• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.345-348
• /
• 2004

Pink rot of Palm was occurred at Yeuju area in 2001 and 2003. Infected plants showed rotting at the leaf-stock bases and killing of the terminal bud. The first symptoms are dark brown necrotic areas on the stem. Bases of infected frond may be covered with pink spores and the spots produced oozing gum pockets. Oozing lesions occur on the stems, and leaves turn brown and droop. The causal agent were isolated from salmon-pink spores sporulating on the leaf sheaths and necrotic stem tissues. Pathogen were isolated from freshly infected tissues were identified as Gliocladium vermoseni based on mycological characteristics. Fungus were grown plenty on PDA culture. Temperature for mycelial grown was tested at 5 to $40^{\circ}C$ and optimal temperature was $25^{\circ}C$ and was not nearly grew at temperature above $35^{\circ}C$. Artificial pathogenicity were tested on 9 species of Palm family in the wound inoculation and symptoms showed similar to those observed in the field. This is the first report on pink rot of palm in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.83-93
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of stocking density on feather condition, egg quality, blood parameters, and corticosterone levels of laying hens reared in conventional cages. A total of 500, 28 weeks-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were evenly assigned to two stocking densities (750 and 500 ㎠/bird). There were 50 replicates of each treatment, each consisting of 750 ㎠/birds (n=6) or 500 ㎠/bird (n=4) birds in a cage, respectively. We observed an increase in the laying period of, the group that was assigned 500 ㎠/bird, however, this group experienced significant feather damage when compared with the group allotted 750 ㎠ bird. There was no effect of stocking densities on egg quality. These results suggest that the 500 ㎠/bird stocking density in the conventional cage can negatively affect feather condition and cause the birds to experience more stress than the group allotted 750 ㎠/bird.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.376-382
• /
• 2014

The soluble loess-sulfur mixture allowed standing to remove insoluble component materials for five weeks after manufacturing. We decreased the pH level of soluble loess-sulfur mixture at pH 1.0 modified with decreasing 25% sodium hydroxide than original content. The pH ranges of soluble loess-sulfur mixture solutions were adjusted to pH 5.0-pH 11.0 (pH 1 unit) with brown rice vinegar (pH 2.8). The pH of original loess-sulfur mixture was about pH 13 and damaged the foliar parts and young leaves of tomato after twice application. These stock solutions can be diluted 500:1 with tap water to make a 0.05% working solution and were sprayed two times with 7 days interval to the leaf and stem of tomato, which were spontaneously infected with E. cichoracearum. Control efficacy of powdery mildew ranged from 85% to 90% at 7 days after first application. After second application, each loess-sulfur mixture solutions adjusted pH level significantly suppressed the powdery mildew disease in tomato. Consequently, loess-sulfur complex adjusted pH level with brown rice vinegar was suggested to be low in acute toxicity at all different pH values and suggested to use an agent for control of tomato powdery mildew in organic farming.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.242-242
• /
• 2017

A potato cultivar, Haryeong, was released for table stock in 2005 and has been supplied to farmers since 2010. Black dot has been known as a disease causing tuber blemishes in the cultivar, which is primarily an issue in storage. To investigate the effect of curing periods on disease occurrence, four periods (1, 3, 6 and 9 weeks) of curing were applied on Haryeong tubers harvested from the highlands (800 m a.s.l) in September. Tubers were stored at $2-3^{\circ}C$ and 80-90% RH for 6-7 months and were visually checked for disease occurrence. Tuber infection was characterized by barely visible small black spots on tubers and dark sooty lesions in stolon end of tubers. Another symptoms were observed on the upper surface of tubers which showed irregular, small to large, and depressed areas of brown to blackish skin with necrotic lesions inside. Results showed decrease in black dot depending on the curing period that ranges 18-48, 3-35, 0-14 and 0-3% at 1, 3, 6 and 9 weeks curing, respectively. During the storage, however, percentage weight loss of tubers and percentage of tubers with sprouts increased slightly with increasing the curing period from 1-3 to 6-9 weeks.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.1-24
• /
• 2009

Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the most valuable timber yielding species in the world, with predominant distribution in tropical or sub-tropical countries. However, natural teak available only in few countries like India, Myanmar, Laos People's Democratic Republic and Thailand. Teak grows well in deep, well-drained alluvial soils, fairly moist, warm, tropical climate with pH ranges from 6.5-7.5. Teak is cultivated in many Asian, African and South American countries for timber production. The global teak plantations are estimated to be three million hectare with major share in India (44%) followed by Indonesia (33%). India is considered as richest genetic resources of teak with large areas of natural teak bearing forests (8.9 million ha), plantations (1.5 million ha), clonal seed orchards (1000 ha) and seed production areas (5000 ha). The studies on diversity of teak populations showed that teak is an out crossing species with major portion of diversity present within the populations. The productivity and quality of teak timber varies depending upon the site and environmental conditions. Teak wood is moderately heavy, strong and tough,straight grained, coarse textured and ring porous with specific gravity varies from 0.55 to 0.70. The sapwood is white to pale yellow in colour and clearly demarcated while heartwood is dark brown or dark golden yellow in colour. Teak is one of the most durable timbers in the world, practically, impervious to fungus and white ant attack and resistant to decay. Teak wood is used in ship and boat constructions, furnitures and aesthetic needs. Genetic improvement programmes have been undertaken in countries like Thailand, India, Malaysia and Indonesia. The programme includes provenance identification and testing, plus tree selection and clonal multiplication, establishment of seed orchards and controlled hybridization. Several aspects like phenology, reproductive biology, fruit characteristics, silvicultural practices for cultivation, pest and diseases problems, production of improved planting stock, harvesting and marketing, wood properties and future tree improvement strategy to enhance productivity have been discussed in this paper.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.478-484
• /
• 2004

On 11 June 1991, eggs from the brood stock of small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) were artificially fertilized using the standard dry method and were hatched. Each of the fertilized eggs (1.1-1.2 mm in diameter) had an oil globule and was transparent and buoyant. The fertilized eggs hatched in a range of water temperatures $(17.5-20.3^{\circ}C)$ 44 hrs after fertilization. The total lengths of the newly hatched larvae were 3.1-3.3 mm, and these hatchlings had 31 myotomes (10+21). Melanophores and yellow-brown chromatophores were concentrated on the head, at the ventral part of the yolk, and in the middle of the tail. Four days after hatching, the larvae completely absorbed the yolk and became flexions of 5.1-5.5 mm in total length. Fifteen days after hatching, one spine (the anterior tip of the maxillary) appeared in the upper jaw and three spines developed at the upper parts of the eyes and on the posterior part of the head. At this stage, the larvae were approximately 8.3 mm long. Thirty-nine days after hatching, juveniles (1.9-3.4 mm in total length) had a pointed tail fin. By 66 days after hatching, the juvenile fish (about 4.0-6.5 mm in total length) were similar to adult fish in body shape. The larvae of L. polyactis could be distinguished from those of L. croacea by two distinct characteristics: the large number of vertebrae (28-29), and a relatively small bony ridge on the occipital region of the head.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.85-95
• /
• 2004

Other than in the fields of rolling stock and marine, in England, UK, Phenolic Composites (herein after, PCs) have been significantly utilized to fire protecting panels in construction, in particular, in architectures. In general, indeed, so-called "Plastic" or "Synthesized Resins" have been applied successfully in our societies all over the world, however, once, when ignited from somewhat reason, they burn much easily generating large amount of "SMOKE" from their nature of petroleum-borne materials as a matter of fact, people have forgotten about it. "SMOKE" caused many fire accidents horror tragedies as everyday people know today. The experts in this field such as PC engineers, researchers and others can take their responsibilities to explain it, persuade it and realize "Safer Environment for People" with well-experienced and technology innovated PCs. In this paper, the co-authors, collaborating UK and Japan, are making efforts to report how the PCs work good jobs to our societies showing some successful track records in construction or architecture fields in UK. How about on this matter in Japan\ulcorner "SMOKE fire" is always waiting fur us. We should stop smoking and SMOKE fire, in our public places.We should stop smoking and SMOKE fire, in our public places.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.69-80
• /
• 2021

