• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.404-414
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• 2015

Taurine is one of the most abundant free ${\beta}$-amino acids in the human body that accounts for 0.1% of the human body weight. It has a sulfonic acid group in place of the more common carboxylic acid group. Mollusks and meat are the major dietary source of taurine, and mother's milks also include high levels of this amino acid. The leukocytes, heart, muscle, retina, kidney, bone, and brain contain more taurine than other organs. Furthermore, taurine can be synthesized in the brain and liver from cysteine. There are no side effects of excessive taurine intake in humans; however, in case of taurine deficiency, retinal abnormalities, reduced plasma taurine concentration, and other abnormalities may occur. Taurine enters the cell via a cell membrane receptor. It is excreted in the urine (approximately 95%) and feces (approximately 5%). Taurine has a number of features and functions, including conjugation with bile acid, reduction of blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, promotion of neuron cell differentiation and growth, antioxidant effects, maintenance of cell membrane stability, retinal development, energy generation, depressant effects, regulation of calcium level, muscle contraction and relaxation, bone formation, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-cancer and anti-atherogenic effects, and osmotic pressure control. However, the properties, functions, and effects of taurine require further studies in future.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.106-106
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• 1997

Cinmetacin, one of the candidate of NSAID of arylacetate group was developed into a prodrug SJ-151 with butendiol group to minimize its gastrointestinal side effects. We studied its excretion and distribution after single oral administration in rats. Male rats were orally administered with 30, 60, 80 or 120mg/kg of SJ-151 and their urine and stool were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hour after administration. To evaluate its tissue distribution, 120mg/kg of SJ-151 was orally given and samples of blood, liver, kidney and brain were taken at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hour of administration. As results, less than 0.1% of administered SJ-151 was detected in 48 hour collected urine as its metabolite cinmetacin. 33-50% of administered SJ-151 was observed in 48 hour collected stool as SJ-151. 3-7% of excreted SJ-151 was observed in 48 hour collected stool as cinmetacin. SJ-151 and cinmetacin were not detected in the brain regardless of dosage. SJ-151 was detected neither in kidney nor in liver. Only cinmetacin was observed in both organs with kidney concentrations higher than liver throughout the observation period. On the whole, organ concentration of cinmetacin fluctuated through 0.1-1.5 times that of plasma. As no reports on the metabolism of SJ-151 or cinmetacin in specific organs has been published yet, any detailed explanation of these results needs further study and the plasma concentration profile of rats showed remarkable interspecies difference with dogs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.315-319
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• 2009

Astragalus Membranaceus (AM) is a useful Korean herb that has been clinically prescribed for stress-related illness. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-stress effects of AM on repeated stress-induced alterations of anxiety, learning and memory in rats. Restraint stress was administered for 14 days (2h/day) and AM (400mg/kg) given by oral administration, in the AM group, for the same period. Starting on the eighth day, the rats were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze test (MW) and for anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). Changes of expression on immunohistochemistry were studied for cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the brain. The results showed that the rats treated with AM had significantly reduced stress-induced deficits on learning and memory on the spatial memory tasks. In addition, the ChAT immunoreactivities were increased. In the EPM, treatment with AM increased the time spent in the open arms (p<0.001) compared to the control group. In addition, AM treatment also normalized increases of TH expression in the LC (p<0.001). In conclusion, administration of AM improved spatial learning and memory and reduced stress-induced anxiety. Thus, the present results suggest that AM is able to recover behavioral and neurochemical impairments induced by stress.

• BMB Reports
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2014

Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and its brain-specific homologue, PTBP2, are associated with pre-mRNAs and influence pre-mRNA processing, as well as mRNA metabolism and transport. They play important roles in neural differentiation and glioma development. In our study, we detected the expression of the two proteins in glioma cells and predicted that they may be sumoylated using SUMOplot analyses. We confirmed that PTBP1 and PTBP2 can be modified by SUMO1 with co-immunoprecipitation experiments using 293ET cells transiently co-expressing SUMO1 and either PTBP1 or PTBP2. We also found that SUMO1 modification of PTBP2 was enhanced by Ubc9 (E2). The mutation of the sumoylation site (Lys137) of PTBP2 markedly inhibited its modification by SUMO1. Interestingly, in T98G glioma cells, the level of sumoylated PTBP2 was reduced compared to that of normal brain cells. Overall, this study shows that PTBP2 is posttranslationally modified by SUMO1.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.167-178
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• 1970

