• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.36-41
• /
• 2000

목재는 2-메타크릴로일옥시에틸 이소시아네이트(MOI)와 $50-60^{\circ}C$에서 촉매존재하에서 매우 쉽게 반응하였다. 적외선 분광분석을 통하여, 목재가 MOI와 우레탄결합($1715cm^{-1}$)를 형성하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 올레핀구조의 탄소간 이중결합 ($1635cm^{-1}$)이 존재하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 도입된 메타크릴산기는 다른 비닐모노머와의 그래프트공중합시 반응시점으로 작용할 것이다. 또한 MOI처리목재는, MOI와의 반응에 의해 친수성이던 목재의 표면이 소수화되어 접촉각이 증대되는 결과를 낳았다. X선광전자분광분석(XPS)의 결과, 목재의 표면부위의 대부분은 MOI에 의해 개질되었음을 밝혀졌다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제29권7호
• /
• pp.1311-1314
• /
• 2008

Bacillus halodurans O-methyltransferase (BhOMT) is an S-adenosylmethionine dependent methyltransferase. In our previous study, three dimensional structure of the BhOMT has been determined by comparative homology modeling and automated docking study showed that two hydroxyl groups at 3'- and 4'-position in Bring and structural rigidity of C-ring resulting from the double bond characters between C2 and C3 of flavonoid, were key factors for interaction with BhOMT. In the present study, BhOMT was cloned and expressed. Binding assay was performed on purified BhOMT using fluorescence experiments and binding affinity of luteolin, quercetin, fisetin, and myricetin were measured in the range of $10^7$. Fluorescence quenching experiments indicated that divalent cation plays a critical role on the metal-mediated electrostatic interactions between flavonoid and substrate binding site of BhOMT. Fluorescence study confirmed successfully the data obtained from the docking study and these results imply that hydroxyl group at 7-position of luteolin, quercetin, fisetin, and myricetin forms a stable hydrogen bonding with K211 and carboxyl oxygen of C-ring forms a stable hydrogen bonding with R170. Hydroxyl group at 3'-and 4'-position in the B-ring also has strong $Ca^{2+}$ mediated electrostatic interactions with BhOMT.

• 한국광물학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.116-121
• /
• 1993

제올라이트 $Na_{78}Rb_{28}-X$ 단결정을 $Na_{92}-X(Na_{92}Si_{100}Al_{92}O_{384})$을 $350^{\circ}C$에서 0.1Torr의 Rb 증기로 처리하여 만들어서 그 구조를 X-선 단결정법으로 공간군 Fd3로서 결정하였다 (${\alpha}=25.045(4){\AA}$). 구조는 I>$3{\sigma}(I)$인 회절반점 353개를 사용하여 최종오차지수 $R_1=0.082$, $R_2=0.084$까지 정밀화하였다. 단위포당 92개의 $Na^+$ 이온 중 대략 28개의 $Na^+$ 이온이 환원되고, 환원되어 생성된 28개의 Na' 중 약 14개만 제올라이트 골조내에 잔류하고 있다. 소다라이트 동공내에 사면체의 대칭성 ($T_d$)을 가지고 결합각 $109.5^{\circ}$, 결합거리 $2.80(2){\AA}$를 갖는다. $Na_5{^{4+}}$ 클라스트를 이루는 4개의 말단 원자와 골조 산소원자 사이의 결합거리는 $2.80(2){\AA}$이다. 몇몇 이중 6-링의 중심에 $Na_5{^{4+}}$ 클라스트 두 개를 선형으로 연결하여 지그재그형의 덩어리로 만드는 $Na^0$원자가 있다. 소다라이트 동공 중심과 이중 6-링에 있는 $Na^0$원자의 비편재화된 전자가 $Na_5{^{4+}}$ 클라스트를 안정화시키고 있다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 1989

