• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.135-140
• /
• 2001

A series of studies were carried out to establish micropropagation system, using airlift bioreactors (ebb $\varepsilon$ flood type, 5 L), of Lilium oriental hybrid 'Casa Blanca'. The bulblets with swollen basal plate were formed from bulb scales, then proliferated to bulblet clusters with swollen basal plate. Finally normal bulblets were formed from the sections. Bulblet formation and proliferation with swollen basal plate were not accomplished entirely in liquid culture of 5 L airlift bioreactors, but leafy bulb scales grew vigorously. Bulblet clusters with swollen basal plate were proliferated by periodic immersion culture. Bulblet proliferation was not affected by light, but scale leaves grew under light. MS medium containing 2.0 mg/L benzyl adenine (BA) and 0.3 mg/L indole acetic acid (IAA) was favorable to the bulblet proliferation with swollen basal plate. In liquid culture of 5 L bioreactors, bulblets from bulblet sections with swollen basal plate grew vigorously on MS medium with 70 g/L sucrose. It was effective for bulblet growth to replace the new medium after 8 weeks in culture during 16 weeks of cultural period. 15 g injection of bulblet sections as a cultural material was suitable for bulblet growth in 5 L bioreactors.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.31 no.6A
• /
• pp.417-424
• /
• 2011

This study focused on development of 60 m span PSC girder considering not only structural performance, but also economical efficiency and constructability including from the improvement of cross-section to the tendon profiles in sequence. Bulb-T type cross section was derived from optimization and actual possibilities to design a bridge were assessed through cross section evaluation. Tendons were also arranged efficiently so that the girder could resist the service load effectively. After developed girder was applied to a sample bridge, result of finite element analysis proved all load steps were satisfied with the allowable stress. Furthermore, it seemed that sufficient redundancy will be available to design a bridge safely. Based on these, a full-scale 60 m span girder was fabricated and 4 point bending test was performed. An initial crack occurred over twice of the service load in this experiment, which establishes adequate structural performance. 60 m span Half-Decked PSC girder developed in this study has a lower height for the given span which resulted from cross section improvement and efficient tendon layout. This girder also has not only the structural advantage, but also advantages in economical efficiency and constructability.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.31-68
• /
• 1985

