• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.336.3-337
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• 2002

We previously reported that a synthetic naphthoquinone analog. 2.3-dichloro-5.8-dihydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (NA). effectively induces apoptosis in human leukemic HL-60 cells. However. the cellular mechanism by which NA induces cell death remain unclear. In this study. we show that NA induces activation of capases. release of cytochrome c and upregulation of proapoptotic Bax protein. Futhermore. NA suppressed phosphorylation of Akt and Bad. suggesting that Akt regulates NA-induced apoptosis. Expresson of a dominant negative Akt enhancde NA-induced apoptosis. suggesting that naphthoquinone analog induces apoptosis through activating proapoptotic pathway and by the inactivation of antiapoptotic pathway.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.227-233
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• 2000

Although filamentous fungi are used extensively for protein expression, their use for the production of heterologous glycoproteins is constrained by the types of N-glycan structures produced by filamentous fungi as compared to those naturally found on the glycoproteins. Attempts are underway to engineer the N-glycan synthetic pathways in filamentous fungi in order to produce fungal expression strains which can produce heterologous glycoproteins carrying specific N-glycan structures. To fully realize this goal, a detailed understanding of the genetic components of this pathway in filamentous fungi is required. In this review, we discuss the characterization of the $\alpha$-mannosidase gene family in filamentous fungi and its implications for the elucidation of the N-glycan synthetic pathway.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2017

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) plays an important role in the development of bone and cartilage. It is involved in the hedgehog pathway, TGF beta signaling pathway, and in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. It is involved also in cardiac cell differentiation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. In this study, We expressed human BMP2 (hBMP2) recombinant protein using Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) in Sf9 insect cells. The hBMP2 cDNA was cloned into baculovirus transfer vector, pBacgus-4x-1 and recombinant baculovirus was screened out through X-gal and GUS-fusions assay. Western blot analysis shown that molecular weight of hBMP2 recombinant protein was about 44.71 kDa.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.37 no.5 s.113
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• pp.35-40
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• 2005

We tried to synthesize the 2-methyl anthraquinone (2-MAQ) with reaction between phthalic anhydride and toluene instead of using 2-methyl phthalic anhydride and benzene. This process didn't generate significant of amount of 1-methyl anthraquinone (l-MAQ) as byproduct. The other advantage of this pathway is using less toxic toluene instead of benzene known as carcinogen. 2-MAQ synthesized this pathway was as effective as reagent grade from commercial available based on soda-anthraquinone(AQ) pulping results.

• Biodesign
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.24-27
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• 2019

Pnc1 converts nicotinamide to nicotinic acid to generate NAD⁺ through the Preiss-Handler pathway that is one of the NAD⁺-salvage pathway. By reducing levels of nicotinamide, an inhibitor of the NAD⁺-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2, yeast Pnc1 contributes gene silencing. In this study, to understand the structural features and molecular mechanism of nicotinamidase Pnc1, we overexpressed, purified, and crystallized the N-terminally His₆-tagged Pnc1 protein from Kluyveromyces lactis and obtained X-ray diffraction data at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The crystals of the K. lactis Pnc1 (KlPnc1) belonged to space group P2₁2₁2₁ with unit cell parameters a=38.5, b=77.3, c=83.3, and α=β=γ= 90°. There is one molecule in the asymmetric unit.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.56-68
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• 2001

Objective : Functional brain mapping study on acupuncture stimulation using the [14C]2-deoxyglucose([14C]2-DG) autoradiography provides quantitative data and visualized pathway in central nervous system(CNS). We aimed to investigate the neural pathway and spatial distribution of metabolic activity elicited in CNS on electroacupuncture stimulation using [14C]2-DG autoradiography. Methods : The study were divided into three groups by stimulation times. 45-mins stimulation group according to Sokoloffs method, 5-mins stimulation group according to Duncun's method, and 15-mins stimulation group. ;A venous catheter was equipped into right jugular vein. The rats (Sprague-Dawley rats, 230-260g) were kept fastened loosely on a holding platform without anesthesia. Electroacupuncture stimulation (5 ms, 2 Hz, 1~3 mA) were applied on the left Zusanli (ST36) acupoint and [14C]2-DG ($25{\mu}Ci/rat$) injection was performed through the catheter. After sacrifice, the brain and the spinal cord were made to sections for film image. The film images were digitalized as the isotope concentration based upon comparison of optical densities with that of the standards and normalized by the optical density of corpus callosum. Results : 1. 15-mins stimulation group was most effective among 3 experiments. 2. On 15-mins stimulation group, medial geniculate nucleus, intetpeduncular nucleus intermedius, ventral periolivary nucleus, caudal periolivary nucleus, medial superior olive, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, including hypothalamic arcuate nucleus were increased by more than 25% (at least, p<0.05) by electroacupuncture stimulation. 3. Especially, the metabolism in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus was increased by 90% (p<0.05). 4. The fact that arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus might play a role of interconnection area between ascending and descending pathway of acupuncture stimulation was demonstrated visually. Conclusions : Advanced study on electroacupuncture stimulation elicited significant increase of metabolic activity in various nuclei of hypothalamus will provide the important experimental basis in research of the relationship between electroacupuncture stimulation and internal visceral functions.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.343-347
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• 2008

Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity were measured in the atrium of a swine heart. Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation in an atrium has rapidly emerged at the treatment of symptomatic reentrant arrhythmia associated with accessory pathway or Atrioventricular (AV) node conduction. The thermal properties of an atrium are definitely necessary for these treatments because, in thermal treatments, conductivity and diffusivity are significant factors in the relationship between the applied RF power and the resulting atrium temperature rise. Thermal properties were measured using a self-heated thermistor probe. Thermistor probes were inserted into the tissue of interest and were used to supply heat within the tissue as well as to monitor the temperature rise in the tissue. The measurements were performed at temperatures of 25, 37, $50^{\circ}C$. Atrium thermal conductivity ranged from 5.17$\pm$0.12 mW/cm$^{\circ}C$ at $25^{\circ}C$ to 5.33$\pm$0.08 mW/cm$^{\circ}C$ at $37^{\circ}C$. Atrium thermal diffusivity ranged from 0.00132$\pm$0.00007$cm^2$/sec at $25^{\circ}C$ to 0.00138$\pm$0.00003 $cm^2$/sec at $50^{\circ}C$. This paper also present the thermal property comparison of both chambers of a heart (ventricle and atria).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2021

Lung cancer despite advancement in the medical field continues to be a major threat to human lives and accounts for a high proportion of fatalities caused by cancers globally. The current study investigated vanillin oxime, a derivative of vanillin, against lung cancer cells for development of treatment and explored the mechanism. Cell viability changes by vanillin oxime were measured using MTT assay. Vanillin oxime-mediated apoptosis was detected in A549 and NCI-H2170 cells at 48 h of exposure by flow cytometry. The CEBP homologous protein (CHOP) and death receptor 5 (DR5) levels were analysed by RT-PCR and protein levels by Western blotting. Vanillin oxime in concentration-dependent way suppressed A549 and NCI-H2170 cell viabilities. On exposure to 12.5 and 15 μM concentrations of vanillin oxime elevated Bax, caspase-3, and -9 levels in A549 and NCI-H2170 cells were observed. Vanillin oxime exposure suppressed levels of Bcl-2, survivin, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, and IAPs proteins in A549 and NCI-H2170 cells. It stimulated significant elevation in DR4 and DR5 levels in A549 and NCI-H2170 cells. In A549 and NCI-H2170 cells vanillin oxime exposure caused significant (p < 0.05) enhancement in CHOP and DR5 mRNA expression. Vanillin oxime exposure of A549 and NCI-H2170 cells led to significant (p < 0.05) enhancement in levels of phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Thus, vanillin oxime inhibits pulmonary cell proliferation via induction of apoptosis through tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mediated pathway. Therefore, vanillin oxime may be studied further to develop a treatment for lung cancer.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2015

Forests contain a huge amount of carbon (C) and climate change could affect forest C dynamics. This study was conducted to predict the C dynamics of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis forests, which are the most dominant needleleaf and broadleaf forests in Korea, using the Korean Forest Soil Carbon (KFSC) model under the two climate change scenarios (2012-2100; Constant Temperature (CT) scenario and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario). To construct simulation unit, the forest land areas for those two species in the 5th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data were sorted by administrative district and stand age class. The C pools were initialized at 2012, and any disturbance was not considered during the simulation period. Although the forest C stocks of two species generally increased over time, the forest C stocks under the RCP 8.5 scenario were less than those stocks under the CT scenario. The C stocks of P. densiflora forests increased from 260.4 Tg C in 2012 to 395.3 (CT scenario) or 384.1 Tg C (RCP 8.5 scenario) in 2100. For Q. variabilis forests, the C stocks increased from 124.4 Tg C in 2012 to 219.5 (CT scenario) or 204.7 (RCP 8.5 scenario) Tg C in 2100. Compared to 5th NFI data, the initial value of C stocks in dead organic matter C pools seemed valid. Accordingly, the annual C sequestration rates of the two species over the simulation period under the RCP 8.5 scenario (65.8 and $164.2g\;C\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis) were lower than those values under the CT scenario (71.1 and $193.5g\;C\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis). We concluded that the C sequestration potential of P. densiflora and Q. variabilis forests could be decreased by climate change. Although there were uncertainties from parameters and model structure, this study could contribute to elucidating the C dynamics of South Korean forests in future.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1163-1169
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• 2007

Effects of Sotosaja hwan on Blood Glucose, Hyperlipidemia, Polyol Pathway and Antioxidative Mechanism in ob/ob Mouse Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role. Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Sotosaja-hwan has been known to be effective for the antiaging and composed of four crude herbs. In male ob/ob mouse in severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia, which are features of NIDDM, the hyperglycemic activites and mechanisms of Sotosaja-hwan were examined. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the lean (C57/BL6J black mice) and diabetic (ob/ob mice) control groups received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 30 and 90 mg Sotosaja-hwan per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. The effects of Sotosaja-hwan extract on the ob/ob mice were observed by measuring the serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid components, and the kidney levels of superoxide anion radical $({\cdot}O_2)$, MDA+HAE, GSH/GSSG ratio, and also the enzyme activities involved in polyol pathway. Sotosaja-hwan lowered the levels of serum glucose and insulin in a dose dependent manner. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were decreased, while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased, in Sotosaja-hwan treated groups. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were inhibited in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan inhibited the generation of ${\cdot}O_2$ in the kidney. Finally, MDA+HAE levels was increased and GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were improved in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan showed the antidiabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing the MDA+HAE levels in the ob/ob mice.