• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.15-39
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• 2008

Objective : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of breath meditation with neurofeedback on memory, concentration of healthy adult volunteers Method 25 healthy adult volunteers were divided into two groups. One group was treated with breath meditation and real neurofeedback, but the other group was administered with breath meditation and sham neurofeedback three times a week for 10 sessions, Before and after 10 sessions neurofeedback, all subjects were measured by cognitive functions assessment, heart rate variability, BDI, STAI, K-WAIS, HRSD, VAS about amnesia. Results : 1. Breath Meditation decreased error rate and increased concentration, cognition strength, and success rate of Cognitive Functions Assessment. Also, Breath Medication elevated IQ score of K-WAIS short form. 2. Sham : neurofeedback increased concentration, cognition strength compared to Real neurofeedback. Conclusion : The results suggest that breath meditation might effect cognitive function of healthy adult positively, but neurofeedback is not clear. In order to prove whether neurofeedback is effective or not, it should be studied more.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to analyze the responses of breath-counting meditations with the psychological test and the physical index. Methods: Breath-counting meditation was applied to 10 normal adults. Then, clinical research State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), State-Trait Anger eXpression Inventory (STAXI), Psychosocial Well-being Index Short Form (PWI-SF), Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument-Korean version (BEPSI-K), Heart Rate Variability (HRV), and Vital Signs (V/S) were carried out to analyze the responses of breath-counting meditations. Results: 1) Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) decreased on the fifteenth day of breath-counting meditation, and Body Temperature (BT) increased on the fifteenth day. In addition, respiration decreased throughout the period of breath-counting meditation. 2) Standard deviations of N-N interval and Total Power (TP) of HRV all significantly increased on the fifteenth day of breath-counting meditation. 3) Scores of STAI1, STAXI1, STAXI2, and PWI-SF decreased after the breath-counting meditation. Conclusions: The results suggested that breath-counting meditations have positive responses to anger, anxiety and stress.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of breath-counting meditation on anxiety disorder patients with panic attack. Methods: Two anxiety disorder patients with panic attack were treated with Breath-counting Meditation, acupunctures, and herb-medications. The patients have been predicted for anxiety disorder with panic attack through Dignosis and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), BDI (Beck Depression Inventory), and BAI (Beck Anxiety Inventory) on their 1st and 6th treatments. Results: After the treatments, both the physical and psychological symptoms have decreased. Conclusions: This study suggests that the breath-counting meditation is an effective way for treating patients who are suffering from anxiety disorder with panic attack.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Breath-Counting Meditation according to Personal Characteristics through the changes of Vital Signs (V/S) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Methods: 41 adults were classified according to gender and A-type behavior, then each group was compared for the changes on V/S and HRV through Breath-Counting Meditation of 10 minutes. Results: 1) Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were both significantly decreased in females, and the respiration level decreased significantly in both the male and female groups. 2) Respiration level decreased significantly in both the A-type and Non-A-type groups. 3) LF decreased significantly in both the male and female groups. HF increased significantly in both the male and female groups. 4) TP, LF and LF/HF increased significantly and HF decreased significantly in the Non-A-type group. Conclusions: Breath-Counting Meditation has respiratory effects for all groups and HRV of male, female and Non-A-type groups.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.36-44
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of breath-counting meditation (BCM) and deep breathing (DB) on heart rate variability (HRV). These breathing techniques have the characteristics of non-paced and self-controlled breathings, resulting in less increase of HRV. We also compared BCM and DB with usual breathing (UB) or relaxing breathing (RB) which can reveal the characteristics of those. Methods: 83 healthy volunteers sitting in chairs performed non-paced breathing; UB, RB, BCM, and DB each for 5 minutes. One minute of relaxation was permitted between breathings. Participants surfed the internet sitting in front of a computer during UB, while for RB, they remained steady with eyes closed. For BCM, they breathed inwardly counting from 1 to 10 repetitively, while they took a deep breath during DB. Physiological indices were simultaneously recorded with a biofeedback system. Results: Respiration rate, thoracic amplitude, and mean heart rate decreased in RB compared with UB, but there was no change in HRV. Respiration rate in BCM and DB was lower than that in UB or RB, and the amplitude of thorax or abdomen, and HRV all increased (p<0.05). However, mean heart rate and skin conductance decreased in BCM compared with UB (p<0.05), whereas those were no different between DB and UB. Conclusion: BCM, just concentrating mentally on breathing with counting each breath, can increase HRV with less sympathetic activation, while DB, actively moving thorax and abdomen for achieving the deepest respiration rate, can greatly raise HRV with the maintenance of mean vagal or sympathetic tone.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.231-239
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out whether or not there are differences of effects when we count breaths on inspiration or expiration, and how differently the effects show up according to gender or Sasang Constitution Methods A group of 79 participants were enrolled and diagnosed Sasang Constitution by Sasang Constitution Diagnosis System of the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Physical responses to respiratory changes were measured by Biofeedback sensors that were attached to the participants while they were seated comfortably on a sofa and breathing normally without counting for 5 minutes, counting on inspiration for 5 minutes, and counting on expiration for 5 minutes. Results and Conclusions 1. Mean heart rate and respiration rate decreased in association with breathing counting on inspiration and expiration more than breathing normally without counting. Especially respiration rate was stabilized during counting on inspiration and mean heart rate was stabilized during counting on expiration. 2. Interaction between breathing methods and gender did not appear. In comparison between gender, LF/HF ratio was higher in male during breathing normally without counting and counting on inspiration. Body temperature was higher in male during counting on inspiration and expiration. 3. Interaction between breathing methods and Sasang Constitution did not appear. In comparison between Sasang Constitution, mean heart rate was higher in Soyang-in, Soeum-in than Taeeum-in and abdominal amplitude was lower in Taeeum-in than Soeum-in.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2000

