• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.903-909
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was evaluated on the applicability of Load Duration Curve Method (LDC Method) using HSPF watershed model and sampling data for efficient TMDLs in Korea. The LDC Method was used for assessment pollutant characteristics in watershed and water quality variation in each water flow level. Load Duration Curve is applied for judge the level of impaired water-body and can be estimated the impaired level by pollutant, such as BOD, T-N, and T-P in this study depending on variation of stream flow. As a result, BOD, T-P was usually exceed the standard value at low flow and dry hydrologic period. Improvement of effluent concentration from WWTP and riparian buffer protection zone are effective to improve the water quality. T-N showed the worst condition at mid-range hydrologic period and moist hydrologic period. Therefore, soil erosion control program and BMPs for non-point source pollution control is effective for recovery the water quality, which can be useful method for management of water quality in the plan of recovery water quality spontaneously. Applicability of LDC Method was evaluated in the Nakbon A watershed. However, we need to consider more detailed and accumulated data set such as accurate GIS data and detail pollution data, and WWTP discharge water quality data for accurate evaluation of watershed. Overall, The LDC Method is adequate for evaluation of watersheds characteristics, and its application is recommended for watershed management and TMDL Implementation.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.1013-1019
• /
• 2016

본 논문에서는 Delay Tolerant Network(DTN)에서 Markov chain으로 노드의 속성 정보를 분석하여 노드의 이동경로를 예측하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 기존 DTN에서의 예측기반 라우팅 기법은 노드가 미리 정해진 스케줄에 따라 이동하게 된다. 이러한 네트워크에서는 스케줄을 예측할 수 없는 환경에서 노드의 신뢰성이 낮아지는 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해 노드의 속성 정보를 Markov chain을 적용하고 일정 구간에서 시간에 따른 노드의 이동 경로를 예측하는 CMCP(Context-awareness Markov-Chain Prediction)알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 노드의 속성 정보 중 노드의 속력과 방향성을 근사한 후 Markov chain을 이용하여 제한된 주기와 버퍼의 범위에서 확률전이 매트릭스를 생성하여 노드의 이동 경로를 예측하는 알고리즘이다. 주어진 모의실험 환경에서 노드의 이동 경로 예측을 통해 중계 노드를 선정하여 라우팅 함으로써 메시지 전송 지연 시간이 감소하고 전송률이 증가함 보여주고 있다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• 제16권10호
• /
• pp.1303-1313
• /
• 2002

Effects of the reduced frequency of upstream wake on downstream unsteady boundary layer flow were simulated by using a Wavier-Stokes code. The Wavier-Stokes code is based on an unstructured finite volume method and uses a low Reynolds number turbulence model to close the momentum equations. The geometry used in this paper is the MIT flapping foil experimental set-up and the reduced frequency of the upstream wake is varied in the range of 0.91 to 10.86 to study its effect on the unsteady boundary layer flow. Numerical solutions show that they can be divided into two categories. One is so called the low frequency solution, and behaves quite similar to a Stokes layer. Its characteristics is found to be quite similar to those due to either a temporal or spatial wave. The low frequency solutions are observed clearly when the reduced frequency is smaller than 3.26. The other one is the high frequency solution. It is observed for the reduced frequency larger than 7.24. It shows a sudden shift of the phase angle of the unsteady velocity around the edge of the boundary layer. The shift of phase angle is about 180 degree, and leads to separation of the boundary layer flow from corresponding outer flow. The high frequency solution shows the characteristics of a temporal wave whose wave length is half of the upstream frequency. This characteristics of the high frequency solution is found to be caused by the strong interaction between unsteady vortices. This strong interaction also leads to destroy of the upstream wake strips inside the viscous sublayer as well as the buffer layer.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.146-153
• /
• 2014

This study looks at the impact of psychological and physical factors of the working conditions on the health of workers depending on whether technology is used by such workers. The data used for the study is the third work environment survey. Out of 50,032 respondents, a total of 29,711 paid workers were used as analysis subjects. Although it was anticipated that the use of technology was a factor that hindered job autonomy and teamwork autonomy. However, the analysis results showed low levels of job autonomy and teamwork autonomy in the group that did not use technology. The study assumes a regression analysis model about work environment and work organizational practices of workspaces that have an impact on musculoskeletal complaints, stress symptoms and level of work satisfaction by controlling the social demographic variable that represents the level of individual sensitivity. As a result of the study, ergonomic risk had a significant effect on both groups that did or did not use technology with respect to stress symptoms, musculoskeletal complaints and level of work satisfaction. In particular, as workspace practices and work environment had an effect on the development of musculoskeletal complaints in the group that used machines, there is a need to improve such situation. The autonomous team work or level of job autonomy within the group that used technology may act as a risk factor to the health and welfare of workers. However, because it may also act as a buffer factor, there is a need for a change to reduce stress symptoms and increase the level of work satisfaction by improving autonomous team work and the level of job autonomy.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.369-373
• /
• 2005

