• 치위생과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2023

Background: As a restorative material used to treat dental caries, the light-curing type resin is widely used, but it has the disadvantage of polymerization shrinkage. The Bulk-Fill composite resin was developed to solve these shortcomings, but the existing research mainly focused on comparing the physical properties of a composite resin and a Bulk-Fill resin. A study on the light curing time and distance of the Bulk-Fill resin itself tend to be lacking. Methods: This study compares the surface microhardness of specimens prepared by varying the light curing time and distance of smart dentin replacement (SDR) as a flowable Bulk-Fill resin and Tetric N-ceram as a packable Bulk-Fill resin, and confirms the polymerization time and distance that becomes the optimum hardness. To determine the hardness of the specimen, it was measured using the Vickers Hardness Number (Matsuzawa MMT-X, Japan). Results: In SDR, the surface microhardness decreased as the distance increased in all time groups in the change distance from the curing tip. In the change of light curing time with respect to the distance from curing tip, the surface microhardness increased as the time increased. In Tetric N-ceram, the surface microharness showed no significant difference in the change of the distance of curing tip in the group of 20 and 60 second. But in the group of 10 and 40 seconds, decreased as the distance increased. The surface microharness increased as the light curing time increased in all distance groups. Conclusion: When using SDR and Tetric N-ceram in clinical practice, it is considered that as the distance from the polymerization reactor tip increases, a longer light curing time than the polymerization time recommended by the manufacturer is required.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2015

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of the resin thickness on the microhardness and optical properties of bulk-fill resin composites. Materials and Methods: Four bulk-fill (Venus Bulk Fill, Heraeus Kulzer; SDR, Dentsply Caulk; Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill, Ivoclar vivadent; SonicFill, Kerr) and two regular resin composites (Charisma flow, Heraeus Kulzer; Tetric N-Ceram, Ivoclar vivadent) were used. Sixty acrylic cylindrical molds were prepared for each thickness (2, 3 and 4 mm). The molds were divided into six groups for resin composites. The microhardness was measured on the top and bottom surfaces, and the colors were measured using Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) $L^*a^*b^*$ system. Color differences according to the thickness and translucency parameters and the correlations between the microhardness and translucency parameter were analyzed. The microhardness and color differences were analyzed by ANOVA and Scheffe's post hoc test, and a student t-test, respectively. The level of significance was set to ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: The microhardness decreased with increasing resin thickness. The bulk-fill resin composites showed a bottom/top hardness ratio of almost 80% or more in 4 mm thick specimens. The highest translucency parameter was observed in Venus Bulk Fill. All resin composites used in this study except for Venus Bulk Fill showed linear correlations between the microhardness and translucency parameter according to the thickness. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the bulk-fill resin composites used in this study can be placed and cured properly in the 4 mm bulk.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.446-454
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• 2017

최근 개발된 bulk-fill 복합레진에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있지만 소아환자 치료에 사용할 수 있는 적절한 재료인지에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 유구치의 2급 와동에서 bulk-fill 복합레진과 전통적 복합레진의 와동 적합성을 비교 평가하는 것이다. 발치 된 80개의 유구치의 근심 또는 원심에 2급 와동을 형성한 후 4개의 군으로 무작위로 나누었다. 대조군은 전통적 복합레진인 Filtek$^{TM}$ Z-350 XT(FZ)으로 수복하고 나머지 3개의 군은 bulk-fill 복합레진인 Filtek$^{TM}$ Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative(FB), Tetric N-Ceram$^{(R)}$ BulkFill(TNC)과 Filtek$^{TM}$ Bulk Fill Flowable Restorative(FBF)으로 수복하였다. 모든 시편을 열순환 시행한 후 50% 질산은($AgNO_3$)용액에 침적시켰다. Micro-CT를 이용하여 전체 질산은의 침투 부피와 치경부의 변연누출 정도를 측정하였고 기포의 개수, 크기, 위치를 평가하였다. 질산은의 침투 부피에서 FB가 FZ보다 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였고(p < 0.05), TNC와 FBF는 FZ와 비슷한 값을 보였다. 치경부 부분의 변연누출 정도는 FBF가 FZ와 FB보다 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였다(p < 0.05). 기포의 개수와 크기는 4개 군 모두 유의한 차이가 없었으나 기포의 위치는 전통적 복합레진에서는 전체 기포의 83.3%가 수복물 내부에 분포하였고, bulk-fill 복합레진에서는 치은축면 선각에 많이 분포하였다. 유구치 2급 와동에서 bulk-fill 복합레진과 전통적 복합레진의 와동에 대한 적합성은 유사한 결과를 보여주었다. 따라서 소아의 치아우식증 수복치료 시 bulk-fill 복합레진이 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.184-193
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• 2016