체중이 $43{\pm}2g$ 되는 흰쥐 암수 70마리를 7 group으로 나누어 Sugar-casein diet를 사료로 하여 pair-feeding에 의한 50% 식이제한으로 9주간 사육한 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 50%식이제한으로 나타나는 현상은 체중감소와 더불어 각 장기의 무게가 감소하였고 실험기간이 길어질수록 감소율이 높았다. 각 장기중 간과 비장의 무게의 감소가 심했고 뇌가 가장 영향을 적게 받았다. 질소의 체내 보유율은 식이제한 group이 control group 보다 높았으나 몸무게 g당 체내 보유율은 식이제한 group이 높았고 식이제한 group의 몸무게는 감소하여 신체 내에서 단백질의 경제적연 이용을 알 수 있다. 식이제한으로 인한 각장기의 질소 RNA, DNA함량은 비장이 식이제한에 가장 예민하고 뇌가 가장 둔한 경향을 나타내었다. 식이제한으로 Hematology에 뚜렷한 변화는 없고 식이제한으로 anemia의 현상이 나타난다고는 할 수 없고 Serum albumin 이나 A/G Ratio도 두 group 사이에 식이제한 전기간을 통해 차이가 없었다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제4권
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• pp.67-80
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• 1995

This study was done in order to investigate the treatment of occidental and oriental medicine on dementia(mainly senile dementia and cerobrovascular dementia). The results were as follows ; 1. Dementia must treat a direct causes, but uncountable dementia(senile dementia) and cerobrovascular dementia can't treat at present. 2. Sciopsychological treatment in very important in dementia patient ; maintance of appropriate stimulation, psychological rest, physical examination, dietary cure and safety device is needed. On secondary mental disorder, antipsychotics, anxiolytics and antidepressants have to prescribe properly. 3. Treatments of Senile dementia(uncountable cerebral degenerative disease) proscribed hydergine which is peripheral vasodilator and physostigmine which increase cholinergic activity of brain, but this have slight effect on some patients. On treatments of cerobrovascular dementia, the medication that improved the cell metabolism and circulation of brain, this improved only a subjective symptom, but isn't foundamental treatment. 4. A tonic medicine is used basically, the methods are as follows. 1) Kenwihwadam(健胃火痰)-Sesimtang(洗心湯) 2) Bosiniksu(補腎益髓)-Hwansodan(還少丹) 3) Bosimiksin(補心益腎)-Gyuibitang(歸脾湯), Singyuo(神交湯) 4) Boheoansin(補虛安神)-Cilbokem(七福飮), sanggitang(生氣湯) 5) geoeohwalhyel(祛瘀活血)-tonggyuhwalhyeltang(通竅活血湯), 5. Acupuncture therapy on dementia used follow acupuncture point ; Yamen(啞門 GVl5), Laokung(勞宮 HC8), Tsusanli(足三里 ST36), Shenshu(腎兪 BL23), Tachui(大椎 GVl4), Chiuwei(鳩尾 CVl5), Sanyinchiao(三陰交 SP6), Yungchuan(涌泉 KI1), Shipsun(十宣), Shousanli(手三里 LI10), Taichong(太衝 LV3) In moxibustion therapy, Dachui(大椎 GVl4) point is used.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.767-776
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• 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is clinically characterized with progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Synaptic dysfunction is an early pathological feature that occurs prior to neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction. Mounting evidence suggests that aggregation of amyloid-${\alpha}$ ($A{\alpha}$) and hyperphosphorylated tau leads to synaptic deficits and neurodegeneration, thereby to memory loss. Among the established genetic risk factors for AD, the ${\varepsilon}4$ allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor. We and others previously demonstrated that apoE regulates $A{\alpha}$ aggregation and clearance in an isoform-dependent manner. While the effect of apoE on $A{\alpha}$ may explain how apoE isoforms differentially affect AD pathogenesis, there are also other underexplored pathogenic mechanisms. They include differential effects of apoE on cerebral energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, neurovascular function, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. ApoE is a major carrier of cholesterols that are required for neuronal activity and injury repair in the brain. Although there are a few conflicting findings and the underlying mechanism is still unclear, several lines of studies demonstrated that apoE4 leads to synaptic deficits and impairment in long-term potentiation, memory and cognition. In this review, we summarize current understanding of apoE function in the brain, with a particular emphasis on its role in synaptic plasticity and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, involving low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), syndecan, and LRP8/ApoER2.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.549-553
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• 1995

