesame seed in treated plots was similar to that in untreated check. Residual amount in sesame seed was not detectable when these chemicals were treated with 250ppm at 3days before cutting of sesame plant. Percentage of thrashing was high in sesame plants treated with paraquat and diauat with the lapse of time after cutting. Required labor in thrashing of sesame was reduced when applied with these chemicals. Harvest efficiency of sesame after spray of paraquat and diquat was good by comparison with the traditional practice.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.282-286
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• 2002

Objectives : The level of 4-hydroxyproline (4-Hyp) in human urine was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. This method is useful for medical examinations and investigating the radicals induced by physical, chemical, mental stresses. This method is superior to many published several methods in terms of its low cost and ability to analyze many samples. Methods : The urine from workers in a tire manufacturing company (22 male pre- and post-shift workers) and 18 office-workers as controls were analyzed. Data concerning age, the cumulative drinking amount and the cumulative smoking amount was collected with a questionnaire. The optimum applied amount of dansyl-Cl, the optimum reaction temperature and time, the recoveries and the optimum pH of the eluent and buffer were determined.4-Hyp from human urine was derivatized with dansyl-Cl (dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride) after removing the a-amino acid by a treatment with phthalic dicarboxaldehyde (OPA) and cleaned with Bond Elut C18 column. The 4-Hyp derivatives were separated on a reversed phase column by gradient elution with a phosphate buffer (5 mmol, pH 8.0) and acetonitrile, and detected by fluorescence measurements at 340 nm (excitation) and 538 nm (emission). Results : The detection limit for the urinary free 4-Hyp was $0.364{\mu}mol/l$. The recovery rate of 4-Hyp was 99.7%, and the effective pH of the phosphate buffer and borate buffer were 3.0 and 8.0, respectively. From statistical analysis, age, drinking and smoking did not affect the urinary free 4-Hyp in both the controls and workers. The range of urinary 4-Hyp in the controls, pre-shift, and post-shift workers were 0.33-16.44, N.D-49.06, and $0.32-56.27{\mu}mol/l$. From the pared-sample t-test, the urinary 4-Hyp levels in post-shift workers ($11.82{\pm}6.73\;nmmol/mg\;Cre$) were 2-fold higher than in pre-shift workers ($5.36{\pm}5.53\;nmol;/mg\;Cre$) and controls ($4.91{\pm}4.89\;nmol;/mg\;Cre$). Conclusions : This method was developed with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. The present method was effectively applied to analyze the urinary free 4-Hyp in both controls and workers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.341-346
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of trehalose on the rheological properties of bread flour dough. Farinographic and viscographic properties, pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), and fermentation power were analyzed for flour dough rheology. Flour dough containing trehalose showed greater water absorption capacity and longer development time. However the stability, degree of softening, and farinograph quality number (FQN) were lower for the trehalose-containing flour dough, however, these factors decreased with increasing amounts of trehalose. Trehalose did not affect the beginning of gelatinization temperature and maximum viscosity temperature of flour. The maximum viscosity was the lowest with 6% trehalose, the end of final holding period, breakdown and setback values decreased with increasing amounts of trehalose. Flour dough with 4% trehalose had the lowest pH value for 120 min fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$, and the highest TTA value. Addition of 4% and 6% trehalose showed larger fermentation volume of dough than the control. The results suggested that trehalose positively affected the rheological properties of flour dough such as bread volume, softness, and staling delay.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.27-27
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• 1987

The purpose of this study is to find the light intensity which induced maximum gathering rate and to observe the variation of the gathering rate both at daytime and night by using Sea-bass, Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg). An experimental tank (360 L×50 W×55H cm) was set up in a dark room. An illumination system was attached to the end of one side of the tank to control horizontal light intensity. Eight artificial light sources were prepared by combination of three with white light bulbs (10W, 60W, 100W) and eight filters. During the experiment water depth was maintained 50cm level in the tank. The tank was marked into six longitudinal sections each being 60cm long to observe the distribution of fish. The fish were acclimatized in dark condition for 50 minutes before the main experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 60 times every 30 seconds, and the gathering rate was obtained from the average number of fish in each section. The light intensity inducing maximum gathering rate was 24.13 lux (15.25~35.93 lux) at daytime and 0.41 lux (0.25~0.63 lux) at night. The variation of the gathering rate of fish in illumination time was great and did not show any definite pattern but fluctuated irregularly. Its different between daytime and night is remarkable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.137-143
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• 1987

The purpose of this study is to find the light intensity which induced maximum gathering rate and to observe the variation of the gathering rate both at daytime and night by using Sea-bass, Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg). An experimental tank (360 L$\times$50 W$\times$55H cm) was set up in a dark room. An illumination system was attached to the end of one side of the tank to control horizontal light intensity. Eight artificial light sources were prepared by combination of three with white light bulbs (10W, 60W, 100W) and eight filters. During the experiment water depth was maintained 50cm level in the tank. The tank was marked into six longitudinal sections each being 60cm long to observe the distribution of fish. The fish were acclimatized in dark condition for 50 minutes before the main experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 60 times every 30 seconds, and the gathering rate was obtained from the average number of fish in each section. The light intensity inducing maximum gathering rate was 24.13 lux (15.25~35.93 lux) at daytime and 0.41 lux (0.25~0.63 lux) at night. The variation of the gathering rate of fish in illumination time was great and did not show any definite pattern but fluctuated irregularly. Its different between daytime and night is remarkable.