• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.199-206
• /
• 2006

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various electroacupuncture stimulation on neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS) in cerebral cortex, brain stem, cerebellum of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Methods : We evaluated the changes of nNOS-positive neurons using a immunohistochemical method. The staining intensity of nNOS positive neurons was assessed in a quantitative fashion using a microdensitometrical method based on optical density by means of an image analyzer. Results : The average optical density of nNOS-positive neurons of 100 Hz (bipolar square wave 0.2 ms duration and 100 Hz frequency) electroacupuncture treatment group significantly decreased in most cortical areas comparison between the manual acupuncture and 2 Hz (bipolar square wave 0.2 ms duration and 2 Hz frequency) electroacupuncture groups. In the brain stem, the optical density of nNOS-positive neuron at superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus area, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray area and paralemniscal nucleus were same as cerebral cortex. Conclusion : We conclude that the morphological evidence for nNOS-positive neurons may be have regional change in cerebral cortex brain stem and cerebellum according to various electroacupuncture stimulations.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.1687-1694
• /
• 2019

Background: Although cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is reported to have positive effects on mental functions such as depression and sleep improvement, detailed studies regarding awakening, attention and concentration among brain waves reflecting brain activity are lacking. Objective: To examine the effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on various electroencephalograms (EEGs) reflecting brain activities. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial (single blind) Methods: This study selected 30 healthy adult women in their 20s who volunteered for this experiment. A total of 30 subjects were randomly assigned to three groups (Sham group, 0.5 Hz CES group, and 100 Hz CES group). EEGs were measured before and after the single CES, and the results were compared and analyzed. Results: The relative theta, alpha, and gamma waves indicated no significant differences in the interaction effects between time and group. The relative fast alpha wave only showed significant differences in the interaction effects between time and group in P4. The relative slow beta wave only indicated statistically significant differences in the interaction effects between time and group in T3 and T4. The relative mid and fast beta waves showed statistically significant differences in the interaction effects between time and group in all areas. Conclusions: These results suggest that a CES of 0.5 Hz awakens consciousness and has a positive influence on brain activity, while a CES of 100 Hz has a positive influence on thinking activity accompanying mental load during concentrating on one subject.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.36
• /
• pp.237-257
• /
• 2014

This study is the process of performing the interdisciplinary fusion study between multiple fields by identifying the status on the previous artistic education considering the brain scientific mechanism of image creativity and brain-based learning principles. In recent years, producing the educational methods of each field as the fusion study activities are emerging as the trend and thanks to such, the results of brain-based educational fusion studies are being presented for each field. It includes artistic fields such as music, art and dance. In other words, the perspective is that by understanding the operating principles of the brain while creativity and learning is taking place, when applying various principles that can develop the corresponding functions as a teaching method, it can effectively increase the artistic performance ability and creativity. Since the animation drawing should be able to intuitively recognize the elements of movement and produce the communication with the target beyond the delineative perspective of simply drawing the objects to look the same, it requires the development of systematic educational method including the methods of communication, elements of higher cognitive senses as well as the cognitive perspective of form implementation. Therefore, this study proposes a literature study results on the artistic education applied with brain-based principles in order to design the educational model considering the professional characteristics of animation drawing. Therefore, the overseas and domestic trends of the cases of brain-based artistic education were extracted and analyzed. In addition, the cases of artistic education studies applied with brain-based principles and study results from cases of drawing related education were analyzed. According to the analyzed results, the brain-based learning related to the drawing has shown a common effect of promoting the creativity and changes of positive emotion related to the observation, concentration and image expression through the training of the right brain. In addition, there was a case of overseas educational application through the brain wave training where the timing ability and artistic expression have shown an enhancement effect through the HRV training, SMR, Beta 1 and neuro feedback training that strengthens the alpha/seta wave and it was proposing that slow brain wave neuro feedback training contributes significantly in overcoming the stress and enhancing the creative artistic performance ability. The meaning of this study result is significant in the fact that it was the case that have shown the successful application of neuro feedback training in the environment of artistic live education beyond the range of laboratory but the use of the machine was shown to have limitations for being applied to the teaching methods so its significance can be found in providing the analytical foundation for applying and designing the brain-based learning principles for future animation drawing teaching methods.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.39C no.2
• /
• pp.122-129
• /
• 2014

In this study, emotion-classification gathered from users was performed, classification-experiments were then conducted using SVM(Support Vector Machine) and K-means algorithm. Total 15 numbers of channels; CP6, Cz, FC2, T7. PO4, AF3, CP1, CP2, C3, F3, FC6, C4, Oz, T8 and F8 among 32 members of the channels measured were adapted in Brain signals which indicated obvious the classification of emotions in previous researches. To extract emotion, watching DVD and IAPS(International Affective Picture System) which is a way to stimulate with photos were applied and SAM(Self-Assessment Manikin) was used in emotion-classification to users' emotional conditions. The collected users' Brain-wave signals gathered had been pre-processing using FIR filter and artifacts(eye-blink) were then deleted by ICA(independence component Analysis) using. The data pre-processing were conveyed into frequency analysis for feature extraction through FFT. At last, the experiment was conducted suing classification algorithm; Although, K-means extracted 70% of results, SVM showed better accuracy which extracted 71.85% of results. Then, the results of previous researches adapted SVM were comparatively analyzed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.13-25
• /
• 2008

