• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.276-281
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• 1990

The equivalent conductance of univalent cation (potassium, silver, thallium and ammonium) perchlorates in methanol containing 18-membered crown ethers, 18-crown-6 (18C6) and 1,10-dithia-18-crown-6 (DT18C6) were measured at different temperatures. The equivalent conductances of ammonium perchlorate were increased by increasing content of DT18C6 exceptionally, due to more favorable solvations than complexations. From the equivalent conductance changes, the formation constants for 1:1 compmlexes have been determined, and the values of enthalpy and entropy changes have been calculated. The complexations of 18C6 and DT18C6 with the univalent cations under investigation are all exothermic and the ${\Delta}$S values are all negative and no considerable differences around 50 J/ (k mol). The selectivity order of 18C6 is $K^+ > Tl^+ > Ag^+ > NH_4^+$, while that of DT18C6 is $Ag^+ > Tl^+ > NH_4^+ > K^+$. By sulfur substitutions in 18C6 result in significant decrease in stability, but the stability of $Ag^+$-DT18C6 complex are $10^4$ times larger than those of $K^+$. This increase of stabilities for $Ag^+$-DT18C6 complex are primary due to the result of favorable exothermic heat of reaction between the polarizable soft cation and soft sulfur centers. In NMR experiment, the stepwise additions of cation perchlorates into crown ether solutions induced two major spectral changes. First, the resonance all shift down field and the cation induced shifts were linear up to 1:1 cation/crown ratio, above which no further changes were observed. On the basis of these results, it could be concluded that 1:1 complex is formed. Second, the magnitudes of cation induced shifts were different each other in same ligand. By addition of silver ion to the solution of DT18C6, the largest shift of proton peak near the sulfur atom was observed. These effects are also arisen from the results of covalent bonding between "soft-soft" interactions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.3 s.59
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• pp.269-274
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• 2005

The 2D/E gel analysis for polypeptide expression reflecting I-18 C gene (early-ecdysterone inducible gene) has conducted the emerged C. riparius adults from larval phase exposure to tebufenozide acting as an ecdysteroidal molting hormone. Control group, the amount of ORE II of the I-18 C gene was larger than that of ORE I of this gene. After treatments, ORE I of the I-18 C gene was overexpressed as the polypeptide, whereas ORF II of this gene was expressed as the polypeptide and was clearly reduced expression. Accordingly, we consider that tebufenozide exhibited endocrine disruptions related processing of ecdysteroid receptor protein reflecting ORF II of I-18 C gene. Also, earlier emergence day was related overexpressed polypeptide reflecting ORE I of I-18 C gene. In this study result, tebufenozide induced changing of physiological condition, and then polypeptide expression reflecting early-ecdysterone inducible I-18 C gene was different between control group and exposure group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2000

Tolerance on temperature and salinity of Ruditapes philippinarum was investigated in five different salinity, $32.0,\;25.6,\;19.20,\;12.80,\;6.40,\;3.20{\%_{\circ}}$ with increasing continuously $1^{\circ}C/day 2^{\circ}C/day\;and\;3^{\circ}C/day$ water temperature. R. philippinarum was acclimated to $18^{\circ}C\;and 25^{\circ}C$ before the experiment. Oxygen consumption rates and filtration rates of R. philippinarum were estimated during the experiment. $LT_{50}$ of two stocks acclimated to $18^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$ were similar. However, the maximum tolerance temperature of a stock acclimated $18^{\circ}C\;was\;36^{\circ}C$ while a stock acclimated $25^{\circ}C\;was\;37^{\circ}C$. This suggested that the higher water temperature a stock acclimated, the higher tolerance a stock showed, The surival rates of R. philippina겨m with the changes in salinities decreased below $19,2\;{\%_{\circ}}\;at\;18^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$. Oxygen consumption rates in the experimental group acclimated at $18^{\circ}C$ reduced with decreasing of salinity concentrations, while those of the experimental group acclimated at $25^{\circ}C$ showed irregular trend. Filtration rates revealed the maximum at 24{\~}28^{\circ}C$ in the experimental group acclimated ai $18^{\circ}C\;and\;31{\~}33^{\circ}C\;in\;those\;at\;25{\circ}C$. Filtraton rates shanty decreased at the lower salinity concentrations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1248-1255
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the fatty acid composition in Nellore cows supplemented with either linseed (n-3) or canola grains (n-6 and n-9). Fifteen Nellore cows, aged five years and bodyweight 550 kg${\pm}$48 kg, were randomly distributed to the following treatments: CON (control), LIN (linseed) and CAN (canola grains). The cows were fed for 80 days. The concentrations of C18:0, C18:2 n-6 and C20:3 n-6 fatty acid were higher (p<0.10) in CON blood plasma in comparison to follicular liquid. Likewise, PUFA, n-6 contents, PUFA:SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. On the other hand, C18:1 n-9, C22:5 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C18:0, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C22:5 n-3, PUFA, n-6, n-3 contents and PUFA:SFA ratio were higher (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma than in the follicular liquid. Nevertheless, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 n-7, PUFA, C16:0, C18:1 n-9 and MUFA contents were lower (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma. On treatment CAN, the C18:0 and SFA contents, and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. However, C20:3 n-6, C22:5 n-3, PUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C16:0, C18:0, PUFA, SFA contents and PUFA:SFA ratio did not differ (p>0.10) among the treatments. C14:0, C16:1 n-7, C18:2 n-6 and n-6 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CON and CAN than LIN. C17:1 n-7, C20:4 n-6 and C 22:0 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CAN than CON and LIN. C18:1 n-9, C18:3 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were higher (p<0.10) for LIN and CAN than CON. C20:3 n-6 content and n-6:n-3 ratio were higher (p<0.10) for CON than LIN and CAN. C22:5 n-3 content were higher (p<0.10) for CON and LIN than CAN. The concentrations of fatty acids in blood plasma and follicular liquid were not correlated for any fatty acid, independent of the treatment studied. Canola grain added to the diet of Nellore cows resulted in increased concentrations of fatty acids n-6 and n-3 in follicular liquid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.447-454
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• 1985