Authors are trying to unveil the ultrastructural organization of olfactory bulb, which has been summerized under light microscopic level or communicated only in some detail in different view point until now. For the critical point of view, since the phylogenetical approach will give the ultimate value in the correlative study between structural and functional bases (Brodal, 1969), the present study was carried out light and electron microscopic analyses of the structures of the neurons and synaptic organizations in olfactory bulbs from different animals in phylogenetical scale. We selected each one species from five animal classes: the house rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus var. domesticus [Gmelin]) from Mammalia, the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) from Aves, the viper (Agkistrodon hylys [G.P. Pallas]) from Reptilia, a frog (Bombiana orientalis Boulenger) from Amphibia and the crussian carp (Carassius carassius [Linne]) from Pisces. For light microscopic study, samples were fixed in 10% formalin and paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. For the electron microscopic study, the tissues were fixed by perfusion through the heart or immersion with 1% paraform-aldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture (phosphate buffer, pH 7.4), and final tissue block trimmed under dissecting microscope were osmicated (1% OsO4), they were embedded in Araldite or Epon 812, and ultrathin sections were made by LKB-V ultratome following the inspection of semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue-borax solution. Ultra-thin sections contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100CX electron microscope. We have summerized our morphological analyses as follows: 1. The olfactory bulb of rabbit, viper and frog shows the eight layers of fila olfactoria, glomerular, external granular, external plexiform, mitral cell, internal plexiform, internal granular, medullary but domestic fowl shows the five layers of glomerular, fibrillar, mitral, granular and medullary and the three layers of fibrilla, glomerular and medullary in crussian carp. The sharpness of demarcation between the layers shows deferential tendency according to phylogenetical order. 2. Mitral cells of vertebrate have large triangular or oval shape with spherical nuclei which contain not so much chromatin. The cytoplasm contains numerous cell organelles, of which Nissl's bodies or granular endoplasmic reticula arranged as parallel strands. Development of granular endoplasmic reticula were declined as the phylogentical grade is going lower. 3. Tufted cells of all animal are mostly spindle or polygonal contour and contain oval nuclei which located in periphery of cytoplasm. The nuclei of rabbit, fowl, viper and frog has relatively space chromatin, but a nucleus of crussian carp contain irregularly aggregated chromatin in karyoplasm. Their cytoplasmic volume and cell organelle contents are in between those of mitral cell and granular cell. They contain moderate amount of mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticula, a few Golgi complex, polysomes, lysosome, etc. 4. Granule of cells of all the vertebrate amimals studied exhibit similar features; cells and their dense nuclei show spherical or oval contour, and they have the thin rim of cytoplasm which contain only a few cell organelles. 5. In rabbit, the soma of mitral cells were in contact with boutons with two types of synaptic vesicles, that is, round and flat vesicles, especially flat vesicles in boutons were showing reciprocal synapses. However, in domestic fowls, vipers, frogs and crussian carps, there were found boutons showing only spherical synaptic vesicles. 6. The boutons containing round synaptic vesicles were made contact with the some of tufted cell of olfactory bulb in the rabbits, fowls, vipers and frogs, but no synaptic boutons were observed in soma of tufted cells in crussian carps. In the frogs, there were observed dendrites were contact with the soma of tufted cells. 7. In the neuropils of plexiform, granular and glomerular layers olfactory bulbs in the vertebrate, the synapses were axo-large dendrites, axo-median and small dendrites, dendrodendritic, and axo-axonal contacts. However, in the neuropil of crussian carps, synapses were observed only in glomerular layer.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.36-43
• /
• 2008

This purpose of this study was to examine the effect of planting density, growing medium and strength of a nutrient solution (National Horticultural Research Institute's nutrient solution: HRI's) on the growth and development of Oriental hybrid lily 'Le Reve' in a box cultivation. The planting density with 14, 18 and 22 bulbs had sprouting one day earlier than other treatments. Planting density of 22 bulbs flowered first, while six bulbs flowered the last, indicating that higher planting densities led earlier flowering. The increasing planting density increased stem length of cut flowers. On the other hand, cut flower quality was improved when the planting density was lower. The incidence of physiological disorders such as blasting was more frequent in planting density of 22, 18, and 14, indicating that higher planting densities caused higher incidences of physiological disorders. All planting densities except 22 bulbs displayed superior results in width, weight, number, and scale weight of the bulbs. Greater planting densities led to inferior bulb enlargement and an increased decomposition rate. pH decreased in all treatments after the bulb enlargement and decreased more as the planting density increased. Contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg increased, while contents of K and Ca decreased, as the planting density increased. The rice hull+coir (1:1, v/v) treatment was better than others, but did not show that much of a difference. Moreover, in bulbs enlargement after cut flower harvest, lily medium and perlite+peat moss treatments showed superior results, and decomposition rate was the greatest in the rice hull+coir (1:1, v/v) treatment. In the HRI's solution strength treatment from the period of flower bud emergence to flower harvest, higher solution strengths gave better cut flower quality in terns of length, weight, and number of flowers. The non-treated control and one third strength of a HRI's solution hastened flowering, indicating that lower strengths led to earlier flowering. According to the results of leaf analysis as affected by solution strength during the flower harvest, absorption rates of N and K were greater when the strength was higher, and Ca and Mg showed the same tendency. On the other hand, the absorption rate of P was the lowest in all treatments.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.166-175
• /
• 2014

