• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.55-59
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• 1973

닭고기의 가공특성(加工特性)을 알고, 가공방법(加工方法)을 개선(改善)하기 위하여 폐계와 육계(肉鷄)를 각(各) 20수(首)씩을 5군(群)으로 나누어(whole carcass, skinned carcass, debonned carcass, thigh muscle, breast muscle) 마쇄하여 실험(實驗)하였다. 그 결과를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 폐계와 육계(肉鷄)의 도체률(屠體率)은 각(各) $64.32{\pm}2.11,\;67.96{\pm}1.16$이었고, 흡수증체률(吸水增體率)은 $105.43{\pm}1.9,\;104.13{\pm}0.2$이었다. 2. 화학성분(化學成分)은 육계(肉鷄)가 폐계보다 수분(水分)이 많고, 지방(脂肪)이 다소(多少) 적었다. 시료별(試料別)로는 폐계, 육계(肉鷄) 공(共)히 whole carcass ground meat가 thigh m., breast m보다 수분이 적고 지방과 회분의 많았다. 3. Relative WHC와 water retention은 thigh m. breast m. 과 skinned carcass가 높고, whole carcass가 가장 낮았다. 4. 가열감량률(加熱減量率)은 각군(各群) 모두 온도(溫度)가 상승할수록 높고 whole carcass가 가장 높았다. 5. Relative WHC, water retention과 가열감량률(加熱減量率)은 폐계와 육계(肉鷄) 사이의 유의성(有意性)은 전혀 인정(認定)되지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.847-854
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• 2014

Different herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for various purposes in poultry production. This study was conducted to assess the effect of feed supplemented with black pepper (Piper nigrum), turmeric powder (Curcuma longa), coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) and their combinations on the performance of broilers. A total of 210 (Cobb) one-d-old chicks were divided into seven groups of 30 birds each. The treatments were: a control group received no supplement, 0.5% black pepper (T1), 0.5% turmeric powder (T2), 2% coriander seeds (T3), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 0.5% turmeric powder (T4), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 2% coriander seed (T5), and a mixture of 0.5% black pepper, 0.5% turmeric powder and 2% coriander seeds (T6). Higher significant values of body weight gain during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) were observed in broilers on T1, T3, T5, and T6 compared to control. Dietary supplements with T1, T2, T3, and T6 improved the cumulative G:F of broilers during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) compared with control. The dressing percentage and edible giblets were not influenced by dietary supplements, while higher values of relative weight of the liver (p<0.05) were obtained in T5 and T6 compared to control. The addition of feed supplements in T5 and T6 significantly increased serum total protein and decreased serum glucose, triglycerides and alkaline phosphatase concentrations compared with the control group (p<0.05). Broilers on T6 showed significant decrease in the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase concentration (p<0.05) compared to control. The broilers having T5 and T6 supplemented feed had relatively greater antibody titre (p<0.001) at 35 d of age than control. It is concluded that dietary supplements with black pepper or coriander seeds or their combinations enhanced the performance and health status of broiler chickens.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2006

