• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.55-58
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• 2011

It is important to study using experimental animals for research about stroke. Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) is avaluable diagnosticmethods for stroke diagnosis. The purpose of this research is to know the Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) and histopathological characteristics findings after induction of photothrombotic cerebral infarction in rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, Rose Bengal dye(20 mg/kg) was intravenously injected. The right sensonrimotor cortex of rat brain was exposed to cold light of 7 mm diameter at a position of 1 mm anterior and 3.5 mm lateral to bregma for 20 min. The post-infarction effects were monitored by T1 weighted and T2 weighted images of brain MRI. Histopathological changes were observed after Hematoxylin & Eosin staining. The lesion appeared clearly high signal intensity area on T2 weighted images(the major axis $7.04{\pm}0.11$ mm, the minor axis $3.08{\pm}0.04$ mm) and also H&E staining was same result. In conclusion, MRI was avaluable diagnostic methods for diagnosis and serial changes of stroke.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2018

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 뇌손상 환자의 신경학적 변화 측정도구인 뇌전도의 측정도구 및 방법, 평가와 분석방법을 알아봄으로써 임상영역에서 뇌전도 측정 시 기초자료를 제시하는 것에 있다. 연구방법 : 전자 데이터 베이스인 Pubmed, Science Direct를 사용하였으며, 주요검색 용어로 'Electroencephalography', 'stroke', 'intervention OR training'을 사용하였다. 결과 : 뇌전도는 두뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스(Brain-computer interface)를 이용하여 재활의 효과를 뇌의 활성화 상태 변화로 측정할 수 있는 도구로 기능적 뇌 재조직화 매커니즘을 확인할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 뇌전도 측정도구의 경우 다양한 채널, 전극의 형태 및 전극 부착 부위로 구성되어 있으며, 결과해석에 사용되는 주파수 또한 다양하게 나타났다. 결론 : 뇌전도는 중재에 대한 효과성을 신경학적으로 확인할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 효율적인 작업치료를 위한 중재전략을 마련하는데 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.318-321
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• 2011

In this study, when a physician make a diagnosis of the Pattern Identifications(PIs) of stroke patients, the development methods of the PIs classification function is considered by diagnostic questionnaire of the PIs for stroke patients. Clinical data collected from 1,502 stroke patients who was identically diagnosed for the PIs subtypes diagnosed by two clinical experts with more than 3 years experiences in 13 oriental medical hospitals. In order to develop the classification function into PIs using the 44 items-Fire&heat(19), Qi-deficiency(11), Yin-deficiency(7), Dampness phlegm(7)- of them was significant statistically by univariate analysis in 61 questionnaires totally, we make some comparisons of the results of discriminant analysis model and generalized logit model. The overall diagnostic accuracy rate of the PIs subtypes for discriminant model(74.37%) was higher than 3% of generalized logit model(70.09%).

• PNF and Movement
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.37-51
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• 2008

Purpose : This paper focuses on the emerging concept that adult central nervous system neurogenesis can be regulated by various physical activity, enriched environment, and pathological conditions. Neurogenesis-the production of new neuron-is an ongoing process that persists in the adult brain of mammalian, including humans. Result : The adult brain was thought be limited in its regenerative function. However, this concepts changed, recent evidence of neurogenesis in certain adult brain areas such as SVZ(subventricular zone) and SGZ(subgranular zone) in hippocampus, raised possibility for improved treatment for patient with stroke. Neural plasticity has an adaptive purpose, because an ability of the brain to change in response to peripheral stimulation, physical activity, experience, and injury. Conclusions : The major function of the neurogenesis in adult brain seems to be replacing the neuron that die regularly in discrete adult brain regions. These cells are capable of functionally integrating into neighboring neural cells, and reconnecting to the correct neural networks. This review suggest that various intervention, including physical activity, voluntary movement training, skilled forelimb reaching training, and enriched environment, induced neural cell production in certain adult brain, and associated with functional recovery after stroke.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권1호통권69호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2007

