• Title/Summary/Keyword: Burn Length

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Influence of Sex Ratio on Behavior and Welfare Indexes in Broiler Chicken (육계의 성비가 행동 및 복지지표에 미치는 영향)

  • Son, Jang-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.43-49
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    • 2010
  • The effect of sex ratio on behavior and welfare indexes in broiler chickens was investigated. Five variants of the sex ratio (male to female), namely, 100:0 (T1), 75:25 (T2), 50:50 (T3), 25:75 (T4) and 0:100 (T5) were tested in broilers between the ages of 7 to 35 days. It was found that the most common behavior in all sex ratios was resting behavior, ranging over 74.4 % of total behavioral frequency. The ranges of other behavior traits of total behavior traits were as follows: pecking, 5.4 to 23.1 %; standing, 1.8 to 24.8 %, and moving, 0.6 to 11.5 %. The behavioral frequency of resting, pecking, standing and moving were not affected by the sex ratio and between male and female. But the percentage of pecking, resting and moving behavioral frequency was significantly different by the age of birds (P<0.05). Age of birds had no effect on standing behavioral frequency. It seems that gait, food pad and hock burn score were no affect by sex ratio but tend to decreased in female than male. Claw length of 21 and 35 days was not affected by sex ratio and between male and female. The duration of tonic immobility (TI- reaction) was tend to decreased age of 21 than 35 days, and female than male. Both male and female of the study, hock burn score, claw length and TI-reaction were tend to lower in T4 than other treatments. The results suggest that, when male and female broilers are reared together, sex ratio can influence broiler welfare indexes in this study.

The Usefulness of the Two-Staged Pedicled Latissimus Dorsi (LD) Flap in Fourth-Degree Burns of Upper Extremity (상지의 4도 화상에서 두 단계의 유경 광배근 피판술의 유용성)

  • Kim, Jae Hyun;Seol, Seong Hoon;Chung, Chan Min;Park, Myong Chul;Cho, Sang Hun
    • Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.68-73
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    • 2021
  • Purpose: A large defect by fourth-degree burns in the upper limb requires flap reconstruction. Since severe vascular damage and decrease in blood circulation after vascular anastomosis can occur in defects caused by fourth-degree burns. Because of the disadvantages, it is difficult to apply free flap surgery to fourth-degree burns. We reconstructed a upper extremity using the pedicled Latissimus Dorsi (LD) flap in two stages. The purpose of our study is to review our experience and suggest two-staged pedicled Latissimus Dorsi (LD) flap in fourth-degree burns of upper extremities. Methods: A retrospective review was performed from 2016 to 2019, on a total of 12 fourth-degree burn patients undergone two-staged pedicled LD flap surgery as reconstruction of upper extremities in our hospital. We reviewed the location of the injury, etiology, TBSA (%), size of burns requiring flap surgery, period from 1st surgery to secondary division surgery, complications. Results: Using two-staged LD flap as a primary reconstruction, the outcome is satisfactory. This flap preserves the elbow joint and maintains the length of the forearm. We obtain low donor-site morbidity, simplicity and a small incision in the donor site. Conclusion: Using two-staged LD flap in fourth-degree burns of upper extremity is effective, such as preserving elbow joint and maintaining the length of the forearm. Successful reconstruction was achieved with excellent cosmetic results with reducing a postoperative scar, donor-site morbidity. Due to these advantages, two-staged pedicled LD flap can be an optimal option for reconstruction of fourth-degree burns in the upper limb.

Dynamical Study on the Blasting with One-Free-Face to Utilize AN-FO Explosives (초유폭약류(硝油爆藥類)를 활용(活用)한 단일자유면발파(單一自由面發破)의 역학적(力學的) 연구(硏究))

