• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1318-1323
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• 2008

Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a completely new feed ingredient in the Korean feed market. There is an ever increasing need for the Korean feed industry to import and make the best of it as a high protein and high energy feed ingredient. A layer feeding trial was conducted for 10 weeks to investigate the effects of addition of light-colored DDGS to layer diets on laying performance, egg qualities and yolk fatty acid composition. Also, the economics of using DDGS in the Korean situation was analyzed. Nine hundred Hy-line Brown layers, 24 weeks of age, were employed in a feeding trial consisting of four dietary treatments (0, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS), and five replicates per treatment. All experimental diets were prepared as iso-protein (17%) and iso-calorie (TMEn 2,780 kcal/kg). The use of DDGS up to 20% in layer diets did not exert any influence on feed intake, laying rate, total egg mass, mean egg weight and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). The color and breaking strength of eggshell, as well as the albumin height and Haugh unit were not affected by the addition of DDGS up to 20% in the diet. The yolk color was significantly increased by DDGS supplementation (p<0.05). As the DDGS level increased, the oleic acid content decreased, and the linoleic acid increased (p<0.05) in egg yolk. The degree of saturation of yolk fatty acids was not affected by DDGS supplementation. The inclusion of light-colored DDGS up to 20% in layer diets resulted in a decrease of feed cost per kg without any undesirable effect on laying performance. In conclusion, the light-colored DDGS (L* 56.65) could be used up to 20% in layer diets without any harmful effect on laying performance, and possibly provide economic benefits to the Korean poultry industry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1495-1499
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of enrichment resources (a perch, dustbath, and nest) layout in furnished laying-hen cages (FC) on exterior quality of eggs. Methods: One hundred and sixty-eight (168) Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 16 weeks of age were randomly distributed to four treatments: small furnished cages (SFC), medium furnished cages type I (MFC-I), medium furnished cages type II (MFC-II), and medium furnished cages type III (MFC-III). Each treatment had 4 replicates or cages with 6 hens for SFC (24 birds for each SFC) and 12 hen/cage for MFC-I, -II, and -III (48 birds for each MFC-I, -II and -III). Following a 2-week acclimation, data collection started at 18 weeks of age and continued till 52 weeks of age. Dirtiness of egg surface or cracked shell as indicators of the exterior egg quality were recorded each week. Results: The results showed that the proportion of cracked or dirty eggs was significantly affected by the FC type (p<0.01) in that the highest proportion of cracked or dirty eggs was found in MFC-I and the lowest proportion of dirty eggs in SFC. The results of this showed that furnished cage types affected both dirty eggs and cracked eggs (p<0.01). The results also indicated that not nest but dustbath lead to more dirty eggs. Only MFC-I had higher dirty eggs at nest than other FC (p<0.01). The results of dirty eggs in MFC-I and MFC-II compared with SFC and MFC-III seemed suggest that a low position of dustbath led to more dirty eggs. Conclusion: SFC design affected exterior egg quality and the low position of dustbath in FC resulted in higher proportion of dirty eggs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1766-1772
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was to investigate the effect of increasing levels of apparent metabolizable energy ($AME_n$) on the laying performance, egg quality, blood parameters, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients in diets fed to laying hens. Methods: A total of three-hundred twenty 33-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens (Gallus domesticus) were evenly assigned to four experimental diets of 2,750, 2,850, 2,950, and 3,050 kcal $AME_n/kg$ in pens with floors covered with deep litter of rice hulls. There were four replicates of each treatment, each consisting of 20 birds in a pen. Results: $AME_n$ intake was increased (linear, p<0.05) with inclusion level of $AME_n$ in diets increased. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were improved (linear, p<0.01), but hen-day egg production tended to be increased with an increasing level of $AME_n$ in diets. During the experiment, leukocyte concentration and blood biochemistry (total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, total protein, calcium, asparate aminotransferase, and alanine transferase were not influenced by increasing level of $AME_n$ in diets. Gross energy and ether extract were increased (linear, p<0.01) as the inclusion level of $AME_n$ in diets increased. Conclusion: Laying hens fed high $AME_n$ diet (i.e., 3,050 kcal/kg in the current experiment) tended to overconsume energy with a positive effect on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology but not on egg production and egg mass.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.533-541
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• 2004