The objectives of the current work is to understand the factors impacting the formulation and performance of a Carbopol mucoadhesive buccal delvery system for a model peptide drug, $[D-Ala{^2},\;D-Leu{^5}]$enkephalin (DADLE, Mw=569.7) with comparable chemical and enzymatic stability. Specifically, in vitro buccal DADLE delivery from the cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel system was characterized. In addition, the influences of several penetration enhancers on the ex vivo buccal absorption of DADLE were also studied. In this study, the PAA hydrogels generally swell to 100% of their original weight in the phosphate pH 7.4 buffer. The water penetration into the PAA hydrogel occurred based on a zero-order kinetics for the first 60 min and steadily decreased afterwards. From the release study, it can be seen that the initial DADLE release was so rapid and the rate of release of DADLE decreased as the time elapsed. The porcine buccal tissue was found to be permeable to DADLE with a flux value of $0.07%/cm{^2}/hr({\pm}0.01\;SD)$. From the ex vivo diffusion study, it was found that sodium taurodihydrofusidate showed a greater degree of enhancement compared to the phospholipids with an Enhancement Ratio (ER) of 8.7 compared to 2.7 and 1.9 for didecanoylphosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine, respectively. The work encompassed within this paper has demonstrated the feasibility of using the PAA hydrogel delivery system with its good mucoadhesive properties for the buccal delivery of peptides.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.97-102
• /
• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and optimize permeability of slim patch type as a transdermal delivery system of caffein. Slim patch type was formulated and tested in modified Franz diffusion cell across cellulose membrane and hairless mouse skin in pH 5.8 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The effect of $Pharmsolv^{\circledR}$ and drug concentration on permeation at four model, 1,2% $Pharmsolv^{\circledR}$ with $0.12\;mg/cm^2$ caffein and 0.12, $1.2\;mg/cm^2$ caffein with 2% $Pharmsolv^{\circledR}$ through hairless mouse skin was studied in vitro. The release of caffein from slim patch with various loading was fitted by the Higuchi's diffusion equation. The result showed that chemical $Pharmsolv^{\circledR}$ produced a large and significant increase of permeation. The effect of 2% $Pharmsolv^{\circledR}$ on permeation of caffein was greater about 10-fold greater than 1% $Pharmsolv^{\circledR}$ in first 60 minutes. The effect of drug concentration, however, was lower than that produced by chemical $Pharmsolv^{\circledR}$. Within the tested system, the most efficient combination for caffein slim patch type was $0.12\;mg/cm^2$ caffein with 2% $Pharmsolv^{\circledR},$ although $1.2\;mg/cm^2$ caffein with 2% $Pharmsolv^{\circledR}$ showed highest amounts permeation, because permeated percentages were significantly lower about $1/4{\sim}1/5$ times.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제17권11호
• /
• pp.1751-1757
• /
• 2007

Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) undergo a reversible inverse phase transition upon a change in temperature. This thermally triggered phase transition allows for a simple and rapid means of purifying a fusion protein. Recovery of ELPs-tagged fusion protein was easily achieved by aggregation, triggered either by raising temperature or by adding salt. In this study, levansucrase has been used as a model enzyme in the development of a simple one-step purification method using ELPs. The levansucrase gene cloned from Pseudomonas aurantiaca S-4380 was tagged with various sizes of ELPs to functionally express and optimize the purification of levansucrase. One of two ELPs, ELP[V-20] or ELP[V-40], was fused at the C-terminus of the levansucrase gene. A levansucrase-ELP fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli $DH5{\alpha}$ at $37^{\circ}C$ for 18 h. The molecular masses of levansucrase-ELP[V-20] and levansucrase-ELP[V-40] were determined as 56 kDa and 65 kDa, respectively. The phase transition of levansucrase-ELP[V-20] occurred at $20^{\circ}C$ in 50 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8) buffer with 3 M NaCl added, whereas the phase transition temperature ($T_t$) of levansucrase-ELP[V-40] was $17^{\circ}C$ with 2 M NaCl. Levansucrase was successfully purified using the phase transition characteristics of ELPs, with a recovery yield of higher than 80%, as verified by SDS-PAGE. The specific activity was measured spectrophotometrically to be 173 U/mg and 171 U/mg for levansucrase-ELP[V-20] and levansucrase-ELP[V-40], respectively, implying that the ELP-tagging system provides an efficient one-step separation method for protein purification.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제18권8호
• /
• pp.1190-1200
• /
• 1993

