• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.179-184
• /
• 2003

It has been recognized that the compressibility of hydraulic fluid, which is characterized by the value of its bulk modulus, heavily affects on the system behavior and performance. In practice, the value of the oil bulk modulus varies by the operational and structural characteristics of the hydraulic system. This study presents the theoretical derivation of the effective bulk modulus and describes an experimental impulse technique that allows accurate measurement of oil effective bulk modulus with pressure variation in a hydraulic system. Experimental and analytical results show that the value of the effective bulk modulus varies a lot in low pressure region by the effect of entrained air, while the effective bulk modulus can be estimated just using the oil and container bulk modulus on the other high pressure region.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제35권6호
• /
• pp.637-646
• /
• 2023

At present, the research on wave propagation in graphene platelet reinforced composite plates focuses on the propagation behavior of bulk waves, in which the effect of boundary condition is ignored, there is no literature report on propagation behaviors of guided waves in graphene platelet reinforced metal foams (GPLRMF) plates. In fact, wave propagation is affected by boundary conditions, so it is necessary to study the propagation characteristics of guided waves. The aim of this paper is to solve this problem. The effective performance of the material was calculated using the mixing law. Equations of motion of GPLRMF plate is derived by using Hamilton's principle. Then, the eigenvalue method is used to obtain the expressions of bending wave, shear wave and longitudinal wave, and the degradation verification is carried out. Finally, the effects of graphene platelets (GPLs) volume fraction, elastic foundation, porosity coefficient, GPLs distribution types and porosity distribution types on the dispersion relations are studied. We find that these factors play an important role in the propagation characteristics and phase velocity of guided waves.

• 비파괴검사학회지
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.266-272
• /
• 2016

본 논문에서는 나노스케일 금속박막 내에서 체적종파가 전파하는 특성을 연구하였다. 실리콘(100) 기판 위에 150 nm 두께의 크로뮴 혹은 알루미늄 박막을 적층하여 시편을 제작하였으며, 펨토초 레이저 시스템으로 구성된 시간영역 열반사율 기법(time-domain theromoreflectance technique)을 이용하여 박막 표면으로부터 여기된 탄성파가 박막과 기판의 계면에서 반향될 때 발생하는 신호를 검출하였다. 체적종파의 거동을 모사하는 열탄성 방정식을 수치해석적으로 풀어 측정값과 곡선맞춤함으로써 박막의 체적종파 속도와 탄성계수를 평가할 수 있었으며, 결과를 문헌값과 비교하여 그 타당성을 검증하였다. 본 연구로부터 확립된 레이저 계측법은 나노재료의 특성평가에 적합함을 보여주며, 이는 기존의 접촉식 파괴식 검사법의 한계를 뛰어넘을 대안을 제시한다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.136-145
• /
• 1995

The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the effect of a flow motion on the flame development by means of an optically-accessible constant-volume combustion chamber and the visualization technique of a combustion flame. At first, the characteristics of a flame propagation are investigated in the combustion field of the two kinds of flow conditions such as a quiescent and a flowing condition, and methane-air mixture is used as fuel. Then the same investigation is performed in two flow configurations : bulk flow motion type and turbulence generating type. In this study, the combustion phenomena are analyzed by measuring the combustion pressure, flame propagation speed, mean velocity, turbulent intensity, and mass fraction burned.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• 제25권2E호
• /
• pp.79-84
• /
• 2006

Acoustic characteristics of a sound absorbing material can be identified, if the characteristic impedance and propagation constants are known, which have generally been determined experimentally. One easy method determining these two essential parameters is to measure the one dimensional wave characteristics in the impedance tube. In th udy, the effects of backing conditions on the impedance tube measurement have been examined using several pairs of generally used end conditions. The results showed that the measured values are similar for most pairs of end conditions: however, it was observed that the measured characteristic impedance for different thickness did not agree well for some pairs. In this work, the multi termination method, using three or more known backing con ns, was suggested to reduce such random errors, which are mostly caused by the test procedure. Employing three terminations as a set, comprised of a rigid end, an end with porous material, and an end with a backing cavity, it was demonstrated that improved measured results could be obtained for an open cell PU foam varying widely with three different thicknesses.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.141-153
• /
• 2019

