• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 1999

Nutrient balance during rice cultivation in the paddy of a local area under the environmental protection for drinking water supply was investigated. To compare nutrient balance in the paddy soil applied with different types of fertilization, 7 treatments were selected as followings : Recommended level of chemical fertilizers(R), Conventional fertilization(CF), Fresh cow manure(FCM), Cow manure compost(CMC), Straw compost+reduced chemical fertilizer(SCF), Fresh straw+recommended level of fertilizers(FSC), and no fertilization as control(C). Here, FCM, CMC and SCF were applied at the same level of total nitrogen as recommended in R. Rice yield was the highest in the recommendation(R) and fresh cow manure (FCM) treatments with $6,730kg\;ha^{-1}$(index 100), and followed by SCF (index 98), FSC (index 98), CMC(index 94), and CF(index 94). But statistically significant difference was not recognized among treatments except the control. Nitrogen infiltration loss was high in the simple chemical fertilizer treatments with $63kg\;ha^{-1}$ in CF and $58kg\;ha^{-1}$ in R during rice cultivation, respectively. Nitrogen infiltration loss was decreased below half level of chemical fertilizer treatments with cow manure treatments ($23kg\;ha^{-1}$ in FCM and $27kg\;ha^{-1}$ in CMC) and with reducing chemical fertilizer treatment by adding straw compost ($25kg\;ha^{-1}$). Phosphate was not leached during rice cultivation in paddy soil of a fluvial deposit type, in which oxidation horizon was developed broadly under around 15 cm depth of surface soil. Phosphate balance (A-B) was closed to 0 in all treatments except cow manure treatment (CMC), in which it was $+30kg\;ha^{-1}$ and show the possibility of over accumulation of phosphate by continuously replicated application of cow manure compost. Potassium balance was negative value in all but straw recycling treatment (FSC). It means that potassium was continuously supplied from soil minerals, uptaken by plants or eluted out of soil. In conclusion, by substituting inorganic fertilizer for organic fertilizer or reducing application rate of chemical fertilizer through mixing organic fertilizer, it would be possible to achieve the same rice yield as in the recommendation treatment and to decrease nutrient leaching below half level in rice paddy soil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2007

The effects of amylopectin and hydrocolloid (locust bean gum and guar gum) content on wheat flour dough and noodle properties were investigated. As the amount of amylopectin increased, the water absorption rate (farinograph), the tension (tension test), the gel stability (freeze-thawing treatment), and the springiness and the cohesiveness (TPA) increased, but the pasting temperature (RVA), the lightness and yellowness (color measurement), and the hardness (TPA) tended to decrease. In sensory evaluations, the scores for cohesiveness, springiness, and acceptability of cooked noodle increased as the proportion of amylopectin increased. The proper combination of amylose/amylopectin ratio and hydrocolloids improved the freeze-thaw stability and the sensory acceptability of wheat flour dough and noodle.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2012