In this study, the thermal environment in a large scale coal mine located in Taebaek, Gangwondo was assessed by a field survey. In order to estimate the thermal environment, various heat stress indices such as WBGT, HSI, ESI, KATA index and effective temperature were investigated. Correlation analysis was also conducted. It was found that the thermal environment in most workplace was high. In particular, the correlation coefficient between HSI reflected in physiological fatigue characteristic and the maximum sweat evaporation heat was -0.834. This shows that the correlation coefficient have the most influence on HSI index. The factor which has the most influence on the maximum sweat evaporation heat is velocity of air. The thermal environment of high-depth coal mines is likely to be improved by installing a structure that enables the maximum prevention of extended digging, air doors, or the leakage of the inflow of air in the first shaft.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.247-253
• /
• 2020

Background: Parkinson's disease(PD) affects not only motor symptoms, but also nonmotor symptoms. This study is a clinical trial to determine whether Qigong and acupuncture affect nonmotor symptoms of PD. Methods: A 2-arm parallel and randomized trial was performed with 21 participants who had received either Qigong meditation only [control group (CG)] or acupuncture and Qigong meditation [experimental group (EG)]. The participants' levels of the discomfort in nonmotor symptoms from Parkinson's disease were evaluated by using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scales (UPDRS 1) and Test of Smell Identification (TSI) before and after 12 treatments at baseline and 1 month after 12 treatments. Results: The both CG and EG showed improvements in the UPDRS 1 score after treatment by 5.6 ± 5.15 (p= 0.003; 74%) and 4.8 ± 3.80 (p = 0.004; 79%), respectively. The both CG and the EG did improvements in the TSI after treatment by 10.3 ± 4.37 (p < 0.001; 84%) and 12.6 ± 1.77 (p = 0.022; 100%), respectively. However, statistical differences were not observed between the CG and the EG using the UPDRS 1 and the TSI scores. Conclusion: The combination of Qigong and acupuncture and Qigong alone was shown to improve the nonmotor symptoms and olfactory function of PD. In the future, large-scale clinical studies on alternative treatment for PD and studies on mechanisms affecting nonmotor symptoms of acupuncture and Qigong are needed.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2006

Differential display reverse transcription PCR (DDRT-PCR) analysis was performed on lily 'Marcopolo' bulb scale for isolation of expressed genes during bulblet formation. Cu/Zn lily-superoxide dismutase (LSOD) of 872 bp gene, with ability to scavenge reactive oxygen in stress environment, was isolated. Northern blot analysis showed expression levels of LSOD maximized 12 days after bulblet formation. Ti plasmid vectors were constructed with sense and antisense expressions of LSOD gene and transformed into potato. Southern blot analysis of transgenic potatoes revealed different copies of T-DNA were incorporated into potato genome. In transgenic potatoes, lily SOD gene was overexpressed in sense lines and not in antisense lines. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, additional engineered LSOD was detected in sense overexpressed transgenic line only. Transgenic potatoes were subjected to oxidative stress, such as herbicide methyl viologen (MV). Transgenic potato lines with sense orientation exhibited increased tolerance to MV, whereas in antisense lines exhibited decreased tolerance. In vitro tuberization of transgenic potato with sense orientation was promoted, but was inhibited in transgenic potato with antisense orientation.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.211-217
• /
• 2008

To build up data for mutation breeding of lily, sensitivity to irradiation of bulb, seed and pollen was investigated. The bulbs of seven cultivars including 'New Wave' were very sensitive to gamma rays. Non-irradiated bulbs produced plants with bloom as normal. However, irradiated bulbs showed retarded growth and did not flower. Bulbs of 'New Wave' and 'Tiny Dino' irradiated with 125Gy gamma rays survived, but their growth rate dropped considerably. Part or whole leaves of the other cultivars except 'New Wave' and 'Tiny Dino' withered. Moisture content of individual scale was 72~78% depending on cultivar. Bulblet formation from untreated scales was 100%. Among all irradiated scales only 'Siberia' scales showed 8.5% bulblet formation when irradiated with 50Gy gamma rays. Pollen germination as affected by gamma ray irradiation had no consistent tendency. When dosage of $F_1$ 'Augusta' seeds reached 300Gy, their survival ratio was drastically decreased. Bulblet formation in vitro was observed only in non-irradiated seeds. Lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of seed was less than 100Gy. Height and width of $F_1$ 'Augusta' bulblets in vitro irradiated with gamma rays decreased as dosage increased regardless of the culture method. The percentage shoot formation was 100% in non-irradiated bulblets and 15~60% in irradiated ones.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.221-225
• /
• 2008

