• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.251-256
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• 2005

For blood cockle Tegillarca granosa acclimated to winter and summer seasons, survival, temperature tolerance and physiological changes at different individual size were investigated for their temperature tolerances by increasing and decreasing temperature at a rate of 1, 2 and $3^{\circ}C/day$. The survival rate of adults and juveniles T. granosa acclimated to winter temperatures began to decrease from $32^{\circ}C$ and all experimental animals died between $37-39^{\circ}C$. In the case of animals acclimated to summer temperatures, the survival rates of adults and juveniles began to decrease from $35^{\circ}C$, and all died at temperatures between $40-44^{\circ}C$. The upper $LT_{50}$ was $27.72^{\circ}C$ for adults and $28.36^{\circ}C$ for juveniles. On the other hand, when the temperature was decreased from $4^{\circ}C\;to\;0^{\circ}C$ in order to investigate lower temperature tolerances, the survival rate of T. granosa was more than $70\%\;at\;2^{\circ}C$ for 25 days. Lower L T 50 was $2.09^{\circ}C$ for adults and $2.34^{\circ}C$ for juveniles. There was no effective difference in temperature tolerance between adults and juveniles. Filtration and respiration rates of T. granosa showed a similar aspect with increase and decrease of temperature. Filtration and respiration rates exhibited irregular conditions of a broken biological rhythm as the group acclimated to winter $(10 ^{\circ}C)$ and summer $(25^{\circ}C)$. In the case of decreasing temperature, filtration and respiration rates of T. granosa reduced to a minimum below $6^{\circ}C$

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.129-133
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• 1993

Temperature sensitive liposomes(TSL) containing adriamycin (ADM) and cytarabine (Ara-C) were prepared. ADM and Ara-C were selected as model compounds of amphiphilic and hydrophilic drug, respectively. Encapsulation efficiency of ADM entrapped into TSL was about twice greater than that of Ara-C. It might be due to different polarity of the drug, Lipid compositions of TSL had no effect on the encapsulation efficiency of drugs. Thermal behavior of TSL using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was also investigated. Phase transition of TSL using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was also investigated. Phase transition temperature $(T_c)$ of TSL was dependent on the lipid compositions of TSL ADM broadened thermogram of TSL but Ara-C did not. However, $T_c$ of TSL was not changed by any drug. Release rate of drugs was highly dependent on temperature. The release profile of ADM was similar to that of Ara-C. The maximum release rate of drugs from TSL was occurred at the near $T_c$ and observed at $39-41^\circ{C}$ for DPPC (Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) only, $52-54^\circ{C}$ for DPPC and DSPC (1:1), respectively. Effect of human serum alburmin (HAA) on the release rate of ADM was investigated. HSA had no significant effect on the release of ADM below $T_c$. However, ADM release from TSL was increased at the near and above $T_c$. The HSA-induced leakage of drug may result from the interaction of liposomal constituents with HSA structure at the near TEX>$4^\circ{C}$. From the fact that the release profiles of ADM from freshly prepared TSL and stored TSL for 1 week at TEX>$4^\circ{C}$ was not changed, the TSL was considered to be stable for at least 1 week at TEX>$4^\circ{C}$. Based on these findings, TSL may be useful to deliver drugs to preheated target sites due to its thermal behaviors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.571-582
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• 1992

Soybeans were dry extruded at three different temperatures (125, 135 and $145^{\circ}C$) for 30 s. Four lambs fitted with cannulae in the rumen and abomasums were used in a balanced $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Lambs were fed at 2 h intervals for 12 times a day with automatic feeder to maintain steady state conditions in digestive tract. A dual-phase marker system was used to estivate ruminal flow rate of both liquid and solid digesta. Objectives of this study were to determine the effect of extrusion temperature of raw soybean on the ruminal liquid and solid dilution rate, nitrogen digestion and flow at the abomasum and availability of amino acid in lambs. There were no significant effects of extrusion on liquid and solid dilution rate, and liquid volume. Ruminal liquid flow rate was not influenced by extrusion and ranged from 389 to 435 ml/hr. Extrusion had no influence on ruminal OM digestion and flow rate to the abomasums. Dietary N flow to the abomasums increased (p < 0.05) as extruding temperature increased. Extruding temperature had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on flow of N escaping ruminal degradation and ranged from 34.91 to 57.38%. Microbial N synthesized/kg OMTDR ranged from 27 to 37 g and highest with $145^{\circ}C$ ESB diet. Extrusion decreased the amount of degradable amino acid in the rumen and increased the supply of amino acid to the lower gut, especially with 135 and $145^{\circ}C$ ESB diets.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.288-288
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• 2017

The seeds of soybean (Glycine max) were treated with different storage temperature for this study. The seeds of 3 accessions of soybean varieties in aluminum foil pack were used as materials. Storage temperature applied were $-18^{\circ}C$ and room temperature and seed banking (input after 3 days from output) frequencies were every 1, 6, and 12 month respectively for 9 years of storage period. As results seed banking frequency no affected to germination rate and seed moisture contents at $-18^{\circ}C$ storage room for seeds of soybean after 9 years. Germination rate of soybean seeds was changed from 96.2 % to 95.6 % averagely after 9 years of freezing ($-18^{\circ}C$) storage period. There were no differences in decreasing rate by number of seed banking frequency in soybean seeds. On the other hand, at room temperature germination rate of soybean seeds was decreased from 96.2 % to 27.3 % after 9 years which was decreased sharply to 55 % of initial viability after 6 years. The average rate of annual decrease of germination rate in soybean seeds was 38 % of initial viability at room temperature. Initial moisture contents of soybean seeds were 7.3 % and changed to 7.1 % at $-18^{\circ}C$ while it changed from 7.4 % to 7.0 % at room temperature after 9 years of storage period.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2016

