• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.806-809
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• 1999

The present study showed the advantages of dried Bacillus subtilis culture (DBSC) supplementation on reducing ammonia gas release in the poultry house. In Experiment 1, 65-week-old Hyline W-36 hens were raised in individual wire-floor cages in a windowless house, and divided into two groups of 180 hens each. One group was fed diets without DBSC as the control and another group was fed a diet supplemented with 2% DBSC. In Experiment 2, 2-week-old broiler chicks were divided into 3 treatment groups of 20 chicks each and maintained in individual floor cages. One group was fed the diet without DBSC and other two groups were fed the diet supplemented with 1 or 2% DBSC, respectively. In experiment 1, DBSC consistently reduced ammonia gas release in the laying house (p<0.01) and manure storage facilities (p<0.01). incubation of feces for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 24 or 48 hours showed that DBSC consistently reduced ammonia gas release. In Experiment 2, DBSC reduced ammonia gas release in the broiler house; however, DBSC had no effect on total N, urate-N and ammonia-N contents of feces, but it improved cumulative N utilization and decreased serum urea-N concentration when chicks when chicks were fed 1% DBSC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.196-200
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• 1998

The proximate composition of viscera of six fish species viz., Catla catla, Labeo, rohita Cirrhina mrigala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio under the influence of artificial feed $(T_1)$, broiler manure $(T_2)$, buffalo manure $(T_3)$, N:P:K (25:25:0 $T_4$) and control pond $(T_5)$ has been studied on final harvest after the end of experimental period of one year. The overall comparison of six fish species under five different treatments showed that Cyprinus carpio remained the best for visceral total protein contents. The maximum visceral protein content was recorded in fishes under $T_2$ except Cirrhina mrigala, while the minimum under $T_5$. The comparison of five treatments showed that maximum (6.69) percentage of fat in viscera of fish was recorded under $T_2$, closely followed by $T_4$ while minimum (4.89) under the effect of $T_5$. Among the six fish species under five treatments Cyprinus carpio showed maximum accumulation/deposition of total fats in viscera.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.245-257
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• 2001

Localization of livestock facilities leads to concentration of livestock wastes and subsequent leakage of pollutants into the environment, resulting in public concern about their effects. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the most harmful components of animal manure, but odor from the manure itself and the livestock facilities is also a problem. Improving the nutrient efficiency of the livestock helps to decrease excretion of these environmental contaminants. Pigs and chickens are the main experimental models used in studies to improve nutrient efficiency. Addition of feed supplements and modifying feeding systems to improve nutrient efficiency can result in significant decrease in the N, P, odor and dry matter (DM) weight of manure. Examples of these methods include the following. 1) Addition of synthetic amino acids and reducing protein contents resulted N reductions of 10∼27% in broilers, 18∼35% in chicks and layers, 19∼62% in pigs, and a 9∼43% reduction in odor in pigs. 2) Enzyme supplementation resulted in a 12∼15% reduction in DM weight in broiler manure. 3) Phvtase supplementation resulted in P reductions of 25∼35% in chickens and 20∼60% in pigs. 4) Use of growth promoting substances resulted in a 5∼30% reduction in N and a 53∼56% reduction in odor of pigs. 5) Formulating diets closer to requirements (diet modification) reduced N and P by 10∼15% each in chickens and pigs, and odor by 28∼ 79% in pigs. 6) Phase feeding reduced N and P excretion by chicken and pigs from 10∼33% and 10∼13% each, as well as odor in growing and finishing pigs by 49∼79%. 7) Use of highly digestible raw materials in feed reduced N and P excretion by 5% in chickens and pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.384-394
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• 2001

In order to prevent pollution from animal waste, P, N and pharmacological level minerals should be properly managed. Microbial phytase has been used successfully to control P excretion. Activity of natural phytase in certain plant feedstuffs is high enough to be considered in feed formulation. Nitrogen control can be achieved through amino acid supplementation and protein restriction in the diet. Supplementation with carbohydrases reduces output of excreta as well as N. Ammonia release from the manure could be reduced by using a low crude protein diet along with the supplementation with probiotics products. Excretion of minerals used at pharmacological level can be reduced by using chelated forms. Cu and Zn in the form of methionine chelate have been successfully used in the broiler and pig diets.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.213-217
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• 2020