  • Huh, Ginn
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.187-209
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    • 1972
  • Drilling position is one of the most important factors affecting on the blasting effects. There has been many reports on several blasting factors of burn-cut by Messrs. Brown and Cook, but in this study the author tried to compare drilling positions of burn-cut to pyramid-cut, and also to correlate burn-cut effects of drilling patterns, not being dealt by Prof. Ito in his theory, which emphasized on dynamical stress analysis between explosion and free face. According to former theories, there break out additional tensile stress reflected at the free face supplemented to primary compressive stress on the blasting with one-free-face. But with these experimented new drilling patterns of burn-cut, more free faces and nearer distance of each drilling holes make blasting effects greater than any other methods. To promote the above explosive effect rationary, it has to be considered two important categories under-mentioned. First, unloaded hole in the key holes should be drilled in wider diameter possibly so that it breaks out greater stress relief. Second, key holes possibly should have closer distances each other to result clean blasting. These two important factors derived from experiments with, theories of that the larger the dia of the unloaded hole, it can be allowed wider secondary free faces and closes distances of each holes make more developed stress relief, between loaded and unloaded holes. It was suggested that most ideal distance between holes is about 4 clearance in U. S. A., but the author, according to the experiments, it results that the less distance allow, the more effective blasting with increased broken rock volume and longer drifted length can be accomplished. Developed large hole burn-cut method aimed to increase drifting length technically under the above considerations, and progressive success resulted to achieve maximum 7 blasting cycles per day with 3.1m drifting length per cycle. This achievement originated high-speed-drifting works, and it was also proven that application of Metallic AN-FO on large hole burn-cut method overcomes resistance of one-free-face. AN-FO which was favored with low price and safety handling is the mixture of the fertilizer or industrial Ammonium-Nitrate and fuel oil, and it is also experienced that it shows insensible property before the initiation, but once it is initiated by the booster, it has equal explosive power of Ammonium Nitrate Explosives (ANE). There was many reports about AN-FO. On AN-FO mixing ratio, according to these experiments, prowdered AN-FO, 93.5 : 6.5 and prilled AN-FO 94 : 6, are the best ratios. Detonation, shock, and friction sensities are all more insensitive than any other explosives. Residual gas is not toxic, too. On initation and propagation of the detonation test, prilled AN-FO is more effective than powered AN-FO. AN-FO has the best explosion power at 7 days elapsed after it has mixed. While AN-FO was used at open pit in past years prior to other conditions, the author developed new improved explosives, Metallic AN-FO and Underwater explosive, based on the experiments of these fundmental characteristics by study on its usage utilizing AN-FO. Metallic AN-FO is the mixture of AN-FO and Al, Fe-Si powder, and Underwater explosive is made from usual explosive and AN-FO. The explanations about them are described in the other paper. In this study, it is confirmed that the blasting effects of utilizing AN-FO explosives are very good.

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Epidemiologic Study of Frostbites and Its Current Managements in Community Hospital (지역 병원에서 동상 환자에 대한 역학에 관한 연구 및 최근 치료)

  • Kim, Dong Chul;Min, Byung Duk;Kim, Ji Hoon;Chung, Chang Eun;Lee, Chong Kun;Yu, Sung Hoon
    • Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.21-29
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    • 2021
  • Purpose: Frostbite is a hazard to people exposed to cold environments. With the progression of modern industrial development and change of leisure behavior encountering cold environments, frequent accidental exposure to frostbite injury during work and human behavior is increasing, and the predisposing factors of frostbite were greatly changed than before. The purpose of this study was to make epidemiological analysis, and to review the treatment outcomes of frostbite. Methods: From March 2010 to February 2021, this study has included 27 patients with second- to third-degree frostbite injuries in Advanced Burn Reconstruction Center, Bundang Jesaeng Hosptial. A retrospective study was made about the distribution of age, gender, predisposing factors, prevalent area, type of managements, and the length of treatment period. Results: In our institution, acute management of frostbite patients has included rewarming, anticoagulation therapy (acetylsalicylic acid), and agents to improve vascular perfusion (lipo-prostaglandin E1 [Eglandin®]). The 25 frostbite patients with second-degree frostbite (92.6%) were successfully managed by the conservative treatment alone with a mean of 20.3 days healing time. Two patients with third-degree frostbite (7.4%) also showed good outcomes after surgical reconstruction with a mean of 59 days healing time. In our clinical experiences of third-degree frostbite, definitive surgical reconstruction should be recommended to wait for more than 4~6 weeks for identification of clear demarcation of necrotic tissue caused by frostbite. In this study, 43 frostbite injuries site in 27 frostbite patients occurred. Among them, 15 patients (55.6%) had multiple-site frostbite injury. The most common predisposing cause of frostbite was refrigerant gas accidents (44.4%), followed by outdoor activity in cold environments (40.8%), misapplying ice pack for treatment purposes (7.4%), barefoot walking on the cold ground (3.7%), and loss of consciousness in cold grounds (3.7%). The most prevalent sites of frostbite injuries revealed as the hand (58.1%), followed by the foot (32.6%), face (7.0%), and abdomen (2.3%). And in the winter season from the November to March, the incidence rate of frostbite injuries was high at 74.1%. Conclusion: This study included 27 frostbite patients with 43 frostbite sites since last decade in a single institution at the community hospital. The frostbite patients with second-degree frostbite (92.6%) were successfully healed by the conservative treatment alone with a mean of 20.3 days healing time. The most common predisposing cause of frostbite was refrigerant gas accidents (44.4%), followed by outdoor activity in cold environments, etc. The most prevalent site of frostbite injuries was the hand (58.1%). And the most prevalent seasonal incidence of frostbite was from November to March (74.1%).

Development of method to remove weld scallop and ceramic backing material of wedge type and its application

  • Kang, Sung-Koo;Yang, Jong-Soo;Kim, Ho-Kyung
    • International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.315-323
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    • 2015
  • The weld scallop has been used for joining T-bars. There are a lot of weld scallops in shipbuilding. It is difficult to perform scallop welding due to the inconvenient welding position. This results in many problems such as porosity, slag inclusion, etc. In this study, a new method is devised to remove weld scallops by incorporating a Ceramic Backing Material (CBM). The weld scallop is removed by an elongation of the v groove. In order to insert a CBM into the groove without a weld scallop, a wedge-shaped CBM is developed. The top side of the developed CBM is similar to the shape of a general back bead. The bottom surface has a saw-toothed shape for cutting at a suitable length. This can be attached to the root side of a face plate using adhesive tape, just like a general CBM. Welding experiments in normal and abnormal conditions are carried out and the possibility of burn-through is examined. This CBM's applicability to shipbuilding is verified.