In past, dye diffusion and dyeing rate in fibers have been emphasized in dyeing phenomena. However, in the light of the properties of colloids in the surface of disperse phase and dispersion, there exist specific characters such as adsorption or electric double layer, which seems to play important roles in determining the physiochemical properties in the dyeing system. Electrostatic bonding, hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals adsorption are common in dyeing as well as covalent bonding. Particularly, electrostatic bonding is premised on the existance of ionic radicals in fibers. The present study was aimed to clarify the electrokinetic phenomena of dyeing through the role of electric double layer by ion in amphoteric fibers with different ionic effects under different pH. Spectrophotometric analysis method was used to compare dyeing condition of surface, which can be detected by electrokinetic phenomena and the inner of fibers after deceleration of dyed fibers. Nylon and wool, the typical amphoteric fibers were dyed with monoazo acid dyes such as C.I. Acid Orange 20, and C.I. Acid Orange 10. Various combinations were prepared by combining pH, temperature and dye concentration, in order to generate streaming electric potential which were measured by microvolt meter and specific conductivity meter. The results were transformed to zeta potential by Helmholtz-Smoluchowski formular and to surface electric charge density by Suzawa formular, surface dye amount, and effective surface area of fibers. The amount of dyes of inner fibers were also measured by the Lambert-Beer’s law. The main results obtained are as follows. 1. By measuring zeta pontential, it was possible to detect the dyeing mechanism, surface charge density, surface dye amount and effective surface area concerning dye adsorption of the amphoteric fibers. 2. Zeta pontential increases in negative at low pH and high dye concentration in the process of dyeing. This implied that there existed ionic bond formation in the dyeing mechanism between acid dyes and amphoteric fibers. 3. Dibasic acid dye had little changing rate in zeta potential due to the difference in solubility of dye and in number of dissociated ions per dye molecule to bond with amino radicals of amphoteric fibers. The dye adsorption of mono basic acid dye was higher than that of dibasic acid dye. 4. The effective surface areas concerning dyeing were $6.3E+05\;cm^2/g$ in nylon, $1.6E+07\;cm^2/g$ in wool fiber being higher order of wool then nylon.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제9권6호
• /
• pp.331-337
• /
• 2010

This study compared the macro and micro electrochemical characteristics at the local area of welding metal on dissimilar welding parts for type 304 stainless steel (SS) and type 316L SS. The materials are used for double wall gas pipe of duel fuel engine for a ship. The various potentiodynamic experiments were performed several times in 10% ${H_2C_2O_2}{\cdot}{H_2O}$ solution using macro and micro methods, respectively. The micro electrochemical experiments conducted to resolve at local area on cross-section of dissimilar welding materials by micro-droplet cell device. The micro-droplet cell techniques can be used almost electrochemical experiments to resolve corrosion characteristics of the limited electrode area of the metallic surface between wetted spot of working electrode and tip of sharpened capillary tube. The results of macro electrochemical experiments show that resistance of active dissolution reaction at welding zone was high due to low current density by formation of passivation protection film at passive region. According to the micro electrochemical experiment, the corrosion current density of welding zone and bond zone were relatively high.

• Journal of Photoscience
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.9-20
• /
• 2003

Recent studies on the photoreactivity of l,4-unsaturated systems have changed some ideas that were firmly established in this area of research for many years. Thus, we have described the first examples of 2-aza-di-$\pi$-methane (2-ADPM) rearrangements promoted by triplet-sensitization and by single electron transfer (SET) using electron-acceptor sensitizers. These reactions afford N-vinylaziridine and cyclopropylimine photoproducts in the first examples of di-$\pi$-methane processes that yield three-membered ring heterocycles. l-Aza-1,4-dienes also undergo SET-promoted l-aza-di-$\pi$-methane (l-ADPM) rearrangements via radical-cation intermediates using electron acceptor sensitizers. In some cases, alternative cyclizations yielding different carbocycles and heterocycles have been observed. The l-ADPM and di-$\pi$-methane (DPM) reactions also occur via radical-anion intermediates on irradiation using electron donor sensitizers. On the other hand, the photoreactivity reported for $\beta$,${\gamma}$-unsaturated aldehydes for many years was decarbonylation to the corresponding alkenes. However, our studies demonstrate that these compounds undergo the oxa-di-$\pi$-methane (ODPM) rearrangement with high chemical and quantum efficiency. A comparison of the photochemical reactivity of $\beta$,${\gamma}$-unsaturated aldehydes and corresponding methyl ketones has shown that the ketones do not undergo the ODPM rearrangement while the corresponding aldehydes are reactive by this pathway. Monosubstituted $\beta$,${\gamma}$-unsaturated aldehydes at C-2 undergo the ODPM rearrangement yielding the corresponding cyclopropane carbaldehydes diastereoselectively. Finally, we have described the first examples of reactions, similar to the well know Norrish Type I process, which take place in the triplet excited state of $\beta$,${\gamma}$-unsaturated carbonyl compounds by excitation of the C-C double bond instead of the carbonyl group.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1995