Objectives : The present study was carried out to provide basic information necessary for the prevention and efficient treatment of stroke through a comparison between thr patients of the first attack and those of recurrence. Methods : The observation f3r the current study was made on 210 cases of stroke that were confirmed through brain CT-scan. The patients were hospitalized at one of two oriental medical hospitals in Seoul during 2006. Result : The main results were as follows. First, the male-to-female ratio of stroke patients were 1:1.26, with more primary stroke far females and more recurrent stroke for males. Second, in the age distribution, seventies was the top, and sixties, fifties, and forties were next in the order of frequency. A large city was the most frequent residential site and unemployment was the most frequent occupation to have stroke. The incidence of stroke became higher as patients had a taste for spicy and salty food. Third, the most common preceding disease was hypertension. In the relationship of diastolic blood pressure with recurrence, there was significance in the test of independence. Fourth, the most important precipitating conditions at the onset of stroke were rest and steeping. The most common precedent symptoms were verbal disturbance, numbness, and dizziness. In the stroke patients with hemiparesis, male and female patients usually showed It. hemiparesis. Fifth, as a result of brain CT-scan, cerebral hemorrhage was inclined to reduce but cerebral infarction was inclined to increase due to senility and change of lifestyle. Finally, total cholesterol findings disclosed that 22.4% were hypercholesteremia, 18.6 % were hyperlipemia in triglyceride findings, and 19.0% were glycosemia in glucose findings. Conclusions : The above results suggested avoidance of meat and salty fDod and positive control of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in order to prevent stroke.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2006

Objectives : Acupuncture has been widely applied to rehabilitation after stroke by Oriental medical doctors in Korea. It has been reported that acupuncture increased cerebral blood supply and stimulated the functional activity of brain nerve cells. In addition, a correlation between activation of specific areas of brain cortices and corresponding acupuncture stimulation at the therapeutic points had been well illustrated. rill now, however, there were few studies which evaluated a correlation between activation of specific areas of brain and frequently-used acupuncture therapy for stroke, such as LI4-LI11 electro-acupuncture (EA) for paresis after stroke. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of LI4-LI11 EA on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in normal volunteers using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). Methods : In the resting state, $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ brain SPECT scans were performed on 10 normal volunteers (8 males, 2 females, mean age $25.6{\pm}2.3$years; age range from 24 to 31 years). 7 days after the resting examination, 15 minutes of electro-acupuncture were applied at LI 4 and LI 11 on the right side of the subjects. Immediately after LI4-LI11 EA, the second SPECT images were obtained in the same manner as the resting state. Significant increases and decreases of regional cerebral blood flow after LI4-LI11 EA were estimated by comparing their SPECT images with those of the resting state using paired t statistics at every voxel, which were analyzed by Statistical parametric mapping with a threshold of p=0.001, uncorrected (extent threshold: k=100 voxels). Results : EA applied at right LI4-LI11 increased rCBF in right frontopolar area (Brodmann area 10) and left middle frontal area (Brodmann area 46). Interestingly, all the areas showing increased rCBF corresponded to the territories of both anterior cerebral arteries. However, LI4-11 EA decreased rCBF in the left occipital lobe (peristriate area, Brodmann area 19). Conclusions : The results demonstrated a correlation between LI4-11 EA and rCBF increase in the frontal lobes. It is also suggested that there may be a correlation between LI meridian and the territory of the anterior cerebral arterties.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2015