As a part of serial study for comparing lipid components in freshwater fishes, this work was undertaken to compare the lipid components among wild and cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio, and Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus. The lipid components of cultured carp were analyzed and compared with those of wild and Israeli carp. In the content of total lipid, the lipid content in cultured carp was slightly lower than that in wild one, but similar to that in Israeli carp. The lipid contents in viscera of wild and cultured carp were 2 times higher than those in edible portion, but the lipid content in viscera of Israeli carp showed a similar trend to that in edible portion. In the fatty acid composition of neutral lipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in cultured carp wire higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4}\;and\;C_{20:5}$ lower, and percentage of $C_{18:2}$ in Israeli carp was noticeably higher than that in wild and cultured carp. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3}\;and\;_C{22:6}$ in cultured carp were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:5}$ lower. The unsaturation (TUFA/TSFA) of neutral lipid in cultured carp was slightly higher than that in wild one, but slightly lower than that in Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the unsaturation showed a similar trend to that of neutral lipid. The essential fatty acid content(TEFA) of neutral lipid in edible portion of cultured carp was higher than that of wild one, but that in viscera lower. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, the essential fatty acid content in Israeli carp was slightly higher than that in wild and cultured carp, and that in wild one was higher than that in cultured one. The w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid contents(w3 HUFA) of neutral lipid almost showed a similar trend to the essential fatty acid contents in wild and cultured carp, and Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the w3 HUFA in Israeli carp was considerably higher than those in cultured and wild carp. In the ratio (A/C) of fatty acid content(A) in cultured carp to that(C) in diet, the A/C ratios of $C_{20:5}\;w3(0.12),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.53),\;C_{22:5}\;w3(0.68)\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3(0.26)$ were much lower and in the ratio (B/C) of fatty acid content (B) in Israeli carp, the B/C ratios of $C_{18:3}\;w3(0.61),\;C_{20:5}\;w3(0.11),\;C_{22:4}\;w6(0.16),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.07)\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3(0.79)$ were also lower than the other fatty acid. Consequently, it is considered that the ratios of w3 HUFA is related to the biosynthesis of polyenoic acid and growth rates of cultured and Israeli carp.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.586-591
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• 1993

The compositions of amino acid in the protein and fatty acid in the lipid of Lespedeza x chiisanensis T. LEE were analyzed by HPLC and GC, respectively. The contents of crude oil and protein from the extracts were 11.13% and 5.18%, respectively. The amount of free anino acids in the protein was 443.14mg/100g, and 94.84mg/100g of essential amino acid were contained in the free amino acid. The amount of total amino acids in the protein was 3159.85mg/100g, and 1068.18mg/100g of essential amino acid were contained in the total amino acid. The compositions of fatty acid in the lipid were $C_{18\;:\;2}=45.05%,\;C_{18\;:\;3}=18.71%,\;C_{19}=14.70%,C_{18\;:\;1}=6.81%,\;C_{16}=4.35%,\;C_{16\;:\;1}=1.59%$ in order, respectively. 72.44% of unsaturated fatty acids were contained in the lipid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.325-337
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• 2003