This research deals with wave propagation of the functionally graded (FG) nano-beams based on the nonlocal elasticity theory considering surface and flexoelectric effects. The FG nano-beam is resting in Winkler-Pasternak foundation. It is assumed that the material properties of the nano-beam changes continuously along the thickness direction according to simple power-law form. In order to include coupling of strain gradients and electrical polarizations in governing equations of motion, the nonlocal non-classical nano-beam model containg flexoelectric effect is used. Also, the effects of surface elasticity, dielectricity and piezoelectricity as well as bulk flexoelectricity are all taken into consideration. The governing equations of motion are derived using Hamilton principle based on first shear deformation beam theory (FSDBT) and also considering residual surface stresses. The analytical method is used to calculate phase velocity of wave propagation in FG nano-beam as well as cut-off frequency. After verification with validated reference, comprehensive numerical results are presented to investigate the influence of important parameters such as flexoelectric coefficients of the surface, bulk and residual surface stresses, Winkler and shear coefficients of foundation, power gradient index of FG material, and geometric dimensions on the wave propagation characteristics of FG nano-beam. The numerical results indicate that considering surface effects/flexoelectric property caused phase velocity increases/decreases in low wave number range, respectively. The influences of aforementioned parameters on the occurrence cut-off frequency point are very small.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.47-76
• /
• 1994

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the crack propagation characteristics and bond stress of ceramo-metal system. In order to characterize the crack propagation, the static crack propagation stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water of two commerical porcelains and the dynamic crack propagation under cyclic flexure load of ceramo-metal system were examined. In order to characterize the bond stress, the shear bond test, the 3-point flexure bond test, and the finite element stress analysis of ceramo-metal system were conducted. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Bulk densities and Young's moduli of opaque porcelains increased with repeated firing. 2. Maximum fracture toughness during 4 firing cycles showed at the group of 4 firing cycles in Ceramco porcelain and 2 firing cycles in Vita porcelain. 3. Shear bond strength and flexure bond strength of Ceramco-Verabond specimen were larger than those of Ceramco-Degudent G specimen (p<0.05). 4. Interfacial stresses under three point flexure bond test were concentrated at the edges of ceramometal system. 5. When a cyclic flexure load was applied, the crack growth rate of porcelain surface of ceramometal specimens was decreased as load cycles increased.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.615-620
• /
• 1998

The nondestructive internal quality evaluation of agricultural products has been strongly required from the needs for individual inspection. In recent, ultrasonic wave has been considered as a solution for this problem. It transmit well through most materials and can handle safely and easily. However, specially in a watermelon, it is known that general frequency band (higher than 20kHz) ultrasonic waves do not transmitted well due to severe attenuation. The objectives of this study were to find out the proper waveform and frequency of the ultrasonic waves that transmit well inside the watermelon, and to analyze the transmitted waveform in order to make clear the structure of wave propagation in watermelon. The result of several experiments showed that 2kHz shear wave was the most suitable for the detection of internal cavity in the watermelon. Also, it was found that the surface wave did not influence the directly transmitted bulk wave. These results could be a basis of application of ultrasonic wave on the evaluation of internal quality of the watermelon.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.257-263
• /
• 2019

다중적층구조는 상대적으로 두꺼운 주 적층구조(ply)와 얇은 층간구조(interlayer)를 반복하여 붙여서 만들어진다. 적층구조의 동적 파괴 페리다이나믹 해석을 효율적으로 수행하기 위해 주 적층구조만 실제 페리다이나믹 절점으로 모델링하고 층간구조는 가상의 절점으로 간략히 모델링하는 비국부 가상 층간구조 모델링 기법을 도입한다. 이를 통해 얇은 층간구조의 수치적 이산화 정도는 무시하고 상대적으로 두꺼운 주 적층구조를 해석하기에 적절한 수준의 수치적 이산화만으로 효율적인 페리다이나믹 모델링 및 해석을 수행할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 가상 층간 구조 페리다이나믹 해석의 파동 전파 특성을 분석한다. 층간 구조는 인접한 적층판들을 접합하는 역할뿐만 아니라 적층판 사이의 에너지 전달 특성에도 영향을 주기 때문에 적층구조물의 변형 및 운동에도 중요한 역할을 하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 경계 근처에서 페리다이나믹 절점은 불완전한 형태의 비국부 영역을 구성하는데, 이를 통해 완전한 비국부 영역을 구성하는 내부 절점과 경계 근처의 절점에서 재료 물성치 효과가 달라지게 된다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 표면 효과를 보정하기 위해 비국부 체적 기반의 보정법을 도입하고, 표면 효과 보정이 다중적층 구조물의 파동 전파에 미치는 영향을 조사한다.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.167-175
• /
• 2013

The wave propagation characteristics of an acoustic metamaterial composed of periodically repeated one-dimensional Helmholtz resonator array was investigated considering the effects of dimensional changes of the resonator geometry on the transmission coefficient and band gap. The effective impedance and transmission coefficient of the acoustic metamaterials are obtained based on the acoustic transmission line method. The designed acoustic metamaterials exhibit band gaps and negative bulk modulus that are non-existent properties in the nature. The band gap of the acoustic metamaterial is strongly dependent on the geometry parameters of Helmholtz resonators and lattice spacing. Also, a new type of metamaterial that is periodically constructed with two different resonators was designed to open the local resonance band gap without change of Bragg scattering.