• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 1996

물달개비는 논에서 자라는 수륙양서형(水陸兩棲型) 잡초로 수중(水中) 및 토중(士中)에서 발아하여 초기에는 생장속도가 늦지만 경엽이 대기중으로 노출되면 생장속도가 빨라져 경엽부의 침수여부에 따라 생장의 차이를 보이는 잡초이다. 본 실험은 경엽부(莖葉部)가 침수(沈水)되었을 경우와 대기중에 노출되었을 경우 생장량(生長量)과 무기양분(無機養分)의 흡수량을 비고하고 기중광합성(氣中光合成)과 수중광합성(水中光合成)을 비교하여 물달개비의 생태적 특성을 구명하고자 하였다. 물달개비를 3엽기 또는 5엽기까지 수경재배(水耕栽培)로 균일하게 키운 다음 수경액으로 경엽부가 침수되도록 한 침수처리와 근부(根部)만 수경액을 공급한 처리를 하여 조사 및 측정을 하였다. 생장량은 초장(草長), 염수(葉數), 염변적(葉面積) 및 생체중(生體重)과 건물중(乾物重)을 처리 후 8일에 조사하였고, 엽록소함량과 무기양분은 2일마다 8일간 조사하였다. 광합성(光合成)은 2일 간격으로 10일 동안 측정하였는데, 기중광합성은 휴대용광합성측정기(LI-6000)로, 수중광합성(水中光合成)은 $CO_2$ 전극(電極)으로 측정하였다. 1. 침수조건하에서 물달개비의 초장(草長)은 신장(伸長)되었으나, 엽수, 엽면적 및 생체중과 건물중은 감소(減少)하였다. 초장은 3엽기에 처리한 것보다 5엽기에 처리한 것이 신장속도가 빨랐다. 2. 엽록소함량은 침수처리(沈水處理) 초기에는 증가하였으나, 3엽기의 경우 처리 2일 이후에, 5엽기의 경우 4일 이후에 급격히 감소하였다. 3. 경엽부의 침수에 따른 무기양분(無機養分)의 흡수량은 $NH^+\;_4$, $NO^-\;_3$, 및 $P_2O_5$은 3엽기 및 5엽기 침수시 모두 현저하게 감소하였으며, $K^+$, $Ca^{++}$ 및 $Mg^{++}$은 3엽기에는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 5엽기의 경우 $Ca^{++}$과 $Mg^{++}$은 침수처리시 흡수량이 약간 증가하였다. 4. 기중광합성(氣中光合成)은 생장이 진전됨에 따라 증가하였으나, 수중광합성(水中光合成)은 3엽기 및 5엽기 모두 침수처리 초기에는 증가하였으나 8일 이후에는 뚜렷이 감소하였다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.666-672
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• 2014

본 연구는 저온 저장된 키위과실의 상온 유통 중 에틸렌 발생 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 확인함으로써 유통기간 연장에 NO 처리 효과를 확인하기 위해서 수행하였다. 1개월 저장된 키위를 $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO를 처리한 후 대조구와 함께 상온에 저장하면서 품질을 비교하였다. 상온에서 저장하는 동안 무게손실은 무처리구에 높았다. 에틸렌 생성은 NO 처리에 의해서 2일 지연되었으며, 호흡률은 대조구에 비해 2배이상 낮았다. 3개월 저장된 키위과실은 100, 200, 그리고 $500{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 농도로 NO를 처리하였다. 대조구는 NO를 처리하지 않은 무처리구와 $N_2$ 처리구를 두었다. 무게손실은 $100{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$에서 가장 많았으며, 1개월 저장된 과실에 비해서도 높은 손실률을 보였다. 에틸렌 생생은 대조구와 $100{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO에서 높은 반면 $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO와 $500{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO에서는 상대적으로 낮았다. 경도는 무처리구와 $N_2$ 처리구는 저장일수가 경과 되면서 급격히 연화된 반면, NO 처리구에서는 6일까지 경도가 높게 유지되었으며, 특히 $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO 처리구는 9일까지 유지되었다. 키위과실로부터 채취하여 배양된 Botrytis cinerea에 NO를 처리한 결과 처리 후 2일 경과될 때까지 무처리구와 $N_2$ 처리구에 비해서 NO 처리구는 곰팡이 번식이 적었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 저장된 과실을 상온에 유통하기 전에 NO 처리는 에틸렌 발생 및 호흡을 저지시키고, 연화를 지연시키는데 효과가 있다. NO의 적정 처리 농도는 $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO을 기준으로 너무 낮거나 높으면 NO의 효과가 줄어든다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2000

Objective: Our present studies were conducted to examine more effective isolating method of preantral follicles from mouse ovaries. Methods: ICR mice (3-6 weeks old) were sacrificed through cervical dislocation and their ovaries were removed and put into watch glasses containing Hams F-10 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Preantral follicles were isolated by three different methods; 1) enzymatical method and 2) mincing method, and 3) scraping method. Enzymatical method was carried out as following. Ovaries were bisected with a pair of fine 30G needles. Bisected ovaries were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ and 5% $CO_2$ incubator in 2-well dish containing Hams F-10 supplemented with collagenase 600 lU/ml and DNAse 20 lU/ml. After 20 min., follicles were isolated by repeated pipetting. Isolated preantral follicles were collected, and the remnant of tissues was placed in incubator and previous procedure was repeated. Mincing method was carried out with a pair of fine 30G needles attached to 1 ml syringes and minced ovary. Scraping method was carried out with a pair of fine 30G needles and scratched to surface of ovary. The differences between isolating methods were analyzed using Student's t-test and Chi-square. Results were considered statistically significant