• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.191-202
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing factors university students' will toward brain death organ donation. Methods: Data from 250 students were collected using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using a chi-squared test, independent t-test, and binary logistic regression with the SPSS 23.0 program. Results: Factors influencing will of brain death organ donation were announcing to decision to engage in brain death donation(Confidence interval(CI)=3.02-32.14, p<.001), experience of having discussed brain death organ donation with others(CI=1.26-5.72, p=.011), intention to make advance directives(ADs)(CI=1.90-9.57., p<.001), and positive attitude toward ADs(CI=1.05-1.29, p=.004). Conclusions: The most important factors affecting the will of brain death organ donation were making an informed decision regarding organ donation, intending to make an AD, having engaged in organ donation conversation, and a positive attitude toward ADs.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of Brain Death Organ Donation Education on nurses' knowledge and attitudes. Methods: It is a quasi-experimental study using the non-equivalent control group. A total of 100 nurses participated in the study; 50 in the experimental group, and the rest in control group. Collected data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2-test$, t-test and ANCOVA by SPSS 12.0 program Results: There was a statistically significant difference in knowledge (F=13.29, p<.001), and attitude (F=4.35, p=.040) after the experimental group received Brain Death Organ Donation Education. Conclusion: The Brain Death Organ Donation Education was revealed as an effective tool in improving nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.345-355
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• 2014

Mitigating secondary delayed neuronal injury has been a therapeutic strategy for minimizing neurological symptoms after several types of brain injury. Interestingly, secondary neuronal loss appeared to be closely related to functional loss and/or death of astrocytes. In the brain damage induced by agonists of two glutamate receptors, N-ethyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA), NMDA induced neuronal death within 3 h, but did not increase further thereafter. However, in the KA-injected brain, neuronal death was not obviously detectable even at injection sites at 3 h, but extensively increased to encompass the entire hemisphere at 7 days. Brain inflammation, a possible cause of secondary neuronal damage, showed little differences between the two models. Importantly, however, astrocyte behavior was completely different. In the NMDA-injected cortex, the loss of glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing ($GFAP^+$) astrocytes was confined to the injection site until 7 days after the injection, and astrocytes around the damage sites showed extensive gliosis and appeared to isolate the damage sites. In contrast, in the KA-injected brain, $GFAP^+$ astrocytes, like neurons, slowly, but progressively, disappeared across the entire hemisphere. Other markers of astrocytes, including $S100{\beta}$, glutamate transporter EAAT2, the potassium channel Kir4.1 and glutamine synthase, showed patterns similar to that of GFAP in both NMDA- and KA-injected cortexes. More importantly, astrocyte disappearance and/or functional loss preceded neuronal death in the KA-injected brain. Taken together, these results suggest that loss of astrocyte support to neurons may be a critical cause of delayed neuronal death in the injured brain.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2003

Increasing evidences suggest that ischemia-induced vascular damage is an integral step in the cascade of the cellular and molecular events initiated by cerebral ischemia. In the present study, employing a mouse brain endothelioma-derived cell line, bEnd.3, and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) as an in vitro stroke model, the role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) activation during ischemic injury was investigated. OGD was found to activate NF-${\kappa}B$ and to induce bEnd.3 cell death in a time-dependent manner. OGD phosphorylated neither 32 Ser nor 42 Tyr of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. OGD did not change the amount of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. The extents of OGD-induced cell death after 8 h, 10 h, 12 h and 14 h of OGD were 10%, 35%, 60% and 85%, respectively. Reperfusion following OGD did not cause additional cell death, indicating no reperfusion injury after ischemic insult in cerebral endothelial cells. Three known as NF-${\kappa}B$ inhibitors, including pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) plus zinc, aspirin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), inhibited OGD-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and increased OGD-induced bEnd.3 cell death in a dose dependent manner. There were no changes in the protein levels of bcl-2, bax and p53 which are modulated by NF-${\kappa}B$ activity. These results suggest that NF-${\kappa}B$ activation might be a protective mechanism for OGD-induced cell death in bEnd.3.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-19
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine nursing college students' knowledge of and attitudes toward brain death, organ donation and organ transplantation. The research design utilized in this study was a descriptive research design. The data were collected from September 7 to 14, 1998, by means of strutted questionnaire. To measure students' knowledge of brain death, organ donation and organ transplantation, Joo's(1995) instrument was used. The questionnaire was composed of 22 items. To measure students' attitudes toward organ donation and organ transplantation, s(1995) Instrument was used. The questionnaire was composed of 22 items. The data were analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient using the SAS program. The results were as follows : 1. Students' knowledge of brain death, organ donation and organ transplantation was 9-20. The mean score was 15.36, with 22, the highest possible score. There was statistically significant difference between students' knowledge and approval on the brain death recognition group(t=9.75, p=0.002). 2. Students' altitudes toward organ do nation and organ transplantation showed is mean score of 3.61 on a 5 attitudes points Liken scale. More than 80% of respondents agreed that organ transplantation can offer a high quality of life to the recipient and is an acceptable form of medical treatment. The health care costs associated with organ transplantation are worth itif another's life can be saved. Students felt it important to help others who are very ill. Also, by donating organs, students felt a part of their own body would continue to live by making it possible for someone else to live. Only 2.9% of students objected to organ donation for religious reasons. There was statistically significant difference among students' attitudes, experienced blood donor group(t=17.04, p=0.000), approval on the brain death recognition group (t=21.06, p=0.000), organ donation agreement group(t=46.13, p=0.000).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.485-491
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• 2016