강의 마찰용접에 미치는 탄소당량의 영향

  • 나석주;양영수
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.32-42
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    • 1986
  • In this study, the influence of carbon equivalents on friction welds of dissimilar steels was investigated. Four types of carbon steels with 10mm diameter were welded to a high-speed tool steel SKH 9. Main experimental results could be summarized as follows (1) Under constant friction pressure, the friction time increased almost linearly with the increasing burn-off length, while the forge length decreased almost linearly. (2) The maximum hardness in carbon steels increased almost linearly with the increasing carbon equivalent, but was much lower than that in the high speed steel. (3) After quenching and tempering of dissimilar steel friction welds, the hardness in carbon steel weldments became similar as that in the base metal, while the hardness in SKH 9 weld was still higher that of the base metal. (4) Relative movement in the friction phae occurred not at the interface of the weldments, but in the high speed steed steel near the interface. (5) For considered material combinations and welding parameters, most of fractures in tension and twisting tests occurred in the base metal. And welds with so high strength could produced in a wide range of welding parameters.

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A Development of Plasma Jet to Realize Ultra Lean Burn (초희박 연소를 실현하기 위한 플라즈마 제트의 개발)

  • 오병진;박정서;김문헌
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.213-221
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    • 1998
  • The investigation regarding the ignition system of a plasma jet explored by using a constant volume vessel. The purpose of this study is to elucidate relation between the characteristics of the configuration and jet ejection of plasma jet plug, when the sub energy were supplied at plasma jet ignition system. From the results of a visualization by the schlieren system, the jut ejection for plasma jet ignition are depended on the jet plug configuration and sub energy, but the configuration of plasma jet plug is more influenced than the sub energy on the plasma jet ejection. And the plasma jet ignition strongly influences upon the combustion enhancement than the conventional spark ignition.

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Combustion Characteristics in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber with Sub-chamber(I) -Effect of Geometric Configurations of Passagehole on Combustion- (부실식 정적연소실내 연소특성에 관한 연구(I) -연락공의 기하학적 형상이 연소에 미 치는 영향-)

  • 김봉석;권철홍;류정인
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.66-79
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    • 1993
  • To construct the design back data for a lean-burn gas engine, we have designed a constant volume combustion chamber with sub-chamber. With constant volume ratio of main-sub combustion chamber and constant equivalence ratio of methane-air mixture, the influence of geometric configurations(diameter, injection angle, number, length) of passagehole upon combustion characteristics were studied. It was found that combustion characteristics in the main combustion chamber were greatly influenced by the injection angle and length of passagehole.

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Stability Analysis ofn HTS Current Lead with Constant Safety Factor (안전율이 일정한 초전도 전류도입선의 안정성해석)

  • Seol, Seoung-Yun
    • Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.15-19
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    • 2000
  • The stability of variable cross-sectional area HTS current lead is considered. The cross-sectional area is varied to have a constant safety factor which is defined as the ratio of operating current and critical current of superconductor. As the constant area HTS lead, the variable cross-sectional area HTS lead also has three steady states above the bifurcation point and only one steady state below the bifurcation point. The temperature profiles and current sharing ratios for each steady state are calculated. The heat dissipation into cryogenic system for super-conducting, intermediate, and upper states are compared. For Bi-2333 sheathed with silver-gold alloy 2m length of current lead, and the maximum temperature of upper state seems to be burn-out free below 5m length.

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강 의 마찰용접 에 미치는 탄소당량 의 영향 - 동종강 에 대하여

  • 나석주;김성도
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 1985
  • In this study, the influence of carbon equivalents on friction welds of similar steels was investigated. Four types of steels with 15mm diameter tested in the wide range of carbon equivalents from 0.3 to 1.1 Main experimental results are summarized as follows : (1) Under the constant burn-off length, the friction time becomes longer with the increasing carbon equivalent, but the upset length shows no consistent tendencies. (2) Due to the recrystallization in the contact area, the maximum hardness occurs some away from the contact surface. And it increases almost linearly with the increasing carbon equivalent. (3) Even a steel with 1.1 C.E. can be friction welded to make defect-free welds. (4) With the increasing carbon equivalent, the bend angle and charpy impact value decrease very rapidly in the range from 0.3 C. E., but remain nearly unchanged for C. E. higher than 0.6. (5) Heat treatment of the base metals before welding has very little influence on the mechanical properties of welds. On the other hand, normalizing of the welds improves the bend angle and charpy impact value, but its effect becomes almost negligible, when the carbon equivalents are higher than 0.6.

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