when ${\rho}$ value was less than 0.05. Results: In handling time, mincing or scraping method ($28{\pm}3.42$ min or $16{\pm}1.58$ min) were significantly (p<0.00001) shorter than enzymatical method ($72{\pm}1.69$ min), and scraping method was significantly (p<0.01) shorter than mincing method. Total number of isolated follicles was significantly (p<0.0001) higher in enzymatical method ($49.8{\pm}3.91$) than in mincing or scraping method ($25.3{\pm}2.33$ or $20.5{\pm}1.75$). Isolated follicles in ${\leq}$90${\mu}m$ were significantly (p<0.005) higher in enzymatical method ($15{\pm}1.71$) than in mincing or scraping method ($7.8{\pm}0.98$ or $8.1{\pm}1.31$). In 91~130 ${\mu}m$, isolated follicles were significantly (p<0.0005) higher in enzymatical method ($33{\pm}3.27$) than in mincing or scraping method ($16.3{\pm}1.82$ or $10.7{\pm}1.38$). In ${\geq}$ 131 ${\mu}m$, isolated follicles were not significantly differences between all groups. In equal sizes, the rate of isolated follicles in ${\leq}$ 90 ${\mu}m$ was highest in scraping method (39.6% vs. enzymatical method: 30.1%, p<0.05; mincing method: 30.9%, p=0.11719, NS). Rate of follicles in $91{\sim}130$ ${\mu}m$ was significantly (p<0.05) lower in scraping method (52.7%) than in enzymatical or mincing method (66.3% or 64.5%). Rate of follicles in ${\geq}$131 ${\mu}m$ was highest in scraping method (8.3% vs. enzymatical or scraping method: 3.6%, p<0.05 or 4.6%, p=0.19053, NS). Conclusions: This study suggests that scraping method is simple and useful for isolation of preantral follicles, because this method reduced handling time and recovered enough follicles. The recovered rate of isolated follicles in diameter of 91 ~ 130 ${\mu}m$ was highest in all methods.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.77-80
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• 1988

인삼의 효과는 인삼칠효설로 요약되듯이 각종 장기에 대하여 다양한 약리작용을 나타낸다. 이는 인삼의 약리작용을 중개하는 생체내 생리활성물질의 존재를 생각하게 되며 이같이 생리활성물질을 하나로 prostaglandin을 들 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 인삼성분이 prostaglandin 등 arachidonic acid 대사산물 생성에 미치는 영향을 실험함으로써 인삼의 약리학적 작용과 그 기전을 간접적으로 구명하고자 하였다. 즉 $[^{3}H]$-arachidonic acid를 기질로 넣어주고 토끼 신장 microsome, 소 대동맥 microsome, 사람 혈소판 homogenate 등을 효소원으로 한 in vitro 생합성과정에 변화를 주는 수종 인삼 saponin 및 phenolic acid 성분의 효과를 검정하였다. 실험에 사용한 인삼 saponin 성분은 panaxadiol, panaxatriol 및 protopanaxadio 계 saponin 류인 ginsenoside $Rb_{2}(G-Rb_{2})$, ginsenoside Rc(G-Rc) 및 protopanaxatriol 계 saponin류인 ginsenoside Re(G-Re) 이었고 이들 성분이 arachidonic acid로부터 cyclooxygenase를 통해 최종 대사산물인 prostaglandin 류를 생성하는 과정에 미치는 영향을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Arachidonic acid 로부터 생성된 총 cyclooxygenase 반응생성물 및 malondialdehyde의 양은 실험에 사용한 인삼 saponin 성분의 전 농도 범위에서 유의적인 변화를 보이지 않았는데 이는 인삼 saponin 성분들은 cyclooxygenase에 직접 작용하지 않는다는 것을 설명해 준다. 2. Panaxadiol (500 ${\mu}g/ml$은 $PGE_{2}$ 생성에는 영향이 없으나 $PGF_{2}{\alpha}$생성에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않으나 농도의존적으로 $TxB_{2}$의 생성을 감소시켰고 6-keto-$PGF_{1}{\alpha}$의 생성을 증가시켰는데 이는 $TxA_{2}$ synthetase 억제제인 imidazole의 효과와 유사하였다. 4. G-Re는 $1{\times}10^{-5}g/ml$ 이하의 농도에서는 효과가 없으나 $1{\times}10^{-4}g/ml$ 이상의 농도에서 농도의존적으로 유의성 있는 $PGE_{2},\;PGF_{2}{\alpha},\;TXB_{2}$의 생성억제와 함께 6-keto-$PGF_{1}{\alpha}$ 증가를 보였다. 이는 prostacyclin synthetase를 자극하는 serotonin의 효과와 같은 작용으로서 prostacyclin synthetase 억제제인 tranylcypromine에 대하여 길항효과를 보였다. 5. $TxB_{2}$생성억제 작용을 나타내는 ginsenoside들의 효과를 뒷받침하기 위하여 인삼 saponin 성분을 전처치한 patelet rich plasma에서 혈소판 응집시험 결과, ADP로 유도된 혈소판 응집반응에는 모든 인삼 saponin 성분들이 효과가 없었으나 arachidonic acid로 유도된 혈소판 응집반응에는 $G-Rb_{2}$, G-Rc, G-Re의 순으로 농도 의존적인 억제현상을 보였다. 이상의 결과와 같이 인삼 saponin 성분들은 arachidonic acid로부터 cyclooxygenase를 통해 일단 생성된 endoperoxide에서 각각의 prostaglandin을 생성하는 효소, 특히 $G-Rb_{2}$는 $TxA_{2}$ sysnthetase에 강력한 억제제로, G-Re는 prostacyclin 생합성의 촉진제로 심혈관계 균형에 기여하리라 생각된다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2003

