• Title/Summary/Keyword: Broken rice

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Broken rice in a fermented total mixed ration improves carcass and marbling quality in fattened beef cattle

  • Kotupan, Salisa;Sommart, Kritapon
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.34 no.8
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    • pp.1331-1341
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    • 2021
  • Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of replacing cassava chips with broken rice in a fermented total mixed ration diet on silage quality, feed intake, ruminal fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in the final phase of fattening beef cattle. Methods: Eighteen Charolais-Thai native crossbred steers (average initial body weight: 609.4±46 kg; average age 31.6 mo) were subjected to three ad libitum dietary regimes and were maintained in individual pens for 90 d before slaughter. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design by initial age and body weight with six replicates. The dietary regimens used different proportions of broken rice (0%, 16%, and 32% [w/w] of dry matter [DM]) instead of cassava chips in a fermented total mixed ration. All dietary treatments were evaluated for in vitro gas production and tested in in vivo feeding trials. Results: The in vitro experiments indicated that organic matter from broken rice was significantly more digestible than that from a cassava-based diet (p<0.05). Silage quality, nutrient intake, ruminal fermentation characteristics, carcass fat thickness, and marbling score substantially differed among treatments. The ruminal total volatile fatty acids, propionate concentration, dietary protein intake, and digestibility increased linearly (p<0.05) with broken rice, whereas acetate concentration and the acetate:propionate ratio decreased linearly (p<0.05) with broken rice (added up to 32 g/kg DM). Broken rice did not influence plasma metabolite levels or growth performance (p>0.05). However, the marbling score increased, and the carcass characteristics improved with broken rice. Conclusion: Substitution of cassava chips with broken rice in beef cattle diets may improve fattened beef carcass quality because broken rice increases rumen fermentation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and metabolic energy supply.

Performance Evaluation and Improvement of Medium and Small Scale Rice Polishers(II) - medium scale rice polisher - (중.소형 연미기의 성능평가 및 성능개선에 관한 연구(II) - 중형 연미기에 대하여 -)

  • 정종훈;권홍관
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.445-456
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    • 1998
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a medium scale rice polisher of 2.5 t/h and to improve its performance for producing the clean rice with high quality. The maximum internal pressure, broken rice ratio. whiteness in the rice polisher were investigated, and the effects of outlet resistance, water spraying rate, shaft revolution speed and rice moisture content on the polishing performance were analyzed to find out proper operating conditions. The conclusions of this study were as follows: 1. In the performance evaluation of the polisher, the broken rice ratio increment of 0.1%, the max. internal pressure of about 11 N/${cm}^2$, and whiteness increment of 2.2~3.7 resulted at the conditions of 20 PS driving power, 950 rpm, 150 cc/min water spraying rate, 44.1 Nㆍcm outlet resistance and about 15% rice moisture content. 2. Though max. internal pressure and whiteness at the 17% rice moisture content were higher than those at the 15% moisture content under the same operating conditions of the polisher, but the broken rice rate at the 17% moisture content was absolutely low compared with that at 15% moisture content. The water spraying effect to reduce broken rice and to increase whiteness was much significant at the 15% moisture content not significant at 17% moisture content. 3. The main parameter of the performance was outlet resistance, and low resistance of about 44.1 Nㆍcm was recommended at the polisher. 4. The proper water spraying rate in the polisher was about 150 cc/min. 5. As the shaft revolution speed decreased from 950 rpm and 800 rpm to 650 rpm, the broken rice ratio increased and whiteness decreased. 6. As the driving power of the polisher increased from 20 PS to 30 PS, the max. internal pressure decreased by about 1~2.5 N/${cm}^2$ and whiteness increased by about 1~2, but the broken rice rate was not changed. 7. The proper operating conditions of the polisher seemed to be the revolution speed of 800-950 rpm, the water spraying rate of about 150 cc/min, the oulet resistance of about 44.1 N.cm and 30 PS driving power.