Purpose: Those who access to the nuclear medicine department are classified as radiation workers, temporarily access group, and occasional access group as defined by the atomic energy law. The radiation workers and temporarily access people wear a personal radiation dosimeter for checking their own radiation absorbed dose periodically. However, because of the sanitation workers, classified as temporarily access group, who are working in the nuclear medicine department are moved in a cycle with other departments and their works are changeful, it is hard to control their radiation absorbed dose. Thus, this study is going to examine the state of the sanitation worker's radiation absorbed dose, and then make sure whether they are classified as temporarily access group or not. Materials and methods: In the first instance, the first sanitation worker who works in vitro laboratory and PET room and the second sanitation worker who works in gamma camera rooms (invivo room) wore radiation dosimeter-OSL(Optically Stimulated Luminescence)- to measure their own radiation absorbed dose during work time from May to June 2011. Secondly, this study was taken place 5 places in gamma camera rooms, 2 places in PET bed room, operating room, waiting room and cyclotron room in PET and 4 places in vitro laboratory. And then to measure the radiation space dose rate, it is measured 10 times each of places as sanitation worker's work flow by using radiation survey meter. Results: The radiation absorbed dose on OSL of the first c who works in vitro laboratory and PET room and the second one who works in gamma camera rooms are 0.04, 0.02 mSv per month respectively. That means the estimated annual radiation absorbed doses are less than 1mSv as 0.48, 0.24 mSv/yr respectively. The radiation space dose rates as sanitation worker's work flow using survey meter are 0.0037, 0.0019 mSv/day, so the estimated annual radiation absorbed dose are 0.93, 0.47 mSv/yr respectively. The weighted exposure dose of first sanitation worker of each places are 1.62% in cyclotron room, 3.88% in waiting room, 2.39% in operating room, 81.01% in bed room of PET and 11.01% in vitro laboratory. The weighted exposure dose of second sanitation worker of each places are 45.22% in radiopharmaceutical laboratory, gamma 30.64% in camera rooms, 15.65% in waiting room, 8.49% in reading room. Conclusion: The annual radiation absorbed doses on OSL of both sanitation workers are less than 1 mSv per year and the annual radiation absorbed doses by using survey meter are less than 1mSv either, but close up to 1 mSv. Thus, to clarify whether the sanitation workers are temporarily access group or not, and to be lessen their s radiation absorbed dose, they should be educated about management of radiation and modified their work flow or work time appropriately, their radiation absorbed dose would be lessen certainly.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to compare the carcass yields and meat characteristics of three types of commercial male chicks White mini broilers, Ross broilers and Hy-Line brown chicks under the identical feeding condition. One-hundred 1-d chicks of each type were randomly placed into four pens per group (25 chicks per pen) and fed corn-soybean meal based commercial diets for 35d, 18d or 49d, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, the birds were sacrificed and subjected to carcass measurements. The dressing percentages of White mini broilers and Ross broilers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of Hy-Line brown cockerels. The rate of breast meat of Hy-Line brown cockerels was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of White mini broilers and Ross broilers. However, Hy-Line brown cockerels showed higher (P<0.05) leg meats than the others. There were no significant differences in serum total cholesterol and the activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase among the groups. The breast meats of White mini broilers presented highest lightness value. The yellowness of breast and redness of leg meats of White mini broilers and Ross broilers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of Hy-Line brown cockerels. There were no significant differences in the SOD-like activity and change of pH in edible meats among the groups. The meat color in White mini broilers was significantly higher than that of Hy-Line brown cockerels. No significant differences were observed in term of flavor, tenderness and overall acceptability. In conclusion, the physico-chemical properties and sensory characteristics of edible meats were not greatly affected by genotype if they were similar body weights and kept under the identical feeding condition. But the Hy-Line brown cockerels were less desirable as a meat-type strain due to lower carcass yields and inferior growth and feed conversion ratio.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 1992

The natural killer cell activity of splenocytes and TBC, active NK cells, recycling capacity of natural killer cells were observed by means of both the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay and single cell cytotoxicity assay against YAC-1. CSH/HeJ mice were infected intranasally with $1{\times}10^4{\;}or{\;}1{\times}10^5$ trophosoites of pathogenic Acanthamoeba culbertsoni. The infected mice showed mortality rate of 34% in $1{\times}10^4$ group and 65% in 1{\times}10^5 group, and mean survival time was $16.40{\pm}3.50$ {\;}and{\;}3.20{\pm}4.09$ days respectively. The cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells of the 2 groups was significantly higher than that of non-infected mice from the 12th hour to the 2nd day after infection, showing the highest on the first day. On the l0th day after infection, the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells was significantly suppressed as compared with that of the control. There was no significant difference in NK cell cytotoxicity between two infected groups. The targetbinding capacity and active NK cells of natural killer cells in $1{\times}10^5$ trophosoite infected mice was significantly increased on the 12th hour and the first day after infection as compared with the control group. Maximal recycling capacity (MRC) was not changed during the observation period. The present results indicated that the elevation of natural killer cell activity in the mice infected with A. culbertsoni was due to elevation of target.binding capacity and increased active NK cells of natural killer cells, and not due to the maximal recycling capacity of the individual NK cell, and there was no difference between two experimental dose groups.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 1988