POMS의 우수한 효용성을 국내에서도 활용하기 위해 K-POMS를 제작하여 그 신뢰도와 타당도를 점검하였고 만족할 만한 수준의 신뢰도와 타당도를 확보하였다. K-POMS의 요인 특성은 POMS와 비교하여 놀랄 만큼 유사한 특징을 보여준다. 단지 혼란-당황의 요소가 확실하지 않고 그 항목들이 여러 감정 요인에 나뉘어 부하되는 요인 분석 결과는 한국인의 정서와 그 표현이 영어권과 다를 가능성을 시사한다. 임상적으로 다양한 집단과 다양한 연령에 대한 자료를 보완하면 정신측정학적으로 훨씬 용이하게 사용할 수 있을 것이다. 나아가 이 연구에 나타난 제한점을 넘어서 한국인의 정서에 맞는 척도 항목을 개발하고 이 연구에서 나타난 '무기력과 불확실성' 요인이 일관성 있는 특성인지를 확인하는 작업이 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.65-85
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• 2001

Osteoporosis is the disease that is the most controversial issue with the aging tendency in 1990. It is an important issue in dealing with the health management for women in middle life. This study is designed to determine the relationships among the level of the knowledge of osteoporosis, the health promoting behaviors and the quality of life. The test has conducted a questionnaire survey of women with osteoporosis. This is a study that focused an interrelation of above issues and its purpose is to gain a foundation of a nursing intervention that can help to improve the qualify of life of an osteoporosis patients. The method of collecting data is collecting a questionnaire survey, individual interviews and records and the collected 123 questionnaire surveys are utilized for an data analysis. Questionnaire surveys are conducted in K and S Universities infirmaries and K general hospital in Seoul and C and J general hospital in near Seoul area from Sep. 27th to Nov. 4th, 2000. The instruments of this study were as follows: Yoon's used the revised and supplemented instrument to test the level of the knowledge of osteoporosis and she referred to the substance of Cassells & Knotz. Lee's revised and supplemented the instrument called Health Promoting Life style Profile that were invented by Walker, Sechrist & Pender and she used it to test the health promoting behaviors with the questionnaires added by this researcher. They are not related to the quality of life but relevant to the patients. Ro's tested the quality of life with the instrument that was invented by herself. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The general characteristics of this study subjects showed that the age of the patients was concentrated from 50 to 59. The periods after menopause was mainly from 6 to 10 years. Subjective symptoms that patients usually complain were musculoskelectal symptoms. 2. The results of measuring the level of the knowledge of osteoporosis, the health promoting behaviors and the quality of life were following. The level of the knowledge was the score 19.83 and it was above middle score out of the score 27 as full marks. In the result of the health promoting behaviors test, the score average was 2.58 with 4 point rating scale and it was about middle score. The quality of life test showed that average score was 2.92 with 5 point rating scale and it indicated that the quality was also around middle score. 3. The statistical test in the activities for promoting health according to the general characteristics of the patients showed that only monthly income has statistically significant difference(F-4.761, p=.004). The same test for the qualify of life indicated that the quality of life was higher from 1 to 5 years after menopause but it was not meaningful statistically. 4. In the correlation among the level of knowledge of osteoporosis, the health promoting behaviors and the qualify of life of the patients, showed a relationship between the health promoting behaviors and the qualify of life. The higher the health promoting behaviors, it was also higher the quality of life. But it was statistically significant with significant positive correlation.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2005

