• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
• /
• 2001.09a
• /
• pp.99-102
• /
• 2001

The soil-to-air fluxes of three PAHs(Phenanthrene, Pyrene, Benzo(a)pyrene) from a laboratory contaminated forest soil were investigated in experimental microcosms. The effects of soil temperature(45$^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, 5$^{\circ}C$) and relative humidity(0%, 100%) were investigated according to existence of the humic layer(O layer) over the mineral layer(A layer). Volatilization flux experiments were carried out for a period of 96 hrs. The resulting PAHs volatilization fluxes from the different conditions were quantified and compared. In the mineral layer, highest volatilization flux among the individual PAHs was Phenanthrene >Pyrene> Benzo(a)pyrene on the conditions of 45 $^{\circ}C$, RH=100%. In the humic layer over the mineral layer, maximum volatilization flux was Phenanthrene on the condition of 45$^{\circ}C$, RH=0%. Results from flux experiments showed that volatilization fluxes of PAHs were dependent on soil temperature. Existance of humic layer over the mineral layer delayed transportation to the air of especially heaveir molecular PAHs. But, if humic layer is contained water sufficiently, it is possible that volatilization fluxes are enhanced by water convective flux according to variation of soil temperature and air relative humidity.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.131-141
• /
• 2016

SRM is designed to meet operating standards such as low cost, simple magnetic structure, a desired operating speed range, high efficiency, high performance, and good matching for DC power. The magnetic flux of SRM is independent of its direction to develop a torque and it allows the flexible characteristics of the magnetic structure for SRM. In this paper, SRM can widely classify two types, Radial-Flux SRM and Axial-Flux SRM, according to the flux direction. Radial-Flux SRM includes Conventional, Segmented stator and rotor, and Double stator SRM, etc. and Axial-Flux SRM includes C-core stator and the Axial-airgap SRM. This paper is subjected the basic characteristics to select the best of the magnetic structure of SRM in the appropriate application by the classification of SRM.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.91-101
• /
• 1993

To predict accurately the thermal hydraulic behavior of light water reactors during normal or abnormal operation, the accurate estimation of the void distribution is required. Up to date, many techniques for predicting void fraction of two-phase flow systems have been suggested. Among these techniques, the drift-flux model is widely used because of its exact calculation ability and simplicity. However, to get more accurate prediction of void fraction using drift-flux model, slip and flow regime effects must be considered more properly In the drift-flux method, these two effects are accounted for by two drift-flux parameters ; $C_{o}$ and (equation omitted). At earlier stage, $C_{o}$ is measured in a circular tube. In this study, $C_{o}$ is experimentally determined by measuring local void fraction and vapor velocity distribution in a rectangular subchannel having 4 heating rods which simulates nuclear subchannels. The measurements are peformed with two-electrical conductivity probes which are known to be adequate for measuring local parameters. The experiments are performed at low flow rate and the system pressure less than 3 atmo spheric pressure. In this experiment, (equation omitted), is not measured, but quoted from well-known empirical correlation to formulate $C_{o}$. Finally, $C_{o}$ is expressed as a function of channel averaged void fraction. fraction.

• Progress in Superconductivity
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.173-176
• /
• 2008

[ $MgB_2$ ] films grown by hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition under appropriate growth conditions commonly exhibit columnar grain structure. The grain boundaries between adjacent columnar grains have been reported to be good flux pinning centers. In this work, we measured the angular dependence of critical current density ($J_c$) and observed the enhanced flux pinning when an external magnetic field was aligned parallel to the columnar direction. This $J_c$ was almost comparable to the $J_c$ for intrinsic pinning case up to 1 T at low temperatures, indicating that grain boundary pinning is very effective. At high fields, however, $J_c$ decreased rapidly resulting from the fact that the density of flux pinning centers provided by grain boundaries was outnumbered by the flux density.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.211-221
• /
• 2012

The ascidian Styela clava has been one of the favorite seafood in Korea. Suspended culture of Styela clava was initiated in 2001 and the annual production reached 15,084 M/T, but declined to 2,655 M/T in 2011. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to estimate the material balance according to the farm-environment. Vertical particulate fluxes and release fluxes were estimated at 2 stations, an ascidian farm (AF) and a non-cultivated area (control) in Jindong Bay. An in-situ benthic chamber(BelcI) was used in summer and winter season. The sedimentation fluxes of organic carbon were 72 mmol C $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, 93 mmol C $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, 34 mmol C $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ in Jul. AF, Feb. AF, Feb. control. The organic carbon oxidation rates were 13 mmol C $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, 81 mmol C $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, 31 mmol C $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, in each. The release fluxes of nutrients followed the general pattern, well. Consequently, the ratio of the organic carbon burial fluxes were 20:4:1, in each. By the estimation of the carbon circulation, it could be a scientific basis to analyze the reason of production decline for cultivated organism.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2004.04a
• /
• pp.1340-1345
• /
• 2004