This study was designed to determine the distribution of trans fatty acids (tFAs) isomers of Processed foods commonly consumed in Korea. The tFAs positional isomers were analyzed using GC/MS spectrometer with HP-23 cis/trans FAME, capillary column (50m $\times$ 0.20 mm, id., 0.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ film thickness) for 41 food samples. TFAs isomers were identified by comparing retention time with standards and GC/MS spectrum. In margarines, the content of tFAs ranged from 4.0% to 25.16% and the most abundant positional isomer of tFAs was C18:1 $\Delta$9t. In oils and fats, lards contained higher levels of tFAs (5.70~16.54%) than shortenings (6.77~10.55%). Shortenings contained higher levels of C18:1 $\Delta$9t (3.1~5.1%) than lard (1.6~4.3%), but corn oils had no tFAs. In seasonings, mayonnaise had no C16:1 $\Delta$9t, whereas C18:3t was detected. The content of tFAs in confectioneries was wide (16.20~52.16%). Among them, instant popcorns contained the highest amount of tFAs. Milk and dairy products showed even distribution of tFAS such as C18:1t, C18:2t, and C18:3t. Predominant tFAS isomer of condensed milk and ice cream was C16:1 $\Delta$9t. Frozen french fries and fried chicken contained higher levels of C18:1$\Delta$9t (9.4%), whereas grilled pork (jowl) had no C18:1 $\Delta$9t. The amount of tFAs per serving size was the highest in popcorn, followed by frozen pizza, frozen french fries, fried chicken, and bakeries.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.309-315
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• 1985

This study was designed to compare the lipid components between wild and cultured snakehead, Channa argus. The lipid components of cultured snakehead were analyzed and compared with that of wild snakehead. In both edible portion and viscera, the lipid content in cultured, snakehead was higher than that in wild one. In the fatty acid composition of neutral lipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{14:0},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in cultured snakehead were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{18:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4}\;and\;C_{22:4}$ lower. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in cultured snakehead were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{22:4}\;and\;C_{22:5}$ lower. The unsaturation (TUFA/TSFA) and w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content (w3 HUFA) of neutral lipid in cultured snakehead were higher than those in wild one, while those of phospholipid lower. The essential fatty acid contents (TEFA) of both neutral and phospholipids in wild snakehead were higher than those in cultured one. In the ratio (A/B) of fatty- acid content (A) in cultured snakehead to that (B) in diet, the A/B ratios of $C_{18:2\;w6},\;C_{18:3\;w3},\;C_{20:5\;w3}\;and\;C_{22:6\;w3}$ were 0.3 to 2.5 times, and it is considered to be related to the biosynthesis of polyenoic acids and growth rate of cultured snakehead.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 1988

Korean native goat's bone marrow was low in triglycerides high in phospholipids and glycolipids. In the fatty acid composition, goat's bone marrow was high in $C_{18:1}$ and low in $C_{18:0}$. Goat's bone marrow also contained more unsaturated fatty acid than saturated fatty acid. Triglyceride and sterylester were more than others in the neutral lipids. Esterified glycoside and monogalactosyl diglyceride were higher than others in the glycolipids. Diphosphatidyl glycerol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were higher than others in the phospholipids. In the fatty acid composition of triglycerides, Humerus and Radius, Femur and Os coxae and Lumbar vertebra were all higher in $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:0}$ and $C_{18:1}$ than others in the 1-position of triglycerides and higher in $C_{18:0}$, $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$ than others in the 2-position of triglycerides.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.439-446
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• 1985

This study was designed to compare the lipid components among wild and cultured eel, Anguilla japonica, and conger eel, Astroconger myriaster. The lipid components of cultured eel were analyzed and compared with those of wild and conger eel. In the content of total lipid, the lipid content in cultured eel was slightly higher than that in wild one, but 2 times higher than that in conger eel. The lipid contents in edible portion of wild and cultured eel were 5 times higher than those in viscera, but the lipid content in edible portion of conger eel showed a similar trend to that in viscera. In the fatty acid composition of neutral lipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{14:0},\;C_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:1}$ in cultured eel were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ lower, and percentages of $C_{18:0},\;C_{20:4}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in conger eel were noticeably higher than those in wild and cultured eels. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:0}\;and\;C_{18:2}$ in cultured eel were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ lower. The unsaturation (TUFA/TSFA) of neutral lipid was no significant difference among wild and cultured eel, and conger eel, but that of phospholipid in wild eel was higher than that in cultured eel and conger eel. The essential fatty acid content(TEFA) of neutral lipid in edible portion of wild eel was 3 times higher than that of cultured one. but the TEFA of phospholipid in edible portion was no significant difference among wild and cultured eels, and conger eel. The w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content (w3 HUFA) of neutral lipid in edible portion of wild eel was 2.0 to 2.5 times higher than that of cultured eel and conger eel, but the w3 HUFA of phospholipid in edible portion of wild eel was noticeably higher than that of cultured eel and conger eel. In the ratio (A/B) of fatty acid content (A) in cultured eel to that (B) in diet, the A/B ratios of $C_{18:2}\;w6,\;C_{18:3}\;w3,\;C_{20:5}\;w3\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3$ were 0.23 to 0.48 much lower than the other fatty acid. Consequently, it is considered that the ratios of w3 HUFA is related to the biosynthesis of polyenoic acid and growth rate of cultured eel.