Objective : To determine whether the use of contrast enhancement (especially its extent) predicts malignant brain edema after intra-arterial thrombectomy (IAT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods : We reviewed the records of patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent IAT for occlusion of the internal carotid artery or the middle cerebral artery between January 2012 and March 2015. To estimate the extent of contrast enhancement (CE), we used the contrast enhancement area ratio (CEAR)-i.e., the ratio of the CE to the area of the hemisphere, as noted on immediate non-enhanced brain computed tomography (NECT) post-IAT. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the CEAR values being either greater than or less than 0.2. Results : A total of 39 patients were included. Contrast enhancement was found in 26 patients (66.7%). In this subgroup, the CEAR was greater than 0.2 in 7 patients (18%) and less than 0.2 in the other 19 patients (48.7%). On univariate analysis, both CEAR ${\geq}0.2$ and the presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage were significantly associated with progression to malignant brain edema (p<0.001 and p=0.004), but on multivariate analysis, only CEAR ${\geq}0.2$ showed a statistically significant association (p=0.019). In the group with CEAR ${\geq}0.2$, the time to malignant brain edema was shorter (p=0.039) than in the group with CEAR <0.2. Clinical functional outcomes, based on the modified Rankin scale, were also significantly worse in patients with CEAR ${\geq}0.2$ (p=0.003) Conclusion : The extent of contrast enhancement as noted on NECT scans obtained immediately after IAT could be predictive of malignant brain edema and a poor clinical outcome.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 뇌졸중 동물 실험 모델에서 환경 강화는 기능 회복을 향상 시키고 이로 인하여 뇌에 형태학적, 생화학과 행동에서 특징적인 변화와 그 효과들을 소개하고, 뇌졸중 환자에 환경 강화의 적용은 재활치료 및 작업치료를 포함한 다양 치료와 전 임상 실험의 중요성을 설명하고자 한다. 이 종설 논문에서는 주로 뇌졸중 동물 실험 모델에서 환경 강화로 인한 기능적 회복에 대한 효과와 신경 친화성 물질, 특정 단백질의 발현 및 임상 적용 사례 등의 연구 결과들을 소개하였다. 마지막으로 임상에서 뇌졸중 환자에게 환경 강화의 적용 가능성과 작업치료 및 재활치료의 관점에서 설명하였다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are ubiquitous in living cells and are essential for eukaryotic cell growth. These polycations interact with negatively charged molecules such as DNA, RNA, acidic proteins and phospholipids and modulate various cellular functions including macromolecular synthesis. Dysregulation of the polyamine pathway leads to pathological conditions including cancer, inflammation, stroke, renal failure and diabetes. Increase in polyamines and polyamine synthesis enzymes is often associated with tumor growth, and urinary and plasma contents of polyamines and their metabolites have been investigated as diagnostic markers for cancers. Of these, diacetylated derivatives of spermidine and spermine are elevated in the urine of cancer patients and present potential markers for early detection. Enhanced catabolism of cellular polyamines by polyamine oxidases (PAO), spermine oxidase (SMO) or acetylpolyamine oxidase (AcPAO), increases cellular oxidative stress and generates hydrogen peroxide and a reactive toxic metabolite, acrolein, which covalently incorporates into lysine residues of cellular proteins. Levels of protein-conjuagated acrolein (PC-Acro) and polyamine oxidizing enzymes were increased in the locus of brain infarction and in plasma in a mouse model of stroke and also in the plasma of stroke patients. When the combined measurements of PC-Acro, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated, even silent brain infarction (SBI) was detected with high sensitivity and specificity. Considering that there are no reliable biochemical markers for early stage of stroke, PC-Acro and PAOs present promising markers. Thus the polyamine metabolites in plasma or urine provide useful tools in early diagnosis of cancer and stroke.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.550-557
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of Bi-Su as a pattern identification (PI) index in stroke patients. Methods : The subjects were 424 hospitalized stroke patients within 1 month from onset and diagnosed with the same PI subtypes (dampness & phlegm, qi deficiency, fire & heat, eum deficiency, and blood stasis) by agreement of two clinical experts. Bi-Su type is a kind of body shape (Bi : fat, Su : lean). Bi-Su type and degree (Bi-Su score) were decided by clinical expert. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were used as an obesity index. Correlation analysis between Bi-Su score and obesity index (Spearman) and variance analysis for Bi-Su score, BMI, and WHR among PI subtypes (ANOVA) and sex were carried out. Results : While there was partial correlation between Bi-Su type and BMI($r^2$=0.634, p<0.001), the distribution of the BMI group based on the Bi-Su group showed the broadest range. The Bi-Su score in the dampness & phlegm group was higher than in the other groups (p<0.001). BMI in the dampness & phlegm groups was also higher but the BMI differences among PI subtypes was low (p=0.002). The Bi-Su score in the dampness & phlegm group was similar in both sexes, although the hand score in the eum deficiency group was the lowest, especially in males. Conclusions : Although BMI is not an objective enough tool for evaluating Bi-Su type, Bi-Su type is more appropriate than BMI as PI index. Therefore Bi-Su type could be used as one of the PI indices for dampness & phlegm or eum deficiency group in stroke patients.