• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the effects of deep breathing exercise and ankle exercise on blood flow velocity in the femoral vein. Sixteen healthy male students were recruited from Yonsei University, at Wonju. The blood flow velocities in the femoral vein were measured under three different conditions: resting, deep breathing, and ankle exercise. All subjects were given a 5-minute relaxing time in supine position prior to the study. Using a doppler ultrasound with a 8 MHz probe, the peak blood flow velocities were collected in a twenty-second-period at each condition. The subjects took a rest in between trials for the blood flow to return to its resting levels. The result showed a significant difference in peak blood flow velocities under those three conditions (p<.001). The peak blood flow velocity was highest in ankle exercise condition. The peak blood velocity was significantly higher in deep breathing condition compared with the resting condition. As a result, it is revealed that not only the muscular contractions but also the deep breathing exercises induced facilitating effects of venous return. Either of the exercise methods can be recommended to prevent blood stasis in patients with risk of deep vein thrombosis after cardiac or lower extremity surgery.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of respiratory muscle and lung capacity during deep breathing with electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. Methods: This study was conducted on 30 healthy adults in their 20s. Subjects were randomly performed to deep breathing or deep breathing with vagus nerve electrical stimulation. All subjects' diaphragm and internal oblique muscle activity were measured during deep breathing by electromyography, and lung capacity was measured by spirometry immediately after beep breathing. In the vagus nerve stimulation method, the surface electrode was cut into the left ear and then electrically stimulated using a needle electric stimulator. Results: The activity of diaphragm was significantly increased in deep breathing with vagus nerve electrical stimulation than in deep breathing. However, lung capacity did not show any significant difference according to the condition. Conclusion: Vagus nerve electrical stimulation could induce diaphragm activity more than deep breathing alone. Deep breathing with vagus nerve electrical stimulation may enhance the activity of the respiratory muscles and is expected to be an effective treatment for the elderly or COPD patients with poor breathing ability.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.89-101
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• 2016

Objectives In human, there is a diversity in the breathing pattern, for instance inspiratory and expiratory time, volume, breathing frequency, and breath-to-breath variation. Expecially, respiratory variability can provide important information about breathing regulation and physiological flexibility. it is significant to not only breathing index but also physiological index.Methods Thus this paper reviews the literature on respiratory variability with the aim of clinical application.Results We could find the interrelationships and respiratory variability between emotions, psychopathy, sighing, mental and physical activity.Conclusions As a result, respiratory variability can serve an important physiological index in the clinical area and reflects how our bodies act in diverse environments under various condition.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-5
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• 2021

Sleep apnea refers to a condition in which a person does not breathe during sleep, and is a dangerous symptom that blocks oxygen supply in the body, causing various complications, and the elderly and infants can die if severe. In this paper, we present an algorithm that classifies sleep breathing by analyzing the intensity of breathing with images alone in preparation for the risk of sleep apnea. Only the chest of the person being measured is set to the Region of Interest (ROI) to determine the breathing strength by the differential image within the corresponding ROI area. The adult was selected as the target of the measurement and the breathing strength was measured accurately, and the difference in breathing intensity was also distinguished using depth information. Two videos of sleeping babies also show that even microscopic breathing motions smaller than adults can be detected, which is also expected to help prevent infant death syndrome (SIDS).