목적: 중합 시간이 bulk fill 유동성 복합레진의 미세누출에 미치는 영향을 마이크로시티를 이용하여 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 30개의 발거된 인간 대구치에 변형된 2급 와동인 vertical slot cavity를 형성하였다. SonicFill과 SureFil SDR flow을 단일 충전하였으며, 다른 중합시간(20, 40, 60초)으로 광중합 하였다. 모든 표본은 5000번의 thermal cycle을 시행하였다. 치아는 silver nitrate 용액에 24시간 동안 침전 후 8시간 동안 현상액에 침전하였다. 마이크로시티를 사용하여 시편을 촬영 후 침투된 silver nitrate solution을 3차원적으로 재건하여 그 부피를 측정하였다. 변연 누출 결과값의 통계 처리는 Mann-Whitney test를 사용하였다. 결과: 광중합 시간의 증가는 두 bulk fill 유동성 복합레진에서 변연 누출을 증가시켰다. 두 복합레진 사이 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론: 중합 시간은 bulk fill 유동성 복합레진의 변연 누출을 증가시킬 수 있는 요인이었다. 또한 마이크로시티를 통해 레진-치아 계면에서 변연 누출의 양을 비파괴적 방법으로 3차원적으로 재건하여 측정할 수 있었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.118-124
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the color stability of bulk-fill and nanohybrid resin-based composites polished with 3 different, multistep, aluminum-oxide impregnated finishing and polishing disks. Materials and Methods: Disk-shaped specimens (8 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness) were light-cured between two glass slabs using one nanohybid bulk-fill (Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent), one micro-hybrid bulk-fill (Quixfil, Dentsply), and two nanohybrid incremental-fill (Filtek Ultimate, 3M ESPE; Herculite XRV Ultra, Kerr) resin-based composites, and aged by thermocycling (between $5-55^{\circ}C$, 3,000 cycles). Then, they were divided into subgroups according to the polishing procedure as SwissFlex ($Colt\grave{e}ne/Whaledent$), Optidisc (Kerr), and Praxis TDV (TDV Dental) (n = 12 per subgroup). One surface of each specimen was left unpolished. All specimens were immersed in coffee solution at $37^{\circ}C$. The color differences (${\Delta}E$) were measured after 1 and 7 days of storage using a colorimeter based on CIE Lab system. The data were analyzed by univariate ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, and Friedmann tests (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Univariate ANOVA detected significant interactions between polishing procedure and composite resin and polishing procedure and storage time (p < 0.05). Significant color changes were detected after 1 day storage in coffee solution (p < 0.05), except Quixfil/Optidisc which was color-stable after 7 days (p > 0.05). Polishing reduced the discoloration resistance of Tetric EvoCeram/SwissFlex, Tetric EvoCeram/Praxis TDV, Quixfil-SwissFlex, and all Herculite XRV Ultra groups after 7 days storage (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Discoloration resistance of bulk-fill resin-based composites can be significantly affected by the polishing procedures.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.353-361
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 bulk-fill 복합레진과 전통적인 복합레진을 대상으로 다양한 용액과 시편의 두께에 따른 색조안정성의 차이를 평가하는 것이다. 전통적인 복합레진으로 Filtek™ Z250, Filtek™ Z350XT와, bulk-fill 복합레진으로 Filtek™ Bulk-fill Posterior Restorative, Tetric^® N-Ceram Bulk Fill이 사용되었다. 각 복합레진 시편은 3개의 군으로 나누어 각각 증류수, 레드와인, 커피 용액에 침전시킨 뒤, 침전 1, 7, 28일에 색조 측정을 시행하여 각 시점과 초기 기준점의 CIE L^*a^*b^*값의 색차(ΔE^*)가 계산되었다. 모든 복합레진은 레드와인에서 가장 큰 색조변화가 나타났으며, 그 다음은 커피, 증류수 순서였다. Filtek™ Z350XT는 모든 용액에서 가장 큰 색조변화를 나타냈고, 다음은 Filtek™ Bulk-fill Posterior Restorative였다. 그 뒤로는 Filtek™ Z250과 Tetric^® N-Ceram Bulk Fill이 유사한 수준의 색조변화를 나타냈다. Bulk-fill 복합레진에서 2 mm와 4 mm인 시편의 두께에 따른 색조변화의 차이는 나타나지 않았다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.5.1-5.11
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the clinical longevity of a bulk-fill resin composite in Class II restorations for 3-year. Materials and Methods: Patient record files acquired from the 40 patients who were treated due to needed 2 similar sizes Class II composite restorations were used for this retrospective study. In the experimental cavity, the flowable resin composite SDR was inserted in the dentinal part as a 4 mm intermediate layer. A 2 mm coverage layer with a nano-hybrid resin composite (CeramX) was placed on SDR. The control restoration was performed by an incremental technique of 2 mm using the nano-hybrid resin composite. The restorations were blindly assessed by 2 calibrated examiners using modified United States Public Health Service criteria at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 years. The data were analyzed using non-parametric tests (p = 0.05). Results: Eighty Class II restorations were evaluated. After 3-years, 4 restorations (5%) failed, 1 SDR + CeramX, and 3 CeramX restorations. The annual failure rate (AFR) of the restorations was 1.7%. The SDR + CeramX group revealed an AFR of 0.8%, and the CeramX group an AFR of 2.5% (p > 0.05). Regarding anatomical form and marginal adaptation, significant alterations were observed in the CeramX group after 3-years (p < 0.05). The changes in the color match were observed in each group over time (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The use of SDR demonstrated good clinical durability in deep Class II resin composite restorations.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2019