This study was conducted to develop temperature-driven models for a population model of turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi: nymphal development rate models and apterious adult's oviposition (larviparous) model. Nymphal development and the longevity and fecundity of adults were examined on cabbage at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, 16L:8D). L. erysimi nymphs did not survive at $10^{\circ}C$. Development time of nymphs increased with increasing temperature up to $30^{\circ}C$ and thereafter slightly decreased, ranging from 18.5 d at $15^{\circ}C$ to 5.9 d at $30^{\circ}C$. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant were estimated as $7.9^{\circ}C$ and 126.3 degree days, respectively. The nonlinear model of Lactin 2 fitted well for the relationship between the development rate and temperature of small (1+2 instar), large (3+4 instar) and total nymph (all instars). The Weibull function provided a good fit for the distribution of development times of each stage. Temperature affected the longevity and fecundity of L. erysimi. Adult longevity decreased as the temperature increased and ranged from 24.4 d at $20^{\circ}C$ to 16.4 d at $30.0^{\circ}C$ with abnormal longevity 18.2 d at $15^{\circ}C$, which was used to estimate adult aging rate model for the calculation of adult physiological age. L. erysimi showed a maximum fecundity of 91.6 eggs per female at $20^{\circ}C$. In this study, we provided three temperature-dependent components for an oviposition model of L. erysimi: total fecundity, age-specific cumulative oviposition rate, and age-specific survival rate.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.7 no.1_2
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• pp.17-21
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• 2002

Food waste which had been mixed with night soil sludge and composted for 21 days (mixing ratio = food waste/paper mill sludge : 1, w/w) was supplied to the 5 g of Eisenia fetida popualtion at various temperatures (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35$^{\circ}C$). The biomass of earthworms one month after feeding at 20-32$^{\circ}C$ was about two times more than that of the introduced earthworms, increasing rate of which was much higher than them at the other tested temperatures . There were decreases at temperatures below 7$^{\circ}C$, and less increases at temperatures of 8-10$^{\circ}C$ in biomass. Earthworms could not survive at temperatures at 34$^{\circ}C$ and 35$^{\circ}C$. Feeding rates of earthworms were much higher at 20-32$^{\circ}C$ than them at the other tested temperatures, and there were no differences among them at temperatures of 20-32$^{\circ}C$. But at 3 months after feeding, the biomass and feeding rate of earthworms decreased severely even at 20$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$, which was supposed to be due to the long term effect of salts, especially sodium chloride (NaCl) in the food wastes.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.125-137
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• 1999

The present study aims to reveal the sweating reaction of male adults, focused on athletes. With six subjects (3 athletes and 3 non-athletes) in two different conditions of ambient temperature (I : $25\pm1.0^{\circ}C$, II : $29.5\pm1.0^{\circ}C$), their total sweat rate, local sweat rate, skin temperature, physiological reaction (rectal temperature, blood pressure, and pulse rate), and psychological reaction (thermal, moisture, comfort, and perceptive sweat sensations) were measured. The comparison gave the following results: Total sweating rate was greater in non-athletes, while the two groups had more perspiration in ambience II. Local sweating rate in both ambiences was the greatest in the central breast area (athletes) and the infrascapular area (non-athletes). The mean skin temperature had more changes of increase and decrease in athletes. As to physiological reaction, non-athletes had lower rectal temperature and blood pressure as well as higher pulse rate. As for psychological reaction in Ambience II, the 4 sensations were mostly 'hot', 'humid', 'uncomfortable', and 'sweaty'.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.315-319
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• 2003

Effect of nitriding on fatigue crack initiation and growth rate has been studied in Ni-Cr-Mo steel. Specimens were nitrided at $860^{\circ}C$ for 15 hr. The fatigue limit of nitrided specimens were superior to those ofannea1ed($860^{\circ}C$, 15 hr) specimens. Based on detailed observations of slip band and micro crack initiation, it is concluded that the excellent fatigue limit of nitrided specimens is attributed to improved slip initiation resistance by nitriding. The characteristic of fatigue crack growth rate of nitrided specimens was investigated by comparing with those of annealed specimens. It was found that the crack growth rate was markedly decreased and the threshold stress intensity factor range was improved by nitriding. It is concluded that the excellent fatigue limit of nitrided specimens is also attributed to improved fatigue crack growth rate and threshold stress intensity factor range by nitriding.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.425-434
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• 1997

A superplastic material, aluminum-lithium alloy 8090, was examined with uniaxial tensile tests to investigate its thermomechanical behavior. The tests were carried out at the strain rate ranging from $2X10^4 to 1X10^2$ and at the temperature from 48$0^{\circ}C$ to 54$0^{\circ}C$. The experiments produced force-dis-placement curves which were converted to stress-strain curves. From the curves, the optimum conditions of superplastic forming were obtained by deteriming the strain rate sensitivety, the optimum strain rate, and the strength coefficient for various forming temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 1992

In order to grow a 127.86$^{\circ}$rotated LiNbO3 single crystal with good characteristics of surface acoustic wave (SAW) up to 80 mm in diameter, the temperature gradient of furnace, the growth rate and the rotation rate of crystal were changed. We could grow a crystal which had few macro defects at the conditions of temperature gradient as 30~6$0^{\circ}C$/cm, growth rate as 5 mm/hr and rotation rate as 8 rpm. The experimental ranges of the growth conditions are as follows. Temperature gradient was varied from 20 to 20$0^{\circ}C$/cm, growth rate as 5~7 mm/hr and crystal rotation rate as 6~12rpm.