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Performance Evaluation of a Continuous Type Brown Rice Conditioner with a Milled Rice Recovery Comparison (도정수율 비교를 통한 연속식 현미조질기의 성능 평가)

  • 송대빈;김성태;한구연
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.137-142
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    • 2003
  • The water conditioning experiments of brown rice were performed to analyze the variation of the milled rice recovery using a continuous type conditioner at Jin-ju, Yeo-ju, and Yong-in RPC(Rice Processing Complex). About 8,000 kgf, 6,000 kgf and 10,000 kgf of the brown rice of 13-14 %(wb) initial moisture contents were used as experimental materials at Jin-ju, Yeo-ju, and Yong-in respectively. The broken rice and rice bran were collected and weighted to calculate the milled rice recovery. The amounts of broken rice with water conditioned occurred lower than that of broken rice without water conditioned. And the milled rice recovery of water conditioned ones were increased as 1.22%, 0.87%, and 1.00% compared with those of the non water conditioned ones at Jin-ju, Yeo-ju. and Yong-in respectively. Especially, the result of the experiments of Jin-ju RPC showed that about 33% and 35% of total increased milled rice recovery were the portion of the moisture content increment and the broken rice reduction respectively.

Performance Evaluation and Improvement of Medium and Small Scale Rice Polishers (I) -small scale rice polisher - (중.소형 연미기의 성능평가 및 성능개선에 관한 연구 (I) -소형 연미기에 대하여 -)

  • 정종훈;최영수;권홍관
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.245-252
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    • 1998
  • The structural characteristics of a small scale rice polisher was analyzed to improve its performance. Spraying characteristic of nozzles used for rice polishing was also analyzed by a machine vision system. The internal pressure of the polishing chamber was measured according to outlet resistance, water spraying, and roller shaft speed. In addition, the performance of the rice polisher was evaluated to improve it in the basis of internal pressure in polishing chamber, whiteness, and broken rice ratio of clean rice according to the operating conditions. Actual nozzle discharge rate and drop size were 125 cc/min and 86~97 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, respectively. In the case of water spraying on rices, the internal pressure showed 4.9~9.8N/$\textrm{cm}^2$ increase. broken rice ratio decreased, and there was no difference in whiteness. The internal pressure inueased up to two times with the increase of the outlet resistance. Also, the pressure at the upper part of screen was one and half times as high as the pressure at the lower part. In the case of water spraying rate of 150 cc/min, the roller shaft speed of 850 rpm resulted in no difference in whiteness and decrease of 0.3% in broken rice ratio, comparing to the roller shaft speed of 950 rpm.

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Performance Evaluation and Improvement of Medium and Small Scale Rice Polishers(I)-small scale rice polishers- (중.소형 연미기의 성능평가 및 성능개선에 관한 연구(I)-소형 연미기에 대하여-)

  • 정종훈;최영수;권홍관
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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    • 1998.06b
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    • pp.206-216
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    • 1998
  • The structural characteristics of small scale rice polisher was analyzed to improve its performance. Spraying characteristic of nozzles used for rice polishing was also analyzed by a machine vision system. The internal pressure of the polishing chamber was measured according to outlet resistance, water spraying , and roller shaft speed. In addition , the performance of the rice polisher was evaluated to improve it in the basis of internal pressure in polishing chamber, whiteness , and broken rice ratio of clean rice according to the operating conditions. Actual nozzle discharge rate and drop size were 125cc/min and 86.97㎛, respectively. In the case of water spraying on rices, the internal pressure showed 4.9-9.8N/㎠ increase, broken rice ration decreased , and there was no difference in whiteness . The internal pressure increased up to two time with the increase of the outlet resistance. Also, the pressure at the upper part of screen was one and half times as high as the pressure at the lower part. In the case of water spraying rate of 150 cc/min, the roller shaft speed of 850 rpm resulted in no difference in whiteness and decrease of 0.3%in broken rice ratio, comparing to the roller shaft speed of 950 rpm.

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Properties-of Rice Flours Prepared from Milled and Broken Rice Produced by Pre-washing Process (분무수세 건조한 무세미와 부산물 쇄립의 쌀가루 특성)

  • Choi, So-Yeon;Lee, Sang-Hyo;Lee, Young-Tack
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.34 no.7
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    • pp.1098-1102
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    • 2005
  • Properties of rice flours prepared from milled and broken rice produced by pre-washing and subsequent drying process were investigated. Compared to untreated ordinary milled rice, pre-washing process slightly increased lightness of rice flour, while decreased yellowness. Both WAI and WSI were higher in the flour from pre-washed rice, and gel consistency was the highest in the flour from pre-washed broken rice. Pre-washed rice showed increased amylograph peak viscosity and reduced setback values. On the other hand, pre-washed broken rice showed decreased peak viscosity and increased setback values. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the pre-washing process reduced gelatinization onset- and peak temperatures, with increased gelatinization enthalpy. Total bacteria and yeast count were lower in the pre­washed rice, suggesting the pre-washing process could partially eliminate microbial contamination of ordinary milled rice.