In this study, antimicrobial activity of oriental herbal medicine extract (OHME) was tested for some organisms and the preventive effects of OHME for the colonization of Campylobacter jejuni on epithelium of small intestine were examined in Korean native broiler chickens fed a forage added 1.0% OHME. The isolated Campylobacter spp were biotyped, serotyped and the susceptiblility of isolates to antimicrobial agent were examined. The growth of Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited in 0.25% OHME. C. jejuni and C. coli were inhibited in 0.1% OHME, and Salmonella spp, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Escheichia coli 0157 were inhibited in 2.0% OHME. For the application of forage added 1.0% OHME in broiler chicken farm, the frequency of Campylobacter spp from feces, liver and spleen sample of chickens were examined during 2 weeks interval. The frequence of Campylobacter spp in feces from chickens fed assorted forage (control group) was increased from 25% in first week to 75% in seventh week. But the frequence of Campylobacter spp in feces sample from chickens 134 forage added OHME was slightly reduced from 25% in first week to 15% in seventh week. The frequence of Campylobacter spp in liver, and spleen was 13.7% and 10% respectively after seventh week in control group, but the Campylobacter spp was not isolated after fifth week in live and spleen from chickens fed forage added OHME. Isolated 56 strains of thermophilic Campyiobacter from Korean native chickens was classified as C. jejuni (76.7%), C. coli (214%) and C. laridis (1.6%). The majority of 43 isolates of C. jejuni was classified on biotype I (60.4%), II (30.2%). Most of 12 isolates of C.coli were biotype I (83.3%). Isolated 31 strains C. jejuni of showed 11 different serotype, and serotype 36 (18.6%), 17 (13.9%)were most frequent. Isolated 10 strains of C. coli showed 5 different serotypes and serotype 31 (33.3%) and 21 (25%) were relatively common. Isolated Campylobacter spp were highly susceptible to nalidixic acid, amikacin, gentamicin, colistin and chloramphenucol.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.351-359
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, blood profiles and meat quality of broilers, Korean native chickens and white semi broilers under identical feeding conditions. Sixty 1-d chicks of each type were randomly placed into 12 pens per cage (5 chicks per cage) and fed commercial diets for 28, 49, and 28 days, respectively. The broilers showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) growth performance from 0 to 4 weeks compared with the other types. Korean native chickens had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen than that of the other species. The blood glucose was significantly higher in the Korean native chickens compared to the other species, and the blood cholesterol was significantly lower. The Lactobacillus content in Korean native chickens was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the other species, and the E. coli content in the broilers was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the Korean native chickens and white semi broilers. In terms of meat quality, the breast meat of the broilers had a high water content and pH level. The breast meat of the white semi broilers had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) shear force than that of the other species. In conclusion, there was an interspecific physiological difference due to the age and body weight of the chickens. The broilers had a higher growth performance and meat quality compared to the Korean native chickens and white semi broilers.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.128-141
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• 2022

Compared to the conventional farms (CF) rearing of broilers, the rearing management of animal welfare-certified farms (AF) must provide low stocking density, perch, air regulation, and feeding plant-based protein. This study aimed to compare the effects of rearing management in CF and AF on blood parameters, meat quality, and bioactive compound content in Ross 308 broiler chickens at the farm level before transportation to slaughterhouses. Blood and meat samples were obtained at 28-35-dayold chickens from three CF and three AF. In blood samples, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.001), glucose (p<0.01), total protein (p<0.001), albumin (p<0.01), and white blood cell (p<0.001) levels as well as the heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio [stress index (SI), p<0.001] were lower in broilers from AF than in CF. In meat samples, shear force (p<0.001, p<0.05), and carnosine contents (p<0.001, p<0.05) in both breast and thigh meat from AF were higher than those in meat from CF. The contents of linoleic acid (p<0.001), α-linolenic acid (p<0.001), and eicosapentaenoic acid (p<0.05) were higher in the samples from AF than those from CF. This study reveals that such differences are influenced by the different rearing factors in nutrition, housing, and management practices between CF and AF. Supplementation of plant-based protein and enough space to move due to lower stocking density accounts for the large differences between them. These results can be used as preliminary data showing that the AF system reduces the SI and enhances carnosine and polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in chicken meat at the farm level before transportation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.1760-1770
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• 2022