본 연구는 갓 부화한 오리에게 astaxanthin 생성균주인 phaffia rhodozyma를 포함한 미생물제제를 사료에 첨가하여 급여시킴으로써 오리의 성장에 미치는 효과와 오리고기 육질에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 실시하였다. 암수 동수의 1일령 오리 150수를 공시하여 배합사료에 미생물제제를 첨가하지 않은 대조구(C)와 Phaffia rhodozyma를 포함한 미생물제제를 첨가한 처리구(T)를 두었다. 처리구는 Phaffia rhodozyma가 제제에 $1\times10^8cfu/g$이 함유되도록 제조하여 사료에 $0.1\%$씩 혼합하여 급여하였다. 사양실험을 통하여 폐사율과 증체량, 사료효율을 조사하였고 45일령 때 도압하여 고기에 대한 일반성분조사, 육질검사, 관능검사, 지방산 분석, 콜레스테롤 분석, 저장시험, astaxanthin 함량 분석 등을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 미생물제제를 첨가하지 않은 대조구는 $3.7\%$의 폐사율을, 처리구에선 $0\%$의 폐사율을 보여 병에 대한 저항성이 증가하였음을 보였다. 대조구의 경우 평균 2.68 kg의 증체를, 처리구는 2.84 kg의 증체를 보였다. 사료요구율도 대조구 2.15, 처리구 1.83으로 처리구의 효율이 유의성있게 개선되었다. 오리고기에 대한 육질검사 결과 대조구와 비교하여 처리구의 육질이 부드럽고 고소하였다. 일반성분검사 결과 처리구의 오리가 대조구에 비해 지방은 줄고 단백질함량은 높아졌으며, 콜레스테롤은 줄고 불포화 지방산의 함량이 높은 고품질의 고기임을 알 수 있었다. 오리 조직내의 카로티노이드 함량의 경우 처리구의 오리 조직 내에 astaxanthin과 $\beta-carotein$이 축적되어 있음을 확인하였다.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1994

The purposes of this study were to identify responses of nursing students following clinical maternity nursing practice, to develop data of further effective clinical maternity nursing practice, to understand nursing students perceive the natural maturation process toward pregnancy delivery and puerperal process, to help the nursing students achieve personality growth and development through clinical maternity nursing practice. The subjects were 35 senior nursing students from the Department of Nursing Science of Chung-Ang University. The data were collected from the 1st semester (Feb.22$\sim$June 9) to the 2nd semester(Aug.23$\sim$Nov.10), 1993 through self-reporting using an open ended questionnaire about perception and feelings regarding the normal delivery process. The data analysis used descriptive method. Results of the study were as follows : 1. Following clinical practice in maternity nursing, the responses of the nursing students were collected included both positive and negative aspects. The positive responses were classified in to four categories and each category included subgroups. One group, labelled as $\ulcorner$The birth of noble life$\lrcorner$ had a subgroup, (I felt the mystery and wonder of life), another group, $\ulcorner$After delivery, comfort and satisfaction$\lrcorner$ with the subgroup (I can bear to see the comfort and relief beyond pain) (C/S is better than vaginal delivery) (Very easy), the 3rd group, $\ulcorner$ I realized family friendship and support$\lrcorner$ with subgroup (Honorable, Magnificient) (I thank my parents ) (It's good to looking at my husband's support), and the 4th group, $\ulcorner$The birth of a healthy baby$\lrcorner$, with its subgroup, (baby looks pretty and healthy). 2. The negative responses were classified in eight categories and each category included subgroups. One group labelled as $\ulcorner$Fear$\lrcorner$, had subgroups of (Terrible, Horrible) (Shock) (Dread), another group, $\ulcorner$Tension$\lrcorner$, and its subgroup, (I became tense about stories heard before clinical practice), the 3rd group, $\ulcorner$surprise$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup (I was surprised at the delivery process), the 4th group, $\ulcorner$Power lessness$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup, (I watched the labor pain impatiently), the 5th group $\ulcorner$Apathy$\lrcorner$ ; and its subgroup, (I didn't feel the empathy for the labor pain of the pregnant women), the 6th group, $\ulcorner$Disgust$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup, (Disgust, Embarrassed), the 7th group, $\ulcorner$Inevitable destiny$\lrcorner$ and its subgroups (necessity of self-sacrifice and difficulty) (I accepted it as a women's destiny) (I can't do it), the last group, $\ulcorner$There seems to be trouble$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup, (It seems to have been a little too hard for mother and baby). Suggestions for further studies are as follows : 1. Nursing students should receive intensive education about $\ulcorner$The birth of noble life$\lrcorner$ $\ulcorner$After delivery, comfort and satisfaction$\lrcorner$ $\ulcorner$I realized family friendship and support$\lrcorner$ $\ulcorner$The birth of a healthy baby$\lrcorner$, so that a more positive attitude can be developed before clinical maternity nursing. 