We conducted a 4 × 4 diallel cross-mating test using 934 chickens from four grandparent stock lines to develop a new synthetic breed of Korean native chicken. The mean values, combining ability, and reciprocal effects on survival rate, body weight, and hen-day egg production were analyzed. In phenotypes, most chickens have yellowish-brown, reddish-brown and mixed color feathers. The average survival rate was 86.8±12.3%, with the highest in YH combination. Specific combining ability (SCA) had a greater effect on survival rate than general combining ability (GCA), and the SCA of HY combination was the highest. The 16 cross-combinations were distinctly divided into three weight groups according to their genetic characteristics. At 12 weeks of age, GCA showed a greater effect on weight than SCA, and the SCA of FH combination was the highest. The age at first egg laying was 157 days, and the crosses reached sexual maturity faster than the pure lines. The egg production rate was highest in SY at 79.5±2.1%. The GCA and SCA for hen-day egg production were similar, and the SCA was highest in the HS and FY combinations. The reciprocal effect showed that the offspring's egg production rate was high when S and Y were maternal parents in almost all combinations. In conclusion, FH and HF combinations, which have excellent growth performance, are the most desirable paternal parent stock strains, and FY, FS, HY, and SY combinations, which have excellent laying performance with moderate weight, are the preferred maternal strains.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.382-388
• /
• 1994

Because of its restrictive harvest from spring to summer, It is necessary to preserve raw ascidians, Halocynthia roretzi, for the purpose of processing regardless of season. We evaluated low Temperature tolerance of ascidian and conditions for cold storage to secure the quality of the stock. To retard the browning of meat rapidly occurred after sucking, ascidians were blanched for 10 seconds in 10% boiling salt solution or dipped for 60 seconds in 0.2% $NaHSO_3$ solution, respectively. The samples were stored in ice, at $-17^{\circ}C$ or $-35^{\circ}C$ for 85 days, respectively. Changes in VBN, glycogen, brown pigment formation, total carotenoid, nucleotides and their related compounds during the storage were determined, and sensory evaluation of quality was also practiced. VBN and brown pigment formation were rapidly increased. Glycogen was gradually decreased and then not detectable after 85 days in case of ice storage. Lipophilic brown pigment was higher than hydrophilic and rapidly increased during storage. The result of sensory evaluation showed that the ascidian treated in 0.2% $NaHSO_3$ was good for 85 days of storage at $-35^{\circ}C$ . Judging from the results of chemical experiment and sensory evaluation, the quality of ascidian treated in 0.2% $NaHSO_3$ and stored at $-35^{\circ}C$ was better than that of other samples.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 2005

Virus-free stocks was produced by the combination of the heat treatment of virus infected plant and shoot-tip grafting (STS). To produce virus-free stocks, the plants infected with citrus viruses were used for virus-free stock production using the modified method of STG in thermotherapy at $40^{\circ}C$ for 16 hours in the light, and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours of darkness for 4 weeks. Trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) were used as rootstock seedling for STG. Percentages of virus-free stocks against citrus tristeza virus (CTV), satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) and citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) were $75.7\%,\;100.0,\%\;82.6\%$ respectively. Shoot tip size for successful STG were as small as possible. Less than $0.3\;\cal{mm}$ of shoot tips gave the hight efficiency of virus free plants but survival rates were low. And, survival rate after shoot-tip culture was analyzed and the rates were dependant on the cultivars; Yuzu cultivar showed the hight survival rate ($74.6\%$) and early satsuma mandarin (Iwasagi) was $13.3\%$ as the lowest cultivar. But citrus trees were not succeed to grown, turned brown, and died.