1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 is a novel vitamine D3 analog which has a double bond between C-23 and C-24. We describe the effects of this analog on cell differentiation and cell proliferation in vitro using the human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937, and on calcium metabolism in rats in vivo. In the present investigation 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 was compared to the natural metabolite of vitamin D3, 1$\alpha$, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol[1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 was more potent than 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 for inhibition of proliferation and induction of differentiation of U937 cells. Especially, its effect on induction of differentiation, as measured by superoxide production and nonspecific esterase(NSE) activity, was about 20-fold more potent that 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3. This analog morphologically and functionally differentiated U937 cells to monocyte-macrophage phenotype showing a decrease of N/C ratio in Giemsa staining and the increase of adherence ability to surface. Intraperitoneal administration of 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 to rats showed that the compound had at least 50 times less activity than 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 in causing hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. The strong direct effects of 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 on cell proliferation and cell differentiation, coupled with its decreased activity of calcium metabolism make this compound an interesting candidate for clinical studies including patients with leukemia, as well as several skin disorders, such as psoriasis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.427-442
• /
• 2002

이상의 연구 결과들을 요약해보면 CLA는 생체내외에서 다양한 생리활성 효과를 가지는 것을 알 수 있다. CLA의 주요 효과는 유방암, 췌장암, 피부암 및 대장암을 억제하는 효과, 동물체내에서의 면역력증강 효과, 동맥경화증에 대한 효과, 지방축적 억제효과, 체내 지방분해 촉진효과 및 식육에서의 항산화 효과와 육색안정 효과 등으로 요약된다. 그러므로 CLA는 건강보조식품으로 혹은 축산식품을 비롯한 다양한 식품의 기능성 첨가제로써의 충분한 가능성을 가지고 있는 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 이러한 CLA의 효과는 실험에 따라 다소간의 차이를 나타내고 또한 CLA의 생리활성 기작에 대한 정확한 이해가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 향후 CLA와 관련하여 다음과 같은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 1) 새로운 CLA 이성체의 발견 및 CLA 합성방법에 대한 연구 2) CLA가 가지는 각각의 생리활성 효과에 대한 정확한 기작을 밝히는 연구 3) CLA 이성체간의 생리활성 효과 차이에 대한 연구 4) CLA의 생리활성 효과를 극대화 할 수 있는 이성체간의 비율에 대한 연구 5) 기능성 식품첨가제로써의 CLA를 효과적으로 이용하는 방법 연구 6) CLA를 식용가축 및 축산물에 효과적으로 축적시키는 방법 연구 7) CLA를 이용한 육제품 및 유제품 개발 연구 8) 사람에 있어 CLA 효과에 대한 임상 연구.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.30-36
• /
• 2001