2. Nursing students should be given an orientation which is reality based and related clinical maternity nursing (using for A.V. Materials), so that they will not feel they tension, of the negative categories. 3. Nursing students should be received articles on Pain Relief Method, so that they will be prepared activie and positive in the clinical practice, and therefore they will not feel the powerlessness, of the negative categories. 4. F/U for responses of nursing students should be checked following clinical maternity nursing to evaluate the effects of the instruction.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.268-277
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• 2014

본 연구는 미나리 수확 후 처리환경의 미생물학적 위해 요소를 조사하기 위해 4개 지역의 미나리 재배농가 9곳을 선정하였다. 미나리 재배농가로부터 다양한 시료를 채취하여 위생지표세균과 병원성 미생물(Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus)에 대한 오염도를 조사하였다. 먼저, 9개 농가의 재배환경의 미생물 오염도를 분석한 결과 총 호기성 세균과 대장균군이 각각 0~7.00, 0~4.25 log CFU/g, mL, or $100cm^2$ 수준으로 검출되었다. 대장균(E. coli)은 몇몇 농가의 토양, 관개용수, 세척수 및 작업자의 손에서 양성반응을 확인하였으며, 양성반응이 관찰된 농가의 경우 작물인 미나리에서도 양성반응을 보였다. 병원성 미생물 중 B. cereus는 토양에서 가장 많이 검출되었으며, 한 농가의 미나리를 제외한 모든 농가의 세척 후 미나리에서 평균 1.2 log CFU/g수준으로 검출되었다. 황색포도상구균은 세척 후 미나리에서 한 건 정성적으로 검출되었으며, 이외에 다른 병원성 미생물은 관찰되지 않았다. 미나리의 경우 손질 및 세척 후에도 오염도가 유사하거나 오히려 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과 미나리 생산농가의 수확 후 처리 시설 및 작업자에 의해 미생물의 교차 오염 가능성이 있으므로 이에 대한 위생관리를 철저히 해야 한다. 또한, 안전성이 확보된 미나리 생산을 위해서는 GAP와 같은 관리제도의 적용이 필요하다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.4-14
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• 1974

The total forest land area in Korea accounts for some 67 percent of the nation's land total. Its productivity, however, is very low. Consequently, forest production accounts for only about 2 percent of the gross national product and a minor proportion of no more than about 5 percent versus primary industry. In this case, however, only the direct income from forestry is taken into account, making no reference to the forestry output induced by other industrial sectors. The value added Or the induced forestry output in manufacturing the primary wood products into higher quality products, makes a larger contribution to the economy than direct contribution. So, this author has tried to analyze the structure of forestry and compute the repercussion effect and the induced output of primary forest products when utilized by other industries for their raw materials, Hsing the input-output table and attached tables for 1963 and 1966 issued by the Bank of Korea. 1. Analysis of forestry structure A. Changes in total output Durng the nine-year period, 1961-1969, the real gross national product in Korea increased 2.1 times, while that of primary industries went up about 1. 4 times. Forestry which was valued at 9,380 million won in 1961, was picked up about 2. 1 times to 20, 120 million won in 1969. The rate of the forestry income in the GNP, accordingly, was no more than 1.5 percent both in 1961 and 1962, whereas its rate in primary industries increased 3.5 to 5.4 percent. Such increase in forestry income is attributable to increased forest production and rise in timber prices. The rate of forestry income, nonetheless, was on the decrease on a gradual basis. B. Changes in input coefficient The input coefficient which indicates the inputs of the forest products into other sectors were up in general in 1966 over 1963. It is noted that the input coefficient indicating the amount of forest products supplied to such industries closely related with forestry as lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture, showed a downward trend for the period 1963-1966. On the other hand, the forest input into other sectors was generally on the increase. Meanwhile, the input coefficient representing the yolume of the forest products supplied to the forestry sector itself showed an upward tendency, which meant more and more decrease in input from other sectors. Generally speaking, in direct proportion to the higher input coefficient in any industrial sector, the reinput coefficient which denotes the use of its products by the same sector becomes higher and higher. C. Changes in ratio of intermediate input The intermediate input ratio showing the dependency on raw materials went up to 15.43 percent m 1966 from 11. 37 percent in 1963. The dependency of forestry on raw materials was no more than 15.43 percent, accounting for a high 83.57 percent of value added. If the intermediate input ratio increases in any given sector, the input coefficient which represents the fe-use of its products by the same sector becomes large. D. Changes in the ratio of intermediate demand The ratio of the intermediate demand represents the characteristics of the intermediary production in each industry, the intermediate demand ratio in forestry which accunted for 69.7 percent in 1963 went up to 75.2 percent in 1966. In other words, forestry is a remarkable industry in that there is characteristics of the intermediary production. E. Changes in import coefficient The import coefficient which denotes the relation between the production activities and imports, recorded at 4.4 percent in 1963, decreased to 2.4 percent in 1966. The ratio of import to total output is not so high. F. Changes in market composition of imported goods One of the major imported goods in the forestry sector is lumber. The import value increased by 60 percent to 667 million won in 1966 from 407 million won in 1963. The sales of imported forest products to two major outlets-lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture-increased to 343 million won and 31 million won in 1966 from 240million won and 30 million won in 1963 respectively. On the other hand, imported goods valued at 66 million won were sold to the paper products sector in 1963; however, no supply to this sector was recorded in 1963. Besides these major markets, primary industries such as the fishery, coal and agriculture sectors purchase materials from forestry. 2. Analysis of repercussion effect on production The repercussion effect of final demand in any given sector upon the expansion of the production of other sectors was analyzed, using the inverse matrix coefficient tables attached to the the I.O. Table. A. Changes in intra-sector transaction value of inverse matrix coefficient. The intra-sector transaction value of an inverse matrix coefficient represents the extent of an induced increase in the production of self-support products of the same sector, when it is generated directly and indirectly by one unit of final demand in any given sector. The intra-sector transaction value of the forestry sector rose from 1.04 in 1963 to 1, 11 in 1966. It may well be said, therefore, that forestry induces much more self-supporting products in the production of one unit of final demand for forest products. B. Changes in column total of inverse matrix coefficient It should be noted that the column total indicates the degree of effect of the output of the corresponding and related sectors generated by one unit of final demand in each sector. No changes in the column total of the forestry sector were recorded between the 1963 and 1966 figures, both being the same 1. 