Specific or non-specific cytolytic processes of free-living amoebae causing meningoencephalitls have been emphasized and the cytolytic ability related to hydrolases in Entantoeba sp. and Naegleria sp. has also been reported since the latter half of 1970's. However, no information on hydrolase activities in Acanthamoeba sp. is available. Hydrolases in Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, a pathogenic species of free-living amoebae, were assayed and compared with those in a non-pathogenic species, A. royreba. Pathogenicity of these two species was confirmed through experimental infection to BALB/c mice. Hydrolase activities and cytotoxic effects between pathogenic and non.pathogenic species were compared in the trophozoites cultured in CGV media and in CHO cell line, respectively. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The mice infected with A. culbertseni were all dead 15 days after nasal inoculation, and the mean survival time was 8.5 days. Also the mice infected with this pathogenic species manifested typical meningoencephalitis, whereas the mice infected with A. royreba did not. 2. Hydrolases detected both in the cell extracts and culture media were acid phosphatase, ${\beta}-N-acetyl$ galactosaminidase, ${\beta}-N-acetyl$ glucosaminidase, ${\alpha}-mannosidase$, neutral proteinase and acid proteinase, all of which were detected with remarkably higher rate in A. culbertsoni than in A. royreba. 3. A. cuzbertsoni revealed strong cytotoxicity for the target CHO cells, whereas A. royreba did not show any specific cytotoxicity. About 80% of the target cells mixed with A. culbertsoni were dead 48 hours after cultivation, and more than 95% of the target cells were dead 72 hours after cultivation. 4. Hydrolase activities in A. culbertsoni cultured with the target cell line were assayed according to the culture time. The activities of acid phosphatase, ${\beta}-N-acetyl$ galactosaminidase, ${\beta}-N-acetyl$ glucosaminidase, ${\alpha}-mannosidase$ and acid proteinase in this pathogenic amoeba were detected higher in amoeba extracts than in culture media up to 120 hours after cultivation, but after 120 hours of cultivation those activities were detected higher in culture media than in the amoeba Iysates. Neutral proteinase activity in A. culbertsoni increased more in EBSS medium than in the Iysate specimens although the activity in the extracts was generally steady according to the cultivation time. Summarizing the above results, it is concluded that there were differences in hydrolase activities between Pathogenic A. culbertsoni and non-pathogenic A. royreba, and that some hydrolase activities were detected remarkably higher in A. culbertsoni which revealed strong cytotoxicity to the target CHO cell line.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.1 s.23
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• pp.10-20
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• 1988

This study was conducted to compare the maternal charactristics, and birth weight of infants delivered at five different categories of medical facility in Taegu to examine the risk level of pregnant women and children by the medical facility for delivery. The study population included 1,410 pregnant women who delivered a baby at one of nine medical facilities (3 university hospitals, 2 general hospitals, 2 private clinics, 1 midwife clinic, 1 MCH center) in Taegu in April, 1987(April and May, 1987 for K university hospital), Pregnant women were interviewed to ask the age and educational level of woman, payment of medical fee, birth order, delivery method. Birth weight of infant was obtained from medical record. Mean ages of the women delivering at the university hospitals(27.5 years) and at general hospitals(26.7 years) were higher than those at midwife clinic(25.4 years) and at MCH center(26.1 years). Also, mean years of school education were higher in women of university hospitals(12.7 years) and general hospitals (12.2 years) than in women of midwife clinic(9.2 years) and MCH center (9.3 years). The percentages of women covered by the medical insurance were far greater in the university hospitals(78.1%) and general hospitals(82.9%) than in private clinics(44.3%) , midwife clinic(29.1%) and MCH center (5.4%). Infants born at the MCH center were mostly the second birth (47.3%) while 56.0% to 61.7% of infants born at all the other medical facilities were the first birth more women delivering at the university hospitals had history of spontaneous abortion as well as still birth than the women delivering at the other medical facilities. The preform birth rate (11.4%) and low birthweight incidence rates(5.8-13.0%) in university hospitals were significantly higher than those of other medical facilities. Accordingly, c-section rates showed a wide variation among the medical facilities. Study findings revealed that most of women delivering at the university hospitals and general hospitals are in the middle of or upper socio-economic class and obstetrically high risk group regardless of socioeconomic class while the wome delivering at the midwife clinic and MCH center are low risk group of low socioeconomic class. Therefore, the data of a specific medical facility are highly limited in interpretation and can not be generalized.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield by sowing times and spacing using machine seeder on Coix Lachryma-jobi L. var ma-yuen $S_{TAPF}$. Adlay was seeded at four different dates (April 20, May 5, May 20 and June 5). Planting spaces were controlled by the seed roller of tractor drill seeder attached to tractor at three spacing ($60{\times}15cm,\;70{\times}15cm\;and\;80{\times}15cm$). The results were summarized as follows. Required days to emergence and days to anthesis were shortened as sowing date was late. But days to maturity were prolonged when sowing date was late. The accumulated temperature increased such as required periods increased. In growth characteristics, culm length was significantly different at different sowing times. But all growth characteristics was not affected by different spacings. In yield components, 1,000 grain weight and ripening rate were significantly different at different sowing times, also the number of tillers and branches was significantly affected at different spacings. Grain yield/ha was significantly different at different sowing times. But it was not significantly different at different spacings. Thus, in order to improve the yield of adlay using drill seeder, if it is not frost, sowing should be done as early as possible. As a result, suitable sowing time was April 20 with spacing at $60{\times}15cm$ using machine seeder in Korea.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of fusion and/or activation protocol on in vitro development of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. Porcine fetal fibroblast cells were transferred into the perivitelline space of enucleated in vitro matured oocytes. Cell fusion and activation were induced simultaneous fusion/activation (SA) or delayed activation (DA) with or without cytochalasin B (CB) treatment with electic pulses in 0.28 M mannitol-based medium. The SCNT embryos were cultured in vitro for 7 days and stained with Hoechst 33342 to determine the number of nuclei. After 7 days culture, cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were 72.4% and 7.6% in SCNT and 76.3% and 20.4% in parthenotes. To examine the effect of electric field strengths on development of SCNT embryos, oocytes were fused two pulses of 110 V/mm, 130 V/mm or 150 V/mm for 30 sec post-injection. The fusion and cleavage rates in 130 V/mm group (70.2% and 72.6%) and 150 V/mm group (72.6% and 70.5%) were higher (P<0.05) than 110 V/mm group (47.1% and 48.6%), respectively. However, the rate of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage (8.1%, 9.7% and 10.7%) were not different among three groups. The cleavage rates and the blastcyst formation rates were not different among three treatment groups (SA group, 71.4% and 9.7%; SA+CB treatment group, 74.7% and 8.0%; DA+CB treatment group, 70.8% and 11.2%, respectively). And, no different in the number of cells in blastocysts was observed among the three groups (22.5$\pm$12.8, 23.3$\pm$11.2 and 21.6$\pm$10.4, respectively). These result suggest that two pulses of 130 V/mm or 150 V/mm for 30 sec with SA treatment or DA treatment are enough for fusion/activation of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.49-53
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• 1985