The Optimum Operating Conditions of Indented-Cylinder Length Grader to Remove Broken Rice based on Varietal Characteristics (벼 품종별 입형분리기 최적 가동조건)

  • Lee, Choon-Ki;Song, Jin;Yun, Jong-Tag;Seo, Jong-Ho;Lee, Jae-Eun;Kim, Jung-Tae;Jeong, Gun-Ho;Kim, Chung-Kon
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.366-374
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    • 2009
  • To determine the optimum operating conditions of the indented cylinder length grader based on varietal characteristics, broken rice removal capabilities were measured on the milled rice of 41 varieties at different conditions consisted of 3 types of indented cylinders with different indent-opening diameters and 3 different collecting-angles of broken rice. The broken rice removal capabilities were swayed by the indent's opening diameter and depth as well as the angle of the collecting trough of broken rice on the point of instrument, and by the kernel length and width as well as 1000 grain weight of milled rice on the point of rice variety. When the angle of broken rice collecting-trough reached to near the horizontal center line of the indented cylinder on the direction of upward turning side, which was referred $0^{\circ}$ in this paper, the amount of rice collected in trough increased, whereas the loss of head rice also increased. Considering the removal rate of broken rice as well as loss of head rice, it was thought that the suitable angle of trough for broken rice collecting was located $5^{\circ}$ to $15^{\circ}$ depending on varietal characteristic and indent opening diameter. It was thought that 4.2 mm or more of indent opening diameter was recommendable for the rice varieties having heavier 1000 grain weight than 22.3g, as well as larger sizes than 2.9 and 5.2 mm in width and length of rice kernel, respectively; 3.8 mm for the small-sized thin kernels, and a proper diameter between 3.8 and 4.2 mm for short to middle kernels. The varieties with relatively shorter length compared to width of kernel were more difficult to separate the broken rice than the opposite ones. For effective separation of that, it seems that some specific indent shapes such as wider opening and shallow depth etc. are required. When the broken rice content were excessively high, wider diameters of indent openings than specified sizes were thought to be the better.

A Study on Conditioning of the Brown Rice (II) -Milling characteristic with eight hours′ripeness after conditioning moisture content- (현미 조절에 관한 연구(II) -함수율 조질 후 8시간 숙성에 따른 정백특성-)

  • 한충수;강태환;조성찬;고학균
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.51-58
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    • 2002
  • The goal of this research was to an optimum conditions for the brown rice conditioning from data of milling characteristics after conditioning of the brown rice. The range of the initial moisture content of the sample was 13%, 14%, and 15%, the range of the increment of the moisture content was 0.4% and 0.8% with respect to the initial moisture content, and a ripe time after conditioning was eight hours. The results obtained from this research can be summarized as fellows. 1 The crack ratio after conditioning the brown rice with the initial moisture content was increased as the initial moisture content decreased and increment of the moisture content increased. The crack ratio of the milled rice was increased than that of the non-conditioned brown rice and decreased with the conditioned brown rice with the increment of the moisture content of 0.4% and 0.5%. 2. The broken rice ratio after conditioning the brown rice with the initial moisture content was a little higher than that of the non-conditioned brawn rice. The broken ratio of the conditioned brown rice with the increment of the moisture content of 0.4% was increased around 0.2∼0.4% with respect to the non-conditioned brown riced and the broken ratio of the brown rice was high with increased amount of water sprayed during conditioning process. 3. The moisture content of the milled rice after conditioning the brown rice with the initial moisture content increased around 0.3∼0.8% with respect to the non-conditioned milled rice. 4. The electric energy consumption on milling process with the conditioned brown rice by the initial moisture content was decreased 3.4∼39.1% with respect to the non-conditioned brown rice.