Convective boiling heat transfer coefficients of R-22 were obtained in a flat extruded aluminum tube with $D_h=1.41mm$ . The test range covered mass flux from 200 to 600 $kg/m^2s$, heat flux from 5 to 15 $kW/m^2$ and saturation temperature from $5^{\circ}C$ to $15^{\circ}C$ . The heat transfer coefficient curve shows a decreasing trend after a certain quality(critical quality). The critical quality decreases as the heat flux increases, and as the mass flux decreases. The early dryout at a high heat flux results in a unique 'cross-over' of the heat transfer coefficient curves. The heat transfer coefficient increases as the mass flux increases. At a low quality region, however, the effect of mass flux is not prominent. The heat transfer coefficient increases as the saturation temperature increases. The effect of saturation temperature, however, diminishes as the heat flux decreases. Both the Shah and the Kandlikar correlations underpredict the low mass flux and overpredict the high mass flux data.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.109-115
• /
• 2004

This paper deals with the behaviors of magnetic flux density near down-conductors by lightning currents. The background on the principle of magnetic flux density measurements using the RL self-integrating magnetic field sensor was described. The magnetic flux density measuring device consisting of RL self-integrating magnetic field sensor and differential amplifier was designed and fabricated. The frequency bandwidth of the magnetic flux density measuring system ranges from 200 Hz to 300 KHz and the response sensitivity was 0.126 $\mu$T/㎷ The distributions of the magnetic flux density near down-conductors due to impulse currents with various rise times were analyzed as a parameter of the bonding conditions and materials of conductor and wiring conduits. The magnetic flux density due to impulse currents was inversely proportional to the distance between the down-conductor and measuring point. The amplitude of the magnetic flux density for PVC Pipe with down-conductor was 72 $\mu$T/㎷ at the distance of 1m and was higher than for steel conduits and coaxial cable. Finally the magnetic flux density is increased with increasing the di/dt it and oscillation frequency of lightning currents in this experimental ranges.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.148-157
• /
• 2004

Convective boiling heat transfer coefficients of R-22 were obtained in a flat extruded aluminum tube with $D_h=1.41mm$. The test range covered mass flux from 200 to $600kg/m^{2}s$, heat flux from 5 to $15kW/m^2$ and saturation temperature from $5^{\circ}C\;to\;15^{\circ}C$. The heat transfer coefficient curve shows a decreasing trend after a certain quality (critical quality). The critical quality decreases as the heat flux increases, and as the mass flux decreases. The early dryout at a high heat flux results in a unique 'cross-over' of the heat transfer coefficient curves. The heat transfer coefficient increases as the mass flux increases. At a low quality region, however, the effect of mass flux is not prominent. The heat transfer coefficient increases as the saturation temperature increases. The effect of saturation temperature, however, diminishes as the heat flux decreases. Both the Shah and the Kandlikar correlations un-derpredict the low mass flux and overpredict the high mass flux data.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2000.05a
• /
• pp.122-132
• /
• 2000

Computational fluid dynamic simulation is performed for the floating turbulent premixed flames stabilized in stagnation flows of Cho et al. [1] and Cheng and Shepherd [2]. They are both in the wrinkled flamelet regime far from the extinction limit with $u'/S^{0}_{L}$ less than unity. The turbulent flux is given in the first moment closure as a sum of the classical gradient flux due to turbulent motions and the countergradient flux due to thermal expansion. The parameter $N_{B}'s$ are greater than unity with the countergradient flux dominant over the gradient flux. The countergradient flux is assumed to be zero in $\bar{c}<0.05$. The flame surface density is modeled as a symmetric parabolic function with respect to $\bar{c}$. The product of the maximum flame surface density and the mean stretch factor is considered as a tuning constant to match the flame location. Good agreement is achieved with the measured $\tilde{w}$ and $\bar{c}$ profiles along the axis in both flames.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.321-330
• /
• 2019

The objective of this study was to examine the recovery of the power plant cooling tower blowdown water (CTBD) by membrane distillation. The experiments were carried out using a flat plate poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with a pore diameter of $0.22{\mu}m$ by a direct contact membrane distillation unit (DCMD). The effects of operating parameters such as transmembrane temperature difference (${\Delta}T$), circulation rate and operating time on permeate flux and membrane fouling have been investigated. The results indicated that permeate flux increased with increasing ${\Delta}T$ and circulation rate. Whereas maximum permeate flux was determined as $47.4L/m^2{\cdot}h$ at ${\Delta}T$ of $50^{\circ}C$ for all short term experiments, minimum permeate flux was determined as $7.7L/m^2{\cdot}h$ at ${\Delta}T$ of $20^{\circ}C$. While $40^{\circ}C$ was determined as the optimum ${\Delta}T$ in long term experiments. Inorganic and non-volatile substances caused fouling in the membranes.