Objective: It is crucial to accurately determine the net energy (NE) values of feed ingredients because the NE system is expected to be applied to the formulation of broilers feed. The NE values of 5 wheat and 5 wheat brans were determined in 12-to 14-day old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers with substitution method and indirect calorimetry method. Methods: A total of 12 diets, including 2 reference diets (REF) and 10 test diets (5 wheat diets and 5 wheat bran diets) containing 30% of test ingredients, were randomly fed to 864 male AA birds with 6 replicates of 12 birds per treatment. These birds were used to determine metabolizable energy (ME) (8 birds per replicate) in the chicken house and NE (4 birds per replicate) in the chamber respectively at the same time. After a 4-d dietary and environment adaptation period, growth performance, energy values, energy balance and energy utilization were measured during the following 3 d. Multiple linear regression analyses were further performed to generate prediction equations for NE values based on the chemical components and ME values. The NE prediction equation were also validated on another wheat diet and another wheat bran diet with high correlation (r = 0.98, r = 0.75). Results: The NE values of 5 wheat and 5 wheat bran samples are 9.34, 10.02, 10.27, 11.33, and 10.49 MJ/kg, and 5.37, 5.17, 4.87, 5.06, and 4.88 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The equation with the best fit were NE = 1.968AME-0.411×ADF-14.227 (for wheat) and NE = -0.382×CF-0.362×CP-0.244×ADF+20.870 (for wheat bran). Conclusion: The mean NE values of wheat and wheat bran are 10.29 and 5.07 MJ/kg DM in AA broilers. The NE values of ingredients could be predicted by their chemical composition and energy value with good fitness.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1967-1976
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the fecal microbiota of broiler chickens reared in the presence of different shades of light-emitting diode (LED) lights, correlating this information with biochemical and molecular evidence that allowed drawing conclusions on the state of health of the animals. Methods: Overall, the metagenomic approach on fecal samples was associated with evaluations on enzymes involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress: glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase and catalase; while the inflammatory aspect was studied through the dosage of a proinflammatory cytokine, the interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the evaluation of the matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9). Specifically, analysis was performed on distinct groups of chickens respectively raised in the presence of neutral (K = 3,300 to 3,700), cool (K = 5,500 to 6,000), and warm (K = 3,000 to 2,500) LED lightings, and a direct comparison was performed with animals reared with traditional neon lights. Results: The metagenomic analysis highlighted the presence of two most abundant bacterial phyla, the Firmicutes and the Bacteroidetes, with the latter characterized by a greater relative abundance (p<0.05) in the group of animals reared with Neutral LED light. The analysis on the enzymes involved in the antioxidant response showed an effect of the LED light, regardless of the applied shade, of reducing the expression of GPX (p<0.01), although this parameter is not correlated to an effective reduction in the tissue amount of the enzyme. Regarding the inflammatory state, no differences associated with IL-6 and MMP-9 were found; however, is noteworthy the significant reduction of MMP-2 activity in tissue samples obtained from animals subjected to illumination with neutral LED light. Conclusion: This evidence, combined with the metagenomic findings, supports a potential positive effect of neutral LED lighting on animal welfare, although these considerations must be reflected in more targeted biochemical evaluations.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.619-628
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to determine and compare the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) fed to broiler chickens and laying hens. Methods: Three semi-purified diets containing the identical crude protein concentration at 20% were formulated to contain SBM, CSM, or LCSM as the sole source of N. A N-free diet was also formulated to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA for broilers and hens. A total of 300 male Ross 308 chicks at one-day-old and 144 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 30-week-old with initial egg production rate of 88.3%±1.0% were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments, respectively. Results: CSM and LCSM showed more Arg and Cys+Met while less Lys, Ile, Leu, and Thr relative to SBM. Significant interactions existed between species and experimental diets for AID (except for Arg, Asp, Glu, Gly, and Pro) and SID (except for Arg, His, and Phe) of most AA. Most AA in diets showed higher AID (except for Lys) and SID (except for Lys, Met, and Ser) in broilers relative to laying hens. The AID and SID of all AA were significantly different between the three diets. In broilers, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg in SBM and LCSM was higher than CSM. In laying hens, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg, Met+Cys, and Phe in SBM was higher than CSM and LCSM. Conclusion: The accurate determination of AID and SID of AA in CSM and LCSM for broilers and layers benefits the application of CSM and LCSM in chicken diets. The cottonseed by-products CSM or LCSM showed the species-specific AA digestibility values for broilers and layers.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.373-382
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• 2010