19. C. Changes in difference between column total and intra-sector transaction amount. The difference between the column total and intra-sector transaction amount by sector reveals the extent of effect of output of related industrial sector induced indirectly by one unit of final demand in corresponding sector. This change in forestry dropped remarkable to 0.08 in 1966 from 0.15 in 1963. Accordingly, the effect of inducement of indirect output of other forestry-related sectors has decreased; this is a really natural phenomenon, as compared with an increasing input coefficient generated by the re-use of forest products by the forestry sector. 3. Induced output of forestry A. Forest products, wood in particular, are supplied to other industries as their raw materials, increasng their value added. In this connection the primary dependency rate on forestry for 1963 and 1966 was compared, i. e., an increase or decrease in each sector, from 7.71 percent in 1963 to 11.91 percent in 1966 in agriculture, 10.32 to 6.11 in fishery, 16.24 to 19.90 in mining, 0.76 to 0.70 in the manufacturing sector and 2.79 to 4.77 percent in the construction sector. Generally speaking, on the average the dependency on forestry during the period 1963-1966 increased from 5.92 percent to 8.03 percent. Accordingly, it may easily be known that the primary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries increased from 16, 109 million won in 1963 to 48, 842 million won in 1966. B. The forest products are supplied to other industries as their raw materials. The products are processed further into higher quality products. thus indirectly increasing the value of the forest products. The ratio of the increased value added or the secondary dependency on forestry for 1963 and 1966 showed an increase or decrease, from 5.98 percent to 7.87 percent in agriculture, 9.06 to 5.74 in fishery, 13.56 to 15.81 in mining, 0.68 to 0.61 in the manufacturing sector and 2.71 to 4.54 in the construction sector. The average ratio in this connection increased from 4.69 percent to 5.60 percent. In the meantime, the secondary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries rose from 12,779 million Wall in 1963 to 34,084 million won in 1966. C. The dependency of tertiary industries on forestry showed very minor ratios of 0.46 percent and 0.04 percent in 1963 and 1966 respectively. The forestry output induced by tertiary industry also decreased from 685 million won to 123 million won during the same period. D. Generally speaking, the ratio of dependency on forestry increased from 17.68 percent in 1963 to 24.28 percent in 1966 in primary industries, from 4.69 percent to 5.70 percent in secondary industries, while, as mentioned above, the ratio in the case of tertiary industry decreased from 0.46 to 0.04 percent during the period 1963-66. The mining industry reveals the heaviest rate of dependency on forestry with 29.80 percent in 1963 and 35.71 percent in 1966. As it result, the direct forestry income, valued at 8,172 million won in 1963, shot up to 22,724 million won in 1966. Its composition ratio lo the national income rose from 1.9 percent in 1963 to 2.3 per cent in 1966. If the induced outcome is taken into account, the total forestry production which was estimated at 37,744 million won in 1963 picked up to 105,773 million won in 1966, about 4.5 times its direct income. It is further noted that the ratio of the gross forestry product to the gross national product. rose significantly from 8.8 percent in 1963 to 10.7 percent in 1966. E. In computing the above mentioned ratio not taken into consideration were such intangible, indirect effects as the drought and flood prevention, check of soil run-off, watershed and land conservation, improvement of the people's recreational and emotional living, and maintenance and increase in the national health and sanitation. F. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the forestry sector exercices an important effect upon the national economy and that the effect of induced forestry output is greater than its direct income.