An eco-friendly water purifier was developed using natural minerals, plants, and sludge from water purification plants. A wastewater complex treatment system using this water purification agent was developed. The wastewater complex treatment system goes through the process of inflow of contaminated water, input of water purification agent, operation of a pressurized flotation device, sludge flotation, sludge collection and treatment water discharge. This device was applied to the removal of green algae in livestock desorption liquid, broiler washing water, factory wastewater, sewage treatment plant and pond to obtain excellent removal rate. The use of natural water purification agents for organic waste purification has not been investigated.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.153-156
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sea urchin shell powder on nitrogen characteristics in poultry litter by assigning ninety 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) to one of 3 treatments (control, 1% sea urchin shell powder, and 1% feed additives) in 3 replicates of 10 birds each. For all treatments, the overall dry matter contents were decreased (P < 0.05) as time increased, except for at 1 week. When compared with controls, the dietary sea urchin shell powder and feed additives for 0 and 3 weeks did influence their TN contents, but not for 1, 2 and 4 weeks. The treatments with sea urchin shell powder and feed additives had a significant (P < 0.05) influence on $NH_3$-N in poultry litter compared with controls. However, at 4 weeks, no marked differences were observed in $NH_3$-N contents among treatments. Treatments with 1% sea urchin shell powder might enhance the value of poultry litter as N fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 2011

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase on the growth performance, excreta excretion, and N and P excretion of broilers for 7 weeks. One hundred ninety two Ross broiler (one-day-old) with average weight $44.7{\pm}1.5$ g were assigned randomly to 4 treatments groups (12 birds/pen, 4 pens/treatment) as $2{\times}2$ complex factors of sex of broiler male, female) and phytase 2 treatments (0, 300 FTU/kg), and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (starter, 0~2 wk; earlier, 2~4 wk; finisher, 4~7 wk). The experimental diets included that phytase was added to the basal diet. Body weight was high at male treatment and at phytase treatment. Feed intake was high at male treatment and was no difference between phytase and non-phytase treatment. Feed efficiency was the highest at male and phytase treatment. Manure excretion was high at male treatment and reduced at phytase treatment. Excretion of N and P was high at male treatment and at non-phytase treatment. Finally, when phyase was added to basal diet, the growth performance of broilers was improved and excreta excretion and N and P excretion of broilers were decreased.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.2_spc
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• pp.332-346
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• 2022

Shortage of protein feed resources is the major challenge to the world farm animal industry. Insects are known as an alternative protein source for poultry. A wide range of insects are available for use in poultry diets. Insect larvae thrive in manure, and organic waste, and produce antimicrobial peptides to protect themselves from microbial infections, and additionally these peptides might also be functional in poultry feed. The feed containing antimicrobial peptides can improve the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, and immune function in poultry. Insect meal contains a higher amount of essential amino acids compared to conventional feedstuffs. Black soldier fly, mealworm, housefly, cricket/Grasshopper/Locust (Orthoptera), silkworm, and earthworm are the commonly used insect meals in broiler and laying hen diets. This paper summarizes the nutrient profiles of the insect meals and reviews their efficacy when included in poultry diets. Due to the differences in insect meal products, and breeds of poultry, inconsistent results were noticed among studies. The main challenge for proper utilization, and the promising prospect of insect meal in poultry diet are also addressed in the paper. To fully exploit insect meal as an alternative protein resource, and exert their functional effects, modes of action need to be understood. With the emergence of more accurate and reliable studies, insect meals will undoubtedly play more important role in poultry feed industry.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2009

This work was conducted to investigate the amount and major compositions of excreta from broilers. One hundred fifty 1-d-old male and female Ross broilers were used in this work and ten broilers were selected to measure excreta. Average amount of excreta per broiler was 85.4 g, and average moisture content was 76.9%. N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ in excreta were 1.19, 0.29 and 0.49%, respectively. pH, $BOD_5$, $COD_{mn}$, and SS were 7.80, 42,134 mg/L, 52,668 mg/L, and 106,669 mg/L, respectively. Pb in poultry excreta was 0.803 mg/kg and highly lowed compared with the standard contents (150 mg/kg). Cd was not founded in excreta. Hg was founded in excreta as 0.002 mg/kg, but it was low compared with the standard level (2 mg/kg).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reduction effect of microbially activated peat on odor generated by livestock farms. The odor gas was measured by stirring the livestock manure sample with the existing litter and the microbially activated peat (Healtha Peat) was developed by this research team. In outdoor farm experiment, the measurements were performed by comparing broilers farm using rice husks and microbially activated peat as litter. The weight, mortality, shipment date, and odor levels (NH₃) were measured before and after experiment. The result showed that NH₃ levels were reduced by 100% in the Healtha Peat mixed group, Healtha Peat and rice husks mixed group. In the peat mixed group, Healtha Peat and saw dust mixed group showed reduce value at 99.6% and 99.1%, respectively. However the rice husks mixed group and saw dust mixed group showed a relatively weak NH₃ reduction effect with values of 57.5% and 84.8%, respectively. After 3 months, the Healtha Peat mixed group and Healtha Peat and rice husks mixed group showed the highest NH₃ reduction effect persistence. In the outdoor farm experiment, NH₃ was present in farms using rice husks, but not in farms using Healtha Peat. In farms using Healtha Peat, the mortality and NH₃ were reduced by 75% and >90%, respectively. The average body weight increased 18% and resulted to 10% decrease in the shipping date. These results implied that microbially activated peat has a clear effect on farm NH₃ reduction and affects the productivity of farm animals.