A steadily consolidated conglomerate formation (CCF) is developed thickly around Tabjeong-ri and Janghang-ri to the east of Tohamsan, Gyeongju City. The CCF has been regarded to a basal conglomerate, Cheonbug Conglomerate, of the Yonil Group by Tateiwa (1924). Son et al. (2000) correlated the CCF to the Songjeon Formation, which occupies the southwestern block of Tertiary Waup Basin. However, the Songjeon Formation stratigraphically does not face to the extension of the CCF. OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) data on the reddish brown to bluish gray psammitic layers, which are intercalated in the CCF, yielded to 85∼92 ka. Therefore, the age of CCF constrains to the last interglacial stage (MIS 5c-5e) rather than the Early Miocene Cheonbug Conglomerate. The Late Pleistocene Tohamsan Formation (TF) is newly named to the CCF and is subdivided to megabreccias and boulders. A rectangular basin, in which the TF is accumulated, is bounded by Oedong and Yonil faults (segments of Yonil Tectonic Line) and is given a name of Toham Basin. Neotectonically, Pliocene EW-transpression gave an effect of the top-up-to-the-west reverse faulting and the accompanied normal fault movement during the last interglacial age (ca. 100 ka). The basin is graben type, in which basin fills are composed of collapsed colluvial deposits, TF.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.697-702
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to divide vocalizations of laying hens (Hy-Line Brown) into general vocalizations (GVs), heat stress-related vocalization (HSV), and cold stress-related vocalizations (CSVs) and to determine if they are classified by the discriminant function analysis method. Thirty laying hens, 65-wk-old, were recorded using digital video recorders 2 times from 10:00 to 14:00 h in each thermal environment (thermoneutral: $22.0{\pm}1.8^{\circ}C$, too hot: $32.0{\pm}2.0^{\circ}C$, too cold: $8.0{\pm}1.9^{\circ}C)$ after a 7 day acclimation period. When the laying hens were not recorded, they were kept in thermoneutral conditions. The GVs, HSV, and CSVs were divided based on the shapes of spectrums and spectrograms. The GVs, HSV, and CSVs were identified as 5, 1, and 3 types, respectively. Pitch, intensity, duration, formant 1, formant 2, formant 3, and formant 4 among the thermal environment-related vocalizations were significantly different (P<0.001). The discrimination rate determined by discriminant function analysis was 86.2%. These results suggest that HSV and CSVs are present and may be used as an indicator of the thermal environment.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.229-232
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• 2013

Sclerotium rot of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) occurred at the experimental field of Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services in July 2012. The typical symptoms included wilt, rot, and water-soaking on stems and fruits and severely infected plants eventually died. White mycelial mats spread over lesions, and then sclerotia were formed on fruit and near soil line. The sclerotia were globoid in shape, white to brown in color and 1-3 mm in size and the hyphal width was 4-8 ${\mu}m$. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and sclerotia formation on PDA was $30^{\circ}C$. The typical clamp connections were observed in the hyphae of the fungus grown on PDA. For further identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region was amplified and sequenced. On the basis of mycological characteristics, ITS rDNA region comparison, and pathogenicity to host plants, this fungus was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo. This is the first report of sclerotium rot on cucumber caused by S. rolfsii in Korea.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.76-86
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• 1979

This study was conducted to find out the effects of rainfall occurring during the paddy sun-during process of traditional paddy harvesting operations on the quality of milld rice. Rice varieties used for the experiment were MINEHIJARI variety a japonica and SUWEON 264 vareity , a sister-line of TONG-IL . Sun-drying days after the paddy cutting, times of storm occurrance during sun-drying period, and storm duration were treated as variables. The results is summarised as follows : 1. Brown rice recovery exposed to rainfall during the sun-druing period were ranged 81.6-82.1% and 79.4-80.2% for MINEHIKARI and SUWEON 264 varieties, respectively. which showed negligible effect by rainfall. 2. Milling recovery of MINEHIKARI variety was not affected by storm duration but by the by the sun-drying days after cutting as the sun-drying days increased to eight and four days when the variety met the rainfall one and two times, respectively. The range of milling recoveries of MINEHIKARI variety were 75.18-74.07% and 75.24-73.46% as the variety met the rainfall one and two times, respectively, and it were estimated that up to 0.9% and 1.5% of milling recovery would be reduced by one and two times of rainfall during sun-drying period. 3. The milling recovery of SUWEON 264 variety was affected only by the increase of drying days after cutting when it met one time of rainfall during the sun-drying period, while it was begun to reduce by the storm duration more than 11hours as the drying paddy met two times of rainfall. The milling reveries of the paddy met one and two times of rainfall were ranged 74.24-73.21% and 74.02-72.36% which were estimated to be reduced up to 0.9 % and 1.8% by the increase of the drying days after cutting and storm duration , respectively. 4. The head rice recovery of MINEHIKARI rice variety showed notable decrease as the drying days after cutting increased, and also it was greatly reduced even by the five hours of storm duration when one time of rainfall occurred but it was not affected by storm duration when the rainfall occurred two times. Head rice recoveries of MINEHIKARI met one and two times of rainfall during the sun-drying period were 65. 15 -40.85% and 61.86 - 30.03 %, which showed terrible reduction as much as up to 25% and 35% compared to that which did not met rainfall during the sun-drying process. 5. Head rice recovery or SUWEON 264 variety was very much reduced as the sum-drying days after cutting increased. Storm duration less than five hours during the sun-drying process did not affect on the decrease of head rice recovery when the variety was exposed to one time of rainfall, while storm duration affected considerably on the reduction of head rice recovery of SUWEON 264 variety exposed to two times of rainfall. The range of head rice recovery, 56.43 - 33.94% and 51.28 - 21.03% , for the paddy exposed to rainfall one and two times were evaluated that up to 24% and 37% of reduction in head rice recovery would be brought about compared to the head rice recovery of the sundriedpaddy that did not met the rainfall.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.75-75
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• 1979