The crystal structures of fully dehydrated $Pd^{2+}$ - and $TI^{+}$ -exchanged zeolite X, $Pd_{18}TI_{56}Si_{100}Al_{92}O_{384}(Pd_{18}TI_{50-}X$, a = $24.935(4)\AA$ and $Pd_{21}TI_{50}Si_{100}Al_{92}O_{384}(Pd_{21}TI_{50-}X$ a = $24.914(4)\AA)$, have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods in the cubic space group Fd3 at $21(1)^{\circ}C.$ The crystals were prepared using an exchange solution that had a $Pd(NH_3)_4Cl_2\;:TINO_3$ mole ratio of 50 : 1 and 200 : 1, respectively, with a total concentration of 0.05M for 4 days. After dehydration at $360^{\circ}C$ and 2 ${\times}$$10^{-6}$ Torr in flowing oxygen for 2 days, the crystals were evacuated at $21(1)^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. They were refined to the final error indices $R_1$ = 0.045 and $R_2$ = 0.038 with 344 reflections for $Pd_{18}Tl_{56-}X$, and $R_1$ = 0.043 and $R_2$ = 0.045 with 280 reflections for $Pd_{21}Tl_{50-}X$; I > $3\sigma(I).$ In the structure of dehydrated $Pd_{18}Tl_{56-}X$, eighteen $Pd^{2+}$ ions and fourteen $TI^{+}$ ions are located at site I'. About twenty-seven $TI^{+}$ ions occupy site II recessed $1.74\AA$ into a supercage from the plane of three oxygens. The remaining fifteen $TI^{+}$ ions are distributed over two non-equivalent III' sites, with occupancies of 11 and 4, respectively. In the structure of $Pd_{21}Tl_{50-}X$, twenty $Pd^{2+}$ and ten $TI^{+}$ ions occupy site I', and one $Pd^{2+}$ ion is at site I. About twenty-three $TI^{+}$ ions occupy site II, and the remaining seventeen $TI^{+}$ ions are distributed over two different III' sites. $Pd^{2+}$ ions show a limit of exchange (ca. 39% and 46%), though their concentration of exchange was much higher than that of $TI^{+}$ ions. $Pd^{2+}$ ions tend to occupy site I', where they fit the double six-ring plane as nearly ideal trigonal planar. $TI^{+}$ ions fill the remaining I' sites, then occupy site II and two different III' sites. The two crystal structures show that approximately two and one-half I' sites per sodalite cage may be occupied by $Pd^{2+}$ ions. The remaining I' sites are occupied by $TI^{+}$ ions with Tl-O bond distance that is shorter than the sum of their ionic radii. The electrostatic repulsion between two large $TI^{+}$ ions and between $TI^{+}$ and $Pd^{2+}$ ions in the same $\beta-cage$ pushes each other to the charged six-ring planes. It causes the Tl-O bond to have some covalent character. However, $TI^{+}$ ions at site II form ionic bonds with three oxygens because the super-cage has the available space to obtain the reliable ionic bonds.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.34-43
• /
• 2007

Background: Previous research has suggested that single doses of a standardised Panax ginseng extract can decrease fasted blood-glucose levels and modulate cognitive performance in healthy young volunteers. The latter has generally been seen in terms of improved secondary memory performance. However, both the cognitive effects of chronic administration of ginseng and the potential modulation of working memory have received comparatively little research attention. Aims: The current double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced cross-over study investigated the effects of 8-weeks administration of Korean ginseng extract (200 mg) on cognitive performance, gluco-regulatory parameters and ratings of subjective mood and 'quality of life'. Methods: 'Eighteen healthy young participants were assessed pre-dose and 3 hours post-dose on the mornings of Day 1, Day 29 and Day 57 of 8 week treatment regimens of both placebo and ginseng. A four-week placebo wash-out separated the treatment phases. Each assessment included the Cognitive Drug Research battery, computerised working memory tasks, and Bond-Lader mood scales. The WHO Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF) was completed once per visit. Gluco-regulatory parameters were assessed with assays of blood glucose, insulin and HbA1c. Results: Data from the 16 participants that completed the study showed that there were no significant, acute treatment related differences on Day 1 of treatment, or in gluco-regulatory parameters throughout the study. However, time related performance improvements were evident following chronic administration of ginseng on the '3-Back' and 'Corsi-block' computerised working memory tasks. Ginseng was also associated with an improved score on the 'social relations' subscale of the WHOQOL-100, and a significant shift on the 'calm' factor of the Bond-Lader mood scales (from calm/relaxed towards excited/tense). Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that Korean ginseng extract can modulate working memory performance and subjective ratings of 'quality of life' and mood. Replication with a larger sample size may further elucidate the actions of this product.