Lilium formolongi 'Fl August' plantlets with scale-leaves and scale-bulb were treated at 10, 15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$ for 15, 30, or 45 days and planted in February, March, April and May. In the April planting, flowering percentage was below 10% and in the May planting no flowering occurred. Sprouting and flowering percentages were lower at the late planting times. Days to flowering of the April planting was 110.8 days compared to 128 days for the February planting. Plant height and numbers of leaves were reduced to 7.2 in May planting, compared to 40.5 leaves in February planting, and almost no flowers emerged in either the April or May plantings. Plantlets exposed to 10 or $15^{\circ}C$ flowered at 80 percent or higher at all treatment durations, but at 20 or $25^{\circ}C$ flowering percentages were lower, with 30% or less in the $25^{\circ}C$ treatment. In the $15^{\circ}C$ treatment days to flowering were less than 100 days, while the number of flowers and flower bud differentiation were greatest in the $15^{\circ}C$ treatment. Cytokinin and auxin were analyzed in bulblets grown at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$. T-zeatin content was three times greater in the $15^{\circ}C$ treatment than at $25^{\circ}C$, but the content of indoleacetic acid (IAA) was less at $15^{\circ}C$ than at 20 and $25^{\circ}C$. In the $15^{\circ}C$ treatment, T-zeatin content was about twice the IAA content in the scale- bulblet. The auxin and cytokinin balance may affect flower bud differentiation. $15^{\circ}C$ with 30 days was most effective for flowering in scale-bulblet and planting of February and March were effective for flowering too.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.10-29
• /
• 2024

Objective : The purpose of this study is to determine whether An's breathing meditation qigong therapy (ABMQT) delivers bioenergy to the frontal lobe, prefrontal lobe, the olfactory tract in the mesolimbic pathway, olfactory bulb, CV22, CV21, olfactory area and vocal-related areas in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients to help improve olfactory disorders (anosmia) and vocal functions. Methods : The subjects of this study were 4 patients with idiopathic PD (3 males/1 female, 65.0±NA/68.7±10.2 years old). ABMQT was applied once a week, 120 minutes per session for 12 weeks in a non-invasive and noncontact manner, and the test before and after ABMQT application included olfactory impairment test the Korean version of Sniffin' stick test (KVSS), voice acoustic test, aerodynamic test, vocal handicap index (VHI-30), and auditory perception scale test tools. The results before and after the experiment were analyzed assuming a normal distribution, and a chi-square test was performed using a continuity correction, and the significance level was set to p<0.05. And the medical diagnosis and findings of the examiner (doctor in charge) before and after the experiment were described. Results : KVSS was significant as 0.2±0.5 and 9.0±0.0 before and after the experiment. There was no significant difference between the voice acoustic test FO and Jitter, the vocal aerodynamic test MPT, SP, AE, the vocal disorder index test, and the auditory perception test. However, the medical diagnosis findings of four study subjects showed that olfactory disorders, voice disorders, and laryngeal function were improved before and after the application of ABMQT. Conclusions : The breathing meditation qigong program showed significant effects on improving the olfactory disorders (anosmia) and speech function of each study subject. However, to produce meaningful results, it is thought that experiments involving a larger number of research participants are necessary, and additional blood and FMRI tests are conducted to verify metabolic activities and the olfactory neuron signal transmission system.