This study of a music therapy program for the 18 subjects residing in Jeollanam-do province was conducted two times per week during 4 months totalling 17 times in order to evaluate the reduction of the characteristics of patients suffering from stress disorder patients such as depression, and anxiety, Though the experiment for non-symmetric level the concentration and appearance of Alpha wave were determine to be stable but the findings from non-symmetric level according to the left-right brain activity were not significant for T-test, though its effective intermission of music therapy due to variation of the mean values was demonstrated, and the variation of the Alpha wave appearance rate was also significant for the statistics of the T-test for the effectiveness of the music therapy. And for the reduction of depression, emotion, and state-trait anxiety between groups divided into the control group and the experiment, pre-measurement and post-measurement comparisons through psychological tess, validated the effectiveness of music therapy for Posttraumatic stress disorder patients. First of all, this study was conducted in the situation of scarce study cases and program developments for the efficacy of music therapy for the patients suffering from Posttraumatic stress disorders without precedent studies of scientific identification through brain wave measurement. Because this study is insightful in the context of validating the efficacy of musical treatment, we expect that these kinds of studises will be continued.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effect of changes in pain on the autonomic nervous system and brain waves after inducing delayed-onset muscle soreness(DOMS). Based on voluntary participation, 28 participants with induced-DOMS were randomly divided into control(non-treatment, n=14) and experiment groups(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and kinesio taping, n=14). Intervention was performed from first day to fifth days after the onset of DOMS. Measurements were performed using the Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), Heart Rate Variability(HRV), and brain wave before DOMS induction, 24 hours after, fifth day after, and eighth day after. According to the study results, when DOMS occurred, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system was increased or the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system was suppressed, and reduction of pain due to interventions showed the opposite activity. A decreased in alpha was seen during pain, but was not significant. These results will help develop and study pain management and treatment strategies.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 1994

Electromagnetic wave may induce effect and damage on the bio-body, either by electric fields of magnetic fields. We measure electrophysiological changs in rabbit's brain exposed to 2.45GHz micro wave(power density 40mW/cm$^2$) which distance 30cm from the source. In order to process the bio-electrical signal (EEG), used pre-amplifier module with self-made and Digtal analyzer computer system. Spectal analysis of the EEG showed variable power in the frequency range(1～30Hz) through each exposure time(10min, 20min, 30min) before and after. In effectively measured by the bio-electrical signal processing and can found threshold of minmal permissible exposure and lethal exposure.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2009.02a
• /
• pp.749-755
• /
• 2009

BCI (Brain-Computer Interface) is a way to control computer by using the human brain waves. As the hardware using brain wave technologies has developed, former expensive and big sized brain wave measuring devices have recently become much smaller and cheaper in their prices, making it possible for the individuals to buy them. This predicts them to be applied in various fields of multimedia industry. This thesis is to give an insight into whether the BCI device can be used as a new gaming device approaching it in a game designing point of view. At first, we propose game play elements that can effectively utilizing the BCI devices and produce a game prototype adopting the BCI device based on such game play elements. Next, we verify it with statistical data analysis to show that the prototype adopting the BCI device gives more clear and efficient controls in its game play than a game of only adopting keyboard & mouse devices. The results will give a guideline for effective game design methodology for making BCI based games.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.31-44
• /
• 2009

BCI (Brain-Computer Interface) is a way to control computer by using the human brain waves. As the hardware using brain wave technologies has developed, former expensive and big sized brain wave measuring devices have recently become much smaller and cheaper in their prices, making it possible for the individuals to buy them. This predicts them to be applied in various fields of multimedia industry. This thesis is to give an insight into whether the BCI device can be used as a new gaming device approaching it in a game designing point of view. At first, we proposed game play elements that can effectively utilizing the BCI devices, systematize, and produced a game prototype adopting the BCI device based on such game play elements. Next, we verified it with statistical data analysis to show that the prototype adopting the BCI device gives more clear and efficient controls in its game play than a game of only adopting keyboard & mouse devices and analysis verified that BCI-based game play elements provide users with a more intuitive and interesting experience than traditional non-BcI-based game play elements. The results will give a guideline for effective game design methodology for making BCI based games.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.236-243
• /
• 2004

In this paper, we proposed a brain-computer interface system using EEG signals. It can generate 4 direction command signal from EEG signals captured during imagination of subjects. Bandpass filter used for preprocessing to detect the brain signal, and the power spectrum at a specific frequency domain of the EEG signals for concentration status and non-concentration one is used for feature. In order to generate an adequate signal for controlling the 4 direction movement, we propose a new interface system implemented by using a support vector machine and a time-multiplexing method. Moreover, bio-feed back process and on-line adaptive pattern recognition mechanism are also considered in the proposed system. Computer experimental results show that the proposed method is effective to recognize the non-stational brain wave signal.