Composite resin restorations in posterior teeth are increasing due to the aesthetic needs of patients and the development of materials. This trend will accelerate in line with domestic insurance policies. However, resin composites generate stresses due to their contraction during the polymerization process. To reduce the polymerization shrinkage stress of resin composites, incremental layering technique has been recommended for decades. This technique reduces stress at the cavity wall interface and allows a more efficient light curing of the material. Bulk-fill resin composites have been designed to simplify the restorative technique because they can be placed into cavities in a single increment of 4-5mm. The simplification of the operative procedures is desirable in clinical daily practice. In this context, bulk-fill resin composites are an attractive alternative for posterior restorations. However, a clearer understanding of the clinical performance of this relatively new class of materials in comparison to conventional resin composites is required. Based on previous studies, the aim of the current review was to present the clinical criteria for the use of bulk-fill composites in direct restorations of posterior teeth.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 최근 개발된 교합면 수복용 bulk-fill resin인 Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative (FBF)와 $Tetric^{(R)}$-N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TBF)의 물성을 기존 복합레진($Filtek^{TM}$ Z-350 XT, 이하 Z-350)과 비교하여 그 효용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 재료의 중합도를 반영할 수 있는 미세경도 및 중합수축을 반영하는 미세누출 양을 염료침투실험으로 측정하였다. 실험오차를 줄이기 위하여 정형화 된 3D 프린팅 몰드에 충전하여 미세경도를 측정하고, 우치를 대상으로 미세누출을 평가하였다. 측정된 미세경도와 미세누출정도는 Kruskal-Wallis test와 Mann-Whitney test를 이용하여 95%의 신뢰도로 각 군별 유의성을 평가하였다. 하면 미세경도에서 광중합 시행 1시간 이내에는 FBF와 TBF가 Z-350에 비해 유의하게 낮은 미세경도를 보였으나(p < 0.05), 24시간 후에는 FBF의 미세경도가 Z-350과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않을 만큼 현저히 증가하였다(p > 0.05). 하면을 제외한 미세경도는 Z-350, FBF, TBF 순으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p < 0.05) 미세누출실험에서는 TBF가 다른 두 군에 비해 유의하게 작은 미세누출을 보였다(p < 0.05). Bulk-fill 레진의 임상적 적용을 위해서는 중합 역학의 특성 상 수복 후 24시간 동안 저작력에 대한 주의가 필요하며 미세누출량을 감소시키기 위한 추가적 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.9.1-9.7
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• 2020

The restorative procedure in posterior teeth involves clinical steps related to professional skill, especially when using the incremental technique, which may fail in the long term. A recent alternative is bulk-fill resins, which can reduce polymerization shrinkage, decreasing clinical problems such as marginal leakage, secondary caries, and fracture. This scientific study aims to report a clinical case using bulk-fill resin with an occlusal matrix. As determined in the treatment plan, an acrylic resin matrix was produced to establish an improved oral and aesthetic rehabilitation of the right mandibular first molar, which presented a carious lesion with dentin involvement. The occlusal matrix is a simple technique that maintains the original dental anatomy, showing satisfactory results regarding function and aesthetic rehabilitation.