• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.941-947
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• 2008

In the braking of a railroad car, mechanical brake systems using wheel tread and brake disk are applied as well as electrical brake systems by regenerator and rheostat. During disk braking, kinetic energy of the vehicle is converted into thermal energy through friction between disk and brake pad. And it causes high temperature concentration and generates thermal crack on the brake disk surface. In this study, comparative test process for heat-resistance of candidate materials was designed for development of brake disk materials having high heat-resistance. We also verified the efficiency of the process by experiments using conventional brake disk materials.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.543-553
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• 2007

It is becoming increasingly difficult for engines using conventional fuels and combustion techniques to meet stringent emission norms. The homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI) concept is being evaluated on account of its potential to control both smoke and NOx emissions. However, HCCI engines face problems of combustion control. In this work, a single cylinder water-cooled diesel engine was operated in the HCCI mode. Diesel was injected during the suction stroke($0^{\circ}$ to $20^{\circ}$ degrees aTDC) using a special injection system in order to prepare a nearly homogeneous charge. The engine was able to develop a BMEP(brake mean effective pressure) in the range of 2.15 to 4.32 bar. Extremely low levels of NOx emissions were observed. Though the engine operation was steady, poor brake thermal efficiency(30% lower) and high HC, CO and smoke were problems. The heat release showed two distinct portions: cool flame followed by the main heat release. The low heat release rates were found to result in poor brake thermal efficiency at light loads. At high brake power outputs, improper combustion phasing was the problem. Fuel deposited on the walls was responsible for increased HC and smoke emissions. On the whole, proper combustion phasing and a need for a well- matched injection system were identified as the important needs.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.701-710
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate experimentally the effect of low purity methanol (LPM) on performance and smoke emission characteristics by using a four-cycle, four-cylinder, water-cooled, direct injection diesel engine with EGR system. The experiments are performed by the change of engine load in the engine load ranges of 25 to 100% with an interval of 25% under the constant engine speed of 2000 rpm. The LPM in the fuel blends contained 24.88% water by volume. The blended fuel ratios of diesel oil to LPM are maintained at 100/0, 95/5, 90/10 and 85/15% on the volume basis. In this paper, EGR rates are varied in three conditions of 0, 12.8 and 16.5%. The result shows that the brake power of a blended fuel with 15% LPM is reduced more 11.1% than that of the neat diesel oil at the full load with the EGR rate of 16.5%. At this condition, also, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is increased by 3.2%, the exhaust gas temperature is decreased by 10.7%, the smoke opacity is decreased by 18.7% and the brake thermal efficiency is increased by 7.3%. The sharp reduction of smoke opacity for a blended fuel with the LPM content of 15% at the full load without EGR system is observed by 68.4% compared with that of the neat diesel oil due to the high oxygen content of LPM.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.5-10
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• 2005

The effect of ultrasonic energy for diesel fuel and blend oil has been revealed in this paper. The experimental setup consisted of a high speed diesel engine with 4 cylinder, dynamometer and ultrasonic fuel feeding system. Ultrasonic energy was added to diesel fuel and blend oil, which is a blend of diesel fuel and rape-seed oil. As engine speed was changed, engine torque and power, brake specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency were measured in detail. As the results, by adding ultrasonic energy to diesel fuel and blend oil, the engine performance was improved in range of the experiment. The effect of improvement on brake specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency for blend oil is higher than that for diesel fuel. When ultrasonic energy was added to diesel fuel or blend oil, a rise in engine torque for diesel fuel was higher than that for blend oil, but the effect of ultrasonic energy was small. From these results, it may be desirable to add ultrasonic energy to blend oil for the use of blend oil to diesel engine.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.65-71
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• 1991

This paper describes briefly the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the performance of four cycle diesel engine. Experiments were carried out to clarify the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the characteristics of viscosity, structure of diesel oil, fuel consumption rate, brake thermal efficiency, smoke emissions, cylinder pressure of engine. The results are obtained as follows: 1. The ultrasonic vibrations of diesel oil result in the decrease of kinematic viscosity, Brachness Index of diesel oil. 2. The ultrasonic vibrations of diesel oil result in the decrease of fuel consumption rate, the improvement of brake thermal efficiency of engine. 3. The ultrasonic vibrations of diesel oil result in the decrease of smoke emissions of engine.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2002

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) variables on performance and emission characteristics in a 2-liter 4-cylinder spark-ignition LPG fuelled engine. The effects of EGR on the reduction of thermal loading at exhaust manifold were also investigated because the reduced gas temperature is desirable for the reliability of an engine in light of both thermal efficiency and material issue of exhaust manifold. The steady-state tests show that the brake thermal efficiency increased and the brake specific fuel consumption decreased with the increase of EGR rate in hot EGR and with the decrease of EGR temperature in case of cooled EGR, while the stable combustion was maintained. The increase of EGR rate or the decrease of EGR temperature results in the reduction of NOx emission even in the increase of HC emission. Furthermore, decreasing EGR temperature by $180^{\circ}C$ enabled the reduction of exhaust gas temperature by $15^{\circ}C$ in cooled EGR test at 1600rpm/370kPa BMEP operation, and consequently the reduction of thermal load at exhaust. The optimization strategy of EGR application is to be discussed by the investigation on the effect of geometrical characteristics of EGR-supplying pipe line.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.97-110
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• 1992