This study was conducted to find out the effects of rainfall occurring during the paddy sun-during process of traditional paddy harvesting operations on the quality of milld rice. Rice varieties used for the experiment were MINEHIJARI variety a japonica and SUWEON 264 vareity , a sister-line of TONG-IL . Sun-drying days after the paddy cutting, times of storm occurrance during sun-drying period, and storm duration were treated as variables. The results is summarised as follows : 1. Brown rice recovery exposed to rainfall during the sun-druing period were ranged 81.6-82.1% and 79.4-80.2% for MINEHIKARI and SUWEON 264 varieties, respectively. which showed negligible effect by rainfall. 2. Milling recovery of MINEHIKARI variety was not affected by storm duration but by the by the sun-drying days after cutting as the sun-drying days increased to eight and four days when the variety met the rainfall one and two times, respectively. The range of milling recoveries of MINEHIKARI variety were 75.18-74.07% and 75.24-73.46% as the variety met the rainfall one and two times, respectively, and it were estimated that up to 0.9% and 1.5% of milling recovery would be reduced by one and two times of rainfall during sun-drying period. 3. The milling recovery of SUWEON 264 variety was affected only by the increase of drying days after cutting when it met one time of rainfall during the sun-drying period, while it was begun to reduce by the storm duration more than 11hours as the drying paddy met two times of rainfall. The milling reveries of the paddy met one and two times of rainfall were ranged 74.24-73.21% and 74.02-72.36% which were estimated to be reduced up to 0.9 % and 1.8% by the increase of the drying days after cutting and storm duration , respectively. 4. The head rice recovery of MINEHIKARI rice variety showed notable decrease as the drying days after cutting increased, and also it was greatly reduced even by the five hours of storm duration when one time of rainfall occurred but it was not affected by storm duration when the rainfall occurred two times. Head rice recoveries of MINEHIKARI met one and two times of rainfall during the sun-drying period were 65. 15 -40.85% and 61.86 - 30.03 %, which showed terrible reduction as much as up to 25% and 35% compared to that which did not met rainfall during the sun-drying process. 5. Head rice recovery or SUWEON 264 variety was very much reduced as the sum-drying days after cutting increased. Storm duration less than five hours during the sun-drying process did not affect on the decrease of head rice recovery when the variety was exposed to one time of rainfall, while storm duration affected considerably on the reduction of head rice recovery of SUWEON 264 variety exposed to two times of rainfall. The range of head rice recovery, 56.43 - 33.94% and 51.28 - 21.03% , for the paddy exposed to rainfall one and two times were evaluated that up to 24% and 37% of reduction in head rice recovery would be brought about compared to the head rice recovery of the sundriedpaddy that did not met the rainfall.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1603-1610
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• 2010

Fucoidans are sulfated fucosylated polymers from the cell wall of brown algae. We assessed the effects of Fucus evanescens fucoidan on ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) protein, mRNA, and promoter, and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in vitro using an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line. Pretreatment with 10 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ fucoidan significantly inhibited UVB-induced MMP-1 protein, mRNA and promoter activity, compared to UVB irradiation alone. Extracellular signal regulated kinase activation was markedly inhibited by treatment with fucoidan, though c-JUN N-terminal kinase activity and p38 activation were only marginally affected by fucoidan. F. evanescens fucoidan may be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of skin photoaging.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.219-228
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• 2015

Excessive microglial activation and subsequent neuroinflammation lead to synaptic loss and dysfunction as well as neuronal cell death, which are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the regulation of microglial activation has been evaluated as effective therapeutic strategies. Although dieckol (DEK), one of the phlorotannins isolated from marine brown alga Ecklonia cava, has been previously reported to inhibit microglial activation, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated here molecular mechanism of DEK via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt and nicotinamide adenine dinuclelotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-mediated pathways. In addition, the neuroprotective mechanism of DEK was investigated in microglia-mediated neurotoxicity models such as neuron-microglia co-culture and microglial conditioned media system. Our results demonstrated that treatment of anti-oxidant DEK potently suppressed phosphorylation of ERK in lipopolysaccharide (LPS, $1{\mu}g/ml$)-stimulated BV-2 microglia. In addition, DEK markedly attenuated Akt phosphorylation and increased expression of $gp91^{phox}$, which is the catalytic component of NADPH oxidase complex responsible for microglial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Finally, DEK significantly attenuated neuronal cell death that is induced by treatment of microglial conditioned media containing neurotoxic secretary molecules. These neuroprotective effects of DEK were also confirmed in a neuron-microglia co-culture system using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transfected B35 neuroblastoma cell line. Taken together, these results suggest that DEK suppresses excessive microglial activation and microglia-mediated neuronal cell death via downregulation of ERK, Akt and NADPH oxidase-mediated pathways.