갈화(Puerariae flos)추출물이 rat의 혈액, 뇌 및 간의 ethanol농도를 유의차있게 감소시켰다. 혈중 ethanol의 감소 효과는 ethanol을 투여한지 1시간 경과한 때에 대조군과 가장 많은 차이를 보였으며 열수 추출물이 80% ethanol 추출물보다 혈중 ethanol 농도를 더 크게 감소시킴이 관찰되었다. Ethanol 투여 10분 전에 갈화추출물 투여가 1시간 전 혹은 10분 후에 투여한 군에 비해서 ethanol 농도 저하에 더 효과적이었으며, 간과 뇌 조직에서도 ethanol의 농도가 저하되는 현상이 관찰되었다. 그러나 이 때 acetaldehyde는 검출되지 않았다. 혈중 ethanol 농도를 가장 효율적으로 감소시키는 갈화 추출물의 적정량은 55.7 mg/kg body weight이었다. 이번 실험을 위해 새로이 시도된 dichloromethane에 의한 시료 추출과 GC를 이용한 분석법은 간단, 신속 하면서도 좋은 분석결과를 보였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.137-159
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• 2021

Long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are nutrients involved in many metabolic and physiological processes, and are referred to as n-3 LCPUFA. They have been extensively studied for their effects in human nutrition and health. This paper provides an overview on metabolism, sources, dietary intake, and status of n-3 LCPUFA. A summary of the dietary recommendations for n-3 LCPUFAs for different age groups as well as specific physiological conditions is provided. Evidence for n-3 LCPUFA in cardiovascular diseases, including new studies, is reviewed. Expert recommendations generally support a beneficial effect of n-3 LCPUFA on cardiovascular health and recommend a daily intake of 500 mg as DHA and EPA, or 1-2 servings of fish per week. The role of n-3 LCPUFA on brain health, in particular neurodegenerative disorders and depression, is reviewed. The evidence for beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFA on neurodegenerative disorders is non-conclusive despite mechanistic support and observational data. Hence, no definite n-3 LCPUFA expert recommendations are made. Data for the beneficial effect of n-3 LCPUFA on depression are generally compelling. Expert recommendations have been established: 200-300 mg/day for depression; up to 1-2 g/day for major depressive disorder. Recent studies support a beneficial role of n-3 LCPUFAs in reducing the risk for premature birth, with a daily intake of 600-800 mg of DHA during pregnancy. Finally, international experts recently reviewed the scientific evidence on DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) in infant nutrition and concluded that the totality of data support that infant and follow-on formulas should provide both DHA and ARA at levels similar to those in breast milk. In conclusion, the available scientific data support that dietary recommendations for n-3 LCPUFA should be established for the general population and for subjects with specific physiological conditions.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.136-145
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• 2023

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe neuropsychiatric abnormality in patients with either acute or chronic liver failure. Typical brain magnetic resonance imaging findings of HE are bilateral basal ganglia high signal intensities due to manganese deposition in chronic liver disease and hyperintensity in T2, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, or diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with hemispheric white matter changes including the corticospinal tract. Low values on apparent diffusion coefficient mapping of the affected area on DWI, indicating cytotoxic edema, can be observed in acute HE. However, neuropsychological impairment in HE ranges from mild deficits in psychomotor abilities affecting quality of life to stupor or coma with higher grades of hepatic dysfunction. In particular, the long-lasting compensatory mechanisms for the altered metabolism in chronic liver disease make HE imaging results variable. Therefore, the clinical relevance of imaging findings is uncertain and differentiating HE from other metabolic diseases can be difficult. The recent introduction of concepts such as "acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF)," a new clinical entity, has led to a change in the clinical view of HE. Accordingly, there is a need to establish a corresponding concept in the field of neuroimaging diagnosis. Herein, we review HE from a historical and etiological perspective to increase understanding of brain imaging and help establish an imaging approach for advanced new concepts such as ACLF. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an understanding of HE by reviewing neuroimaging findings based on pathological and clinical concepts of HE, thereby assisting in neuroimaging interpretation.