본 연구에서는 입력이 시간 지연에 민감한 트래픽과 손실에 민감한 트래픽으로 이루어진 경우의 우선순위제어기능을 가진 출력버퍼형의 ATM 스위치의 성능을 분석하였다. 손실우선순위제어 메카니즘으로는 부분 버퍼공유 방법을 택했고, 시간우선순위제어 메카니즘으로는 HOL(Head Of Line)우선순위 제어메카니즘을 택했다. 손실에 민감한 트래괵은 포아송 프로세스로 모델링하였고 시간 지연에 민간한 트래픽은 MMPP로 모델링하였다. 손실우선순위제어에서는 손실우선순위제어 메카니즘을 사용할때 손실에 민간한 트래픽의 셀손실률이 감소함을 확인하였고, 시간우선순위제어에서는 HOL 우선순위제어 메카니즘을 사용할때 시간 지연에 민감한 트래픽의 평균 시간지연이 간소함도 확인하였다. 이 결과로부터 시간우선순위제어와 손실우선순위제어를 동시에 사용하면 시간 지연에 민감한 트래괵과 손실에 민감한 트래픽의 서비스질을 동시에 만족하게 할 수가 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제24권9A호
• /
• pp.1372-1382
• /
• 1999

B-ISDN과 같은 초고속 네트워크에서 전송오류의 주요원인은 과잉밀집 상태에 있어서의 버퍼 오버플로우이며 이로 인해 셀손실을 야기한다. 기존의 통신 프로토콜은 손실된 패킷이나 전송에러들을 다루기 위해 ARQ와 같이 오류탐지와 재전송 기법을 사용하고 있으나 이러한 ARQ 방법들은 재전송으로 인한 전송 지연시간이 매우 크기 때문에 초고속 네트워크에서는 적합하지 않다. 따라서 본 논문은 이러한 문제를 줄이기 위하여 B-ISDN에서 Forward Error Correction(FEC)를 이용하여 셀손실 회복방법의 셀손실율을 수치적으로 분석하였다. FEC 기법은 Two-state Markov 모델인 셀손실 프로세스 모델을 기초한 성능평가에서 상당한 낮은 셀손실율을 나타내었으며 ATM 네트워크에 인터리빙의 적용은 버스티한 트래픽을 랜덤(random)하게 배열하게 함으로서 셀손실율을 개선할 수 있음을 보이고 있다. 이러한 요소들은 향후 오류제어 기법 설계시 고려해야 할 주요요소로 사용될 수 있다. 또한 IP-over-ATM 네트워크에서 신뢰성 있는 IP 패킷의 전달을 위하여 FEC 기법의 효과에 관한 성능을 분석하고 평가하였다. 본 성능평가의 결과로 FEC 기법은 IP-over-ATM 환경에\ulcorner 신뢰성이 있는 IP 전달을 위한 해결책을 제시한다.

• 한국동물학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 1975

成熟한 Sprague-Dawley 系인 雄性 흰쥐를 對照群과 實驗群으로 나누어, 對照群은 760 mmHg인 正常氣壓에 實驗群은 500 mmHg 및 380 mmHg의 低氣壓에 15時間(1日當 1時間)曝露시켰다. 曝露期間中 여러 時間區에서 總 血淸蛋白質量을 Kjeldahl 및 Biure 方法에 依해 Coleman Model 295 E Spectrophotometer로서 540 nm에서 測定하였으며, 血淸蛋白質의 電基泳動像은 Grassman-Hang (1960)方法에 依하여 barbital buffer(pH 8.6, 이온强度 0.05)로서 分離 測定하였다. 一般的으로 두 實驗群에 있어서 總 血淸蛋白質量은 對照群에 比하여 1日區에서 減少된 後, 2日區에서부터 增加 傾向이 나타나며, 5日區에서 부터는 對照群에 比하여 높은 恒定 持續性을 나타내었고, 한편 Albumin/Globulin 比에 있어서는 對照群에 比하여 1日區에서 增加를 나타내고, 그 後에는 徐徐히 減少하여 5日區에서 부터는 對照群에 比하여 낮은 恒定 持續性을 나타내었다. 特히 血淸蛋白質分劃에서 beta globulin 含量이 實驗期間中 兩群 共히 有意性있는 上昇을 보였다. 一般的으로 低氣壓인 380 mmHg群은 500 mmHg群에 比하여 顯著한 變化相을 가져왔으며, 上記한 低氣壓에 曝露 5日傾부터 馴化現象을 나타내는 것으로 생각된다.