Rape-seed oil has high viscosity and high rubber content like other vegetable oils. When crude rape-seed oil obtained by a general oil extraction process is used in a diesel engine, automization condition during injection is not good and a large amount of combustion product is doposited in a combustion chamber. The improvement of a diesel engine is required to use rape-seed oil as a diesel engine fuel. In this study, the physical and chemical properties and combustion characteristics of rape-seed oil were investigated. The auxiliary aid was developed to improve automization condition and the effect of the auxiliary injection aid on the performance of a diesel engine was determined. The results are as follows. 1) Oil content of rape-seed is 45%. The exraction rate is 33%. The resuls show higher values compared to those of other vegetable oils. 2) The viscosity of rape-seed oil is 50.8 cSt and nearly 14 times of diesel oil viscosity. 3) The heating value and flash point of rape-seed oil are 9720kcal/Kg and 318$^{\circ}C$, respectively. 4) In case rape-seed oil is used as fuel, brake horse power, specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency are compared to those of diesel oil. The results of rape-seed oil show 3.6%, 12.7% and 3.1% higher values. 5) Particle size of injection fuel with the auxiliary injection aid on the performance of a diesel engine was determined. The results are as follows. 1) Oil content of rape-seed is 45%. The extraction rate is 33%. The results show higher values compared to those of other vegetable oils. 2) The viscosity of rape-seed oil is 50.8 cSt and nearly 14 times of diesel oil viscosity. 3) The heating value and flash point of rape-seed oil are 9720kcal/Kg and 318.deg.C, respectively. 4) In case rape-seed oil is used as fuel, brake horse power, specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency are compared to theose of diesel oil. The results of rape-seed oil show 3.6%, 12.7% and 3.1% higher values. 5) Particle size of injection fuel with the auxiliary injection aids is 100.mu.m smaller than that od injection fuel without the aid. 6) Brake horse power and brake thermal efficiency with the auxiliary injection aid increase 5.07% and 6.07%, respectively. However, specific fuel consumption decreases 3.85% with the auxiliary injection aid.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.100-105
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• 2008

Cross-drilling on the brake disc is generally known as a way of improving cooling efficiency. In other theories, cross-drilled holes act like a path of gas or water and are also known that they can reduce fading and wetting of brake rotors. However, in disc rotors with cross-drilling, thermal crack phenomena have been reported more frequently and more manufacturing cost should be paid than non cross-drilled disc rotors. In this study, to examine various effects of cross-drilling on the brake disc, two kinds of brake disc rotors, cross-drilled and non cross-drilled, were used in computational fluid dynamic analyses and dynamometer tests.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1983

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of improving the performance of a kerosene engine with water addition. The engine used in this study was a single-cylinder, four-cycle kerosene engine with the compression ratio of 4.5. Water could be successfully added into the inlet manifold by an extra carburetor for the volumetric ratios of 5, 10, 20, and 30 percents. Variable speed tests at wide-open throttle were performed for five speed levels in the range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm for each fuel type. Volumetric efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption were determined, and brake thermal efficiency based on the lower heats of combustion of kerosene was calculated. To examine variation in fuel consumption, CO concentration, and cooling water temperature, part load tests were also performed. The results obtained are summarized as follow. (1) Brake torque increased almost in proportion to volumetric efficiency. But the ratio of increase in torque was greater than that of volumetric efficiency. Mean torque over the speed range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm increased 1, 3, 7, and 2 percents for 5, 10, 20, and 30 percents water addition, respectively. The increase in brake torque with water addition was greater at lower speeds. (2) Mean brake specific fuel consumption over the speed range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm decreased 1, 2, 3, and 3 percents for 5, 10, 20, and 30 percents water addition, respectively. (3) Mean temperature of cooling water over the speed range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm decreased 2, 4, 8, and 12 percents for 5, 10, 20, and 30 percents water addition, respectively. (4) The effects of decreasing CO concentration in the exhaust emissions with water addition were significant. At the speed range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm, CO concentration in the exhaust emissions decreased 2, 10, 23, percents for 5, 10, and 20 percents water addition, respectively. (5) Deposits were not discovered in the combustion chamber during the experiment. However, a little rust was formed in the water-supply carburetor.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1196-1202
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• 2003

The concept of hydrogen enriched LPG fuelled engine can be essentially characterized as low emissions and reduction of backfire for hydrogen engine. The purpose of study is obtaining low-emission and high-efficiency in LPG engine with hydrogen enrichment. In order to determine the ideal compression ratio, a variable compression ratio single cylinder engine was developed. The objective of this paper is to clarify the effects of hydrogen enriched LPG fuelled engine on exhaust emission, thermal efficiency and performance. The compression ratio of 8 was selected to minimize abnormal combustion. To maintain equal heating value, the amount of LPG was decreased, and hydrogen was gradually added. In a similar manner, the relative air-fuel ratio was increased from 0.8 to 1.3 in increment of 0.1, and the ignition timing was controlled to be at MBT each case.