In the study of psychosomatic disorders caused by Qi-experience, the results were as follows: 1. People are becoming more and more interested in qigong, but sometimes peple are suffer from side effects from Qi-experience. In oder to treat this side effects of qigong, it is important to control Qi unbalance. And this is associated with the mechanism of stress-reaction. 2. The causes of side-effects were tension of body and mind, concentration of head, enduring breath, and wrong qigong-method, etc. 3. The symptoms of side-effects were headache, flushing face, chest discomfort, neck stiffness, indigestion, etc. 4. The theraphy of side-effects is herb-medicine, acupuncture, moxibution, and more effective by application of psychotheraphy, relaxation-theraphy, music, aroma, taping.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.693-702
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for developing effective forest healing programs for retirees by identifying their characteristics and preferences. A survey was conducted on demographic characteristics, overall perceptions of forest healing, and preferences for forest healing programs, targeting a total of 258 retirees visiting a natural recreation forest and a healing forest. The results of the survey suggested that the awareness of the forest treatment program and the hope of participating in it were both high, but the experience of participating in the program was low. Among the forest healing programs, the order of preference was "Breath in the forest", "Wind bathing and sunbathing", and "Feeling negative ions in the valley". Based on these results, it is expected that the forest healing program for retirees will be used as basic data for development of such programs in the future.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.359-375
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• 2009

This study developed a program that integrated MBSR-K and progressive muscular relaxation for the health and well-being of patients with chronic pain, and proved its effectiveness by studying 40 chronic pain patients. This program used nature of mind, body scanning meditation, breath meditation, mindfulness meditation, Hatha yoga and progressive muscular relaxation to ease chronic pain. Whenever negative feelings and emotions such as fear, anxiety, and pain occurred, the program focused on those emotions and observed the outcome. This program, which was based on the results of the preceding studies, was composed of eight courses. Major findings of the study are as follows: First, the meditation group that was composed of patients with chronic pain had significant decrease of physical symptoms compared to the control group. Second, to confirm the outstanding features of the participating patients with chronic pain that brought change in the effect of the program, characteristics of clients were analysed. Third, the program factor that influenced the effectiveness of the treatment process was evident when the training was performed twice a week rather than having once a week of training and second week for homework.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.177-198
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine the theory of mind and body practice in Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon from the point of views of Taoism, Buddhism, and Oriental medicine. Methods : An ideological background and development of Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon was first examined. Then, the definition of, other descriptions of, and various locations of, Dan-Jeon were investigated. In addition, the theory of Qi movement of Shui Sheng Huo Jiang (ascent of water Chi and descent of fire Chi) in Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon was taken into consideration from perspectives on the thought of Taoist Nei Dan (internal alchemy) and Oriental medicine. Finally, the characteristics of mind and body practice in Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon. Results & Conclusions : Dan-Jeon in Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon consists of three parts, upper, middle, and lower Dan-Jeon, which is related to Jing (sperm, essence) Qi (breath, eneregy) Shen (spirit, intellect) of our body. Jing Qi Shen is a crucial part in our mind and body, mind and body are connected by energy, and the energy flow is possible by ascent of water Chi and descent of fire Chi. Ultimately, Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon is a method of practice to keep one's mind and body healthy, and its purpose is to do timeless meditation in our daily lives regardless of time and place.