The effects of pre-treatments, the hot water extraction of wood meal and the addition of chemical ($CaCl_2$) to wood-cement water system on the properties of wood-cement composite such as modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), water sorption ratio and swelling ratio of resulting boards were studied in this experiment. The wood meals through 0.83mm(20 mesh) and retained on 0.42mm(35 mesh) screen were prepared from Pinus densiflora S. at Z. and Larix leptolepsis G. For hot water extraction, 500 grams of wood meal for each species were heated to boiling with 1,500ml of distilled water in 2-liter beaker for 6 hours. Every 2 hours, the wood meals were washed with boiling distil1ed water and reheated to boiling again. After 6 hours boiling, the boiled wood particles were collected by pouring this particles on 200 mesh screen. The collected particles then washed twice with hot distilled water and dried for 24 hours in an oven at $109{\pm}20^{\circ}C$. A mixture of 663.4 grams of cement with 331.7 grams of wood meal based on oven-dry weight were dry-mixed in a plastic vessel. The mixture was kneaded with 497.6ml of distilled water in the ratio of 1.5ml of water to a gram of wood meal. To add calcium chloride to the mixture as an accelerator, $CaCl_2$ 4% solution by weight per volume, was added to pine-or larch-cement board in the ratio of 3% to cement weight. To set wood-cement board, this mixture was clamped at 30cm ${\times}$ 30cm, in thickness of 1.5cm for 3 days at room temperature, declamped and then placed at open condition for 17 days. The target density was 1.0. The four specimens sized to 5cm in width and 28cm in length were used for MOR and MOE test for each treatment. After MOR test, the tested specimens were cut to the size of 5cm ${\times}$ 5cm for water sorption and swelling test. The twenty specimens used to measure the water sorption ratio (soaking 24 hours) and ten of these were used for swelling ratio measurement The results obtained were as follows: 1) Larch was not suitable for wood-cement boards because larch-cement board developed no strength, but pine showed 97.9kg/$cm^2$ by hot water extraction. 2) To increase MOR, hot water extraction was more effective than the addition of $CaCl_2$ in pine and larch because the $CaCl_2$ addition was seemed to speed up the ratio of cement hydration without reacting with the wood substances. 3) The water sorption ratio was lowered by the addition of $CaCl_2$ to wood-cement system because the chemical additive accelerated the rate of cement hydration. 4) In pine-cement board, the swelling ratio from 0.37 to 0.42 percent was observed in length and the swelling ratio from 0.88 to 2.0 percent in thickness. As a rule, the swelling ratio of wood-cement board was very low and the swelling ratio in thickness was higher than in length.