Objective : The aims of the Korean Neuro-Trauma Data Bank System (KNTDBS) are to evaluate and improve treatment outcomes for brain trauma, prevent trauma, and provide data for research. Our purpose was to examine the mortality rates following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a retrospective study and to investigate the sociodemographic variables, characteristics, and causes of TBI-related death based on data from the KNTDBS. Methods : From 2010 to 2014, we analyzed the data of 2617 patients registered in the KNTDBS. The demographic characteristics of patients with TBI were investigated. We divided patients into 2 groups, survivors and nonsurvivors, and compared variables between the groups to investigate variables that are related to death after TBI. We also analyzed variables related to the interval between TBI and death, mortality by region, and cause of death in the nonsurvivor group. Results : The frequency of TBI in men was higher than that in women. With increasing age of the patients, the incidence of TBI also increased. Among 2617 patients, 688 patients (26.2%) underwent surgical treatment and 125 patients (4.7%) died. The age distributions of survivors vs. nonsurvivor groups and mortality rates according the severity of the brain injury, surgical treatment, and initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were statistically significantly different. Among 125 hospitalized nonsurvivors, 70 patients (56%) died within 7 days and direct brain damage was the most common cause of death (80.8%). The time interval from TBI to death differed depending on the diagnosis, surgical or nonsurgical treatment, severity of brain injury, initial GCS score, and cause of death, and this difference was statistically significant. Conclusion : Using the KNTDBS, we identified epidemiology, mortality, and various factors related to nonsurvival. Building on our study, we should make a conscious effort to increase the survival duration and provide rapid and adequate treatment for TBI patients.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.74-79
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• 2020

It is necessary to expand organ donations of the deceased, as more ethical problems are emerging from the increase in organ donations from the living. As the legal and ethical discussions on donation after circulatory death (DCD) as a field with the potential to expand such domestic organ donation are being held, the need for a social consensus is increasingly highlighted. Organ DCD refers to the donation of an organ from a patient whose spontaneous blood circulation has stopped due to cardiac death. In this study, we aimed to examine whether there are legal and ethical obstacles or medical uncertainties for expanding the practice of DCD. By law, death is recognized as cardiac death, and brain death is recognized as an exception for organ transplantation. Although circulatory death precedes brain death, this paper presents a discussion to begin the process of reaching an ethical and legal agreement on whether or not circulatory death can be recognized as death. Successful implementations of DCD, including Category III DCD, in other countries are currently being reviewed to introduce Category III DCD in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.802-811
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test and validate a model to predict living and brain death organ donation intention in nursing students. The conceptual model was based on the theory planned behavior. Methods: Quota sampling methodology was used to recruit 921 nursing students from all over the country and data collection was done from October 1 to December 20, 2013. Results: The model fit indices for the hypothetical model were suitable for the recommended level. Knowledge, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control explained 40.2% and 40.1% respectively for both living and brain death organ donation intention. Subjective norm was the most direct influential factor for organ donation intention. Knowledge had significant direct effect on attitude and indirect effect on subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. These effects were higher in brain death organ donation intention than in living donation intention. Conclusion: The overall findings of this study suggest the need to develop systematic education programs to increases knowledge about brain death organ donation. The development, application, and evaluation of intervention programs are required to improve subjective norm.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.355-366
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of study was to describe operation room nurses' ethical values in relationship to the attitude and meaning of life toward organ transplantation in brain death. Methods: This study used a descriptive correlational survey design. Participants were 174 nurses who had attended to organ transplantation surgery in brain death more than once. Data were collected from September 1 to 11, 2015 and were analyzed using independent t-test, ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS 22.0. Results: Educational level, attitude on organ transplantation in brain death, and meaning of life were significant variables predicting the level of nursing ethical value, accounting for 82.6% of the variability. Conclusion: Continued education and self-development programs should be encouraged for operating room nurses to establish professional nursing ethics as well as positive meaning of life and attitude toward the organ transplantation in brain death.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.496-502
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• 1998

The present study was carried out to determine the possible use of cTn-I in the cardiac myofibrillar architecture, as a potential target for in vivo radioimmunodetection of cardiac damage in a brain death pig model. Radioiodiantion of the anti-cTn-I 5F4 McAb was carried out by lactoperoxidase method. the percentage iodine incorporation achieved was 70-75%. The radioiodinated McAbs were purified on Sephadex G-25 column and characterised by Paper chromatography, Phast Gel electrophoresis and electroimmunoblotting. Radioiodinated anticTn-I 5F4 McAbs were employed alongside Pyrophosphate($Tc_{99m}$-PPi$) and $Thallium^{201}$ chloride($TI^{201}$) in 24 landrace pigs (brain-dead=18 & sham-operated=6). The percentage cardiac uptake of the radiolabelled antibody injected dose was significantly higher in the brain dead animals(0.196%) as compared to that of sham-operated animals (0.11%). Specific in vivo localization of radiolabelled McAbs in the infarcted cardiac tissue was confirmed by computer-aided reconstruction of 3-D images of the isolated heart. The preliminary results of the study revealed preferential uptake of radiolabelled antibody at the site of myocyte damage resulting from artificially induced brain death.