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.279-284
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of head posture and respiratory pattern on muscle activities of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and scalene during maximal respiration. The seventeen subjects with upper-costal breathing pattern were participated in this study. Surface electromyography was used to measure the muscles activities of SCM and scalene. The volume and velocity of inspiration were monitored by using the spirometer in each subject. Each subject was performed the 3-cycle of respiration in each condition. The mean values of three peak muscle activity in each muscle were used in the data analysis. A2 (head posture: forward head posture: FHP vs. neutral posture) X 2 (breathing pattern: costal vs. diaphragmatic) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the normalized muscle activities of the SCM and scalene. The results showed that the muscle activities of SCM and scalene in diaphragmatic breathing were significantly lower than those in costal breathing for each head posture (p<.0125). The muscle activities of SCM in neutral position were lower than those in forward head position during costal breathing (p<.0125). The diaphragmatic breathing in neutral position of head is recommended to decrease the tension of the accessory inspiratory muscles during respiration in neck-pain patients with FHP.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.229-233
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aims to verify the effects of Pilates exercise using the three-dimensional (3D) Schroth breathing technique on scoliosis patients in comparison with the existing Pilates exercise technique, which uses lateral breathing. Methods: The subjects were 16 scoliosis patients who went to S fitness center in Daegu, Korea. They were randomly and equally divided into a Schroth Pilates exercise group (SPEG), who performed Pilates exercise using 3D Schroth breathing, and a Pilates exercise group (PEG) who performed Pilates exercise using lateral breathing. The subjects conducted the Pilates exercise three times per week for 12 weeks. Changes in their Cobb's angle, angle of trunk rotation, and chest expansion ability were measured before and after the exercise. Results: Both groups experienced significant improvement in their Cobb's angle, angle of trunk rotation, and chest expansion ability after the exercise (p<0.05). Between-group comparison after the exercise showed that SPEG's improvement in Cobb's angle, angle of trunk rotation, and chest expansion ability were more significant than those of the PEG (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study verified that Pilates exercise using 3D Schroth breathing was more effective in improving scoliosis patients'physical condition than existing Pilates exercise. The researcher anticipates that the 3D Schroth breathing technique will be effectively utilized in other diverse intervention exercises besides Pilates exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.81-90
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• 2015

In order to know the characteristics of the hypersonic air-breahting engine, high altitude and Mach number ground test is necessary. Therefore, high pressure and high temperature condition should be simulated to do ground test of the hypersonic air-breathing engine. In this paper, the hypersonic air-breathing engine ground test facility of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute was introduced and the composition and characteristics were described.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.334-339
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• 2023

Objective: The present study is designed to delve deeper into the realm of fibromyalgia (FM) symptom management by investigating the effects of diaphragmatic breathing on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in women diagnosed with FM. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), the study aims to capture real-time PFC activation patterns during the practice of diaphragmatic breathing. The overarching objective is to identify and understand the underlying neural mechanisms that may contribute to the observed clinical benefits of this relaxation technique. Design: A case report Methods: To achieve this, a twofold approach was adopted: First, the patient's breathing patterns were meticulously examined to detect any aberrations. Following this, fNIRS was employed, focusing on the activation dynamics within the PFC. Results: Our examination unveiled a notable breathing pattern disorder inherent to the FM patient. More intriguingly, the fNIRS analysis offered compelling insights: the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) displayed increased activation. In stark contrast, regions of the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) manifested decreased activity, especially when benchmarked against typical activations seen in healthy adults. Conclusions: These findings, derived from a nuanced examination of FM, underscore the condition's multifaceted nature. They highlight the imperative to look beyond conventional symptomatology and appreciate the profound neurological and physiological intricacies that define FM.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.225-230
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• 2006

This study investigates drying condition when a small fan is added to a operating the free-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with dry $H_2$ and Air. Polarization tests were conducted on PEMFCs at cell temperatures between 30 and $50^{\circ}C$ under dry operation. In the results, the cell performance strongly depended on the cell temperature and the cathode gas stoichiometric flow rates. The cell performance increases as cell temperature decreases from 50 to $30^{\circ}C$. In the domain where the stoichiometry of air is quite large, reduction of the concentration overpotential compensated the increased internal resistance due to drying. The maximum performance was obtained at the small air flow rate beyond which flooding occurs. This indicates that the fan should be operated in the stoichiometry domain with a well designed cell structure to avoid flooding.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.95-104
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• 2019

Smoke generated in a fire consists of gaseous substances and particulate matter, such as unburned carbon that adsorbed the gases. Human injury caused by inhalation of gaseous substances present in smoke is mostly short-term, whereas damage caused by inhalation of particulate matter is relatively a long-term phenomenon depending on the state of the gas-phase adsorption. The amount and location of the deposited smoke particles are important factors in estimating the damage caused to humans, which are affected by the breathing conditions as well as particle conditions, such as the size and concentration affected by the combustion conditions. In this study, in order to understand the characteristics of the deposition of smoke particles in the respiratory tract related to the study of human smoke inhalation injury, the number and mass concentration of smoke particles deposited in different areas of the respiratory tract for different fuel types, combustion conditions and breathing conditions were calculated. In addition, the amount of mass deposition of smoke in the respiratory tract for a certain period of inhalation was compared with the atmospheric standard of fine dust.