본 연구는 역삼투 처리한 심층수의 급여가 닭고기의 품질 특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 1일령 Ross 308종 육계 병아리를 음용수의 종류에 따라 2처리구로 나누어 각각 식수(대조구)와 역삼투 심층수를 28일 동안 급여하였다. 대조구의 경우 0.21% 소금이 첨가된 사료를 급여하였으며, 역삼투 심층수 급여구의 경우 심층수 원수를 역삼투 처리한 후 3차 증류수로 1:20(역삼투 심층수:증류수)의 비율로 희석하여 제공하였다. 시료의 처리는 육성 완료시 처리구 마다 각각 5수씩 도축한 다음 가슴육을 $4^{\circ}C$에서 9일 동안 저장하였다. 일반 성분 함량, 지방산 조성, 콜레스테롤 함량, 미네랄 함량, pH, 보수력 및 전단력은 역삼투 심층수의 급여에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 지방산화(TBARS)는 저장 6일째부터 역삼투 심층수 급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 표면 육색은 역삼투 심층수 급여구의 명도(CIE $L^*$)가 저장 6일째부터 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮았으나(P<0.05), 적색도(CIE $a^*$)와 황색도(CIE $b^*$)는 저장 기간 동안 처리구들간에 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 역삼투 처리한 심층수를 육계에게 급여했을 때 닭고기의 저장 중 육색이 어둡게 변하였으며, 지방산화 안정성이 감소하였다. 따라서 역삼투 처리 심층수의 급여는 닭고기의 품질을 저하시키므로 육계의 음용수로서 사용하는 것은 바람직하지 못하다고 판단된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.505-511
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• 2008

본 시험은 육계병아리(Arbor Acare, male) 160수를 6주간 사양하면서 쑥 분말을 후기 3주 동안 급여한 후 도계한 계육을 분석하였다. 쑥을 급여하지 않은 처리구를 대조구로하고, 1% 급여구를 T1, 3% 급여구를 T2 그리고 5% 급여구를 T3 등 4개 처리구로 나누어 사양하였다. 가슴살과 다리살을 진공 포장하여 냉장온도($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$)에서 4주 동안 저장하면서 계육의 일반성분, VBN, TBARS 및 지방산 조성의 변화를 조사하였다. 가슴살의 일반성분 중에 수분, 조단백질, 조섬유는 유의성이 없으나, 조지방은 대조구와 T1보다 T2, T3에서 낮은 함량을 보였다(p<0.05). VBN은 가슴살과 다리살 모두 대조구보다 쑥 급여구에서 낮은 결과를 나타내었고, 모든 처리구에서 저장기간이 지남에 따라 증가하였다(p<0.05). TBARS는 처리구간에 있어서 0주에는 유의성이 없었으나, 가슴살과 다리살 모두 대조구와 T1보다 T2와 T3에서 낮은 결과를 보였다. 그리고 저장기간이 경과하면서 3주까지 거의 직선적으로 증가한 후 4주에는 감소하는 결과이었다. 쑥 분말을 급여함에 따라 가슴살은 T2에서 stearic acid가 대조구와 차이가 없으나, stearic acid와 oleic 함량이 낮았고, linoleic acid는 높았으며, 다리살의 stearic acid는 대조구보다 T1, T2 및 T3에서 낮은 함량을 보였고, linoleic acid는 대조구보다 쑥 급여구에서 높은 함량을 나타내어 쑥을 급여하면 stearic acid는 감소하고, linoleic acid는 증가하여 포화지방산은 감소하고 불포화 지방산은 증가하는 경향이었다. 본 실험 결과 닭에게 5%의 쑥 분말을 급여하면 지방함량을 줄여주며, 단백질의 분해를 지연시키고 지방 산화를 억제시켜 주며, 포화지방산은 감소되고 불포화지방산은 증가되는 긍정적인 효과를 나타내었다.