Analysis of Broken Rice Separation Efficiency of a Laboratory Indented Cylinder Separator

  • Kim, Myoung Ho;Park, Seung Je
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.95-102
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: Using a laboratory indented cylinder separator, broken rice separation experiments were conducted and the characteristics of the separation process were studied to provide information for developing a prototype indented cylinder broken rice separator. Methods: Rice (Ilmi variety) milled in a local RPC was used for the experiment. Rice kernels were classified into four groups according to their length l; whole kernels (I > 3.75 mm), semi-whole kernels (2.5 < I < 3.75 mm), broken kernels (1.75 < I < 2.5 mm), and foreign matters (I < 1.75 mm). A laboratory grain cleaner, Labofix '90 (Schmidt AG, Germany) was used for the experiments. Experiments were designed as a $4{\times}4$ factorial arrangement in randomized blocks with three replications. Cylinder rotational speeds (17, 34, 51, 68 rpm) and trough angles (15, 37.5, 60, $82.5^{\circ}$) were the two factors and feed rates (25, 50 kg/h), indent shapes (Us, $S_1$ type), and indent sizes (2.5, 3.75 mm) were treated as the blocks. Two 125 g samples and one 125 g sample were taken at the cylinder outlet and from the trough, respectively. The whole, semi-whole, and broken kernel weight ratio of the samples and feed was determined by a rice sizing device. From these weight ratios, purities, degrees of extraction and coefficient of separation efficiency were calculated. Results: Trough angle, cylinder speed, and their interaction on the coefficient of separation efficiency were statistically significant. Cylinder speed of 17, 34, and 51 rpm made the most effective separation when the trough angle was $15^{\circ}$ or $37.5^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $82.5^{\circ}$, respectively. Maximum values of coefficient of separation efficiency were in the range of 60 to 70% except when the indent size was 2.5 mm and were recorded for the combinations of low cylinder speed (17 rpm) with medium trough angle ($37.5^{\circ}$ or $60^{\circ}$). Indent shape did not appear to make any noticeable difference in separation efficiency. Conclusions: Due to the interaction effect, the trough angle needs to be increased appropriately when an increase in cylinder speed is made if a rapid drop of effectiveness of separation should be avoided. In commercial applications, $S_1$ type indents are preferred because of their better manufacturability and easier maintenance. For successful separation of broken kernels, the indent size should be set slightly bigger than the actual sizes of broken kernels: an indent size of 3.0 mm for separating broken kernels shorter than 2.5 mm.

Low Temperature Storage of Rough Rice Using Cold-Air in Winter(I) - Storage Characteristics after Rough Rice Cooling - (겨울철 냉기를 이용한 벼의 저온저장(I) - 벼 냉각 후 저장특성 -)

  • Lee J. S.;Han C. S.;Ham T. M.;Yon K. S.
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.30 no.3 s.110
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    • pp.155-160
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    • 2005
  • The objective of this research was to establish a domestically available cooling storage technique by cold-air in winter, using winter cool air ventilation fur determining rough rice cooling method in the storage and dry bin. The rough rice storage characteristics of two test conditions, winter cool-air ventilation storage and ambient temperature storage, were evaluated from January to July 2001, using a storage and dry bin of 300-ton capacity. Results of this research are as follows: Grain temperature was from $-5.1\~-8.5^{\circ}C$ after winter cool-air ventilation, and grain initial temperature for ambient temperature bin storage was $0.3\~1.9^{\circ}C$. Moisture content of rough rice decreased from $0.28\;to\;0.93\%$ and from $1.53\;to\;1.92\%$ to compare with original moisture contents for winter cool-air ventilation, and for ambient temperature bin storage, respectively. Broken ratio of brown rice from winter cool-air ventilation bin increased from $0.16\;to\; 0.92\%$, and brown rice broken ratio was from $2.24\;to\;2.86\%$ for ambient temperature bin storage to compare with initial broken ratio. Hardness of stored rice increased along storage period increase in alt storage methods, and cooling bin storage increased rice hardness of 0.271kgf: this increasing was lower then the other methods from 0.059 to 2.239kgf. Germination rates were decreased approximately 9.03, 3.14 and $3.20\%$ for upper, middle, and bottom of ventilating winter air bin, respectively, and germination rates of 2.70, 3.47 and $4.14\%$ were approximately decreased for upper, middle, and bottom parts of ambient temperature bin storage, respectively.