• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.309-317
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• 2009

This study was to investigate the effects of restoring cognition function and neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus according to memory and learning training in rats affected by brain injury. Brain injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats(36 rats) through middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAo). And then experiment groups were randomly divided into three groups; Group I: Brain injury induction(n=12), Group II: the application for treadmill training after brain injury induction(n=12), Group III: the application for memory and learning training after brain injury induction(n=12). Morris water maze acquisition test and retention test were performed to test cognitive function. And the histological examination was also observed through the immunohistochemistric response of BDNF(brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in the hippocampus. For Morris water maze acquisition test, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time(p<.001). The time to find the circular platform in Group III was more shortened than in Group I, II on the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th day. For Morris water maze retention test, there were significant differences among the groups(p<.001). The time to dwell on quadrant circular platform in Group III on the 13th day was the longest compared with other groups. And as the result of observing the immunohistochemistric response of BDNF in the hippocampus CA1, the response of immunoreactive positive in Group III on the 7th day increased more than that of Group I, II. These results suggested that the memory and learning training in rats with brain injury has a more significant impact on restoring cognitive function via the changes of neurotropic factor expression and synaptic neuroplasticity.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.45-60
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• 2008

Objectives : Sopung-tang(Shufeng-tang) is a famous herbal prescription that treated ischemic brain injury. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Sopung-tang(Shufeng-tang) on congnition and motor function recovery after ischemic brain injury in rats. Methods : Male rats were divided into 4 groups. Those rats caused ischemic brain injury by occlusion of MCA as Longa method. Control group I was per os normal saline for 7 days after ischemic brain injury. Control group II was per os normal saline for 14 days after ischemic brain injury. Experimental group I(Ex I) was taken with Sopung-tang(Shufeng-tang) for 7 days after ischemic brain injury. Experimental group II(Ex II) was taken with Sopung-tang(Shufeng-tang) for 14 days after ischemic brain injury. The author carried out neurological, cognitive motor behavior tests and histological assessment. Neurological motor behavior tests consist of limb placement test, beam-walking test and horizontal wire test. Morris water maze test was used for cognitive motor behavior test. In the histological assessment test, TTC(2,3,5-triphenylteterazolium chloride) staining, Hematoxylin & Eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining were experimented. Results : 1. In neurological motor behavior tests, motor function recovery was significantly increased in the experimental groups as compared with control groups(p<0.05). Especially Ex II was significantly increased as compared with Ex I(p<0.05). 2. In Morris water maze test, congnitive motor function recovery was significantly increased in the experimental groups as compared with control group(p<0.05). Especially Ex II was significantly increased as compared with Ex I(p<0.05). 3. In the immunohistochemical staining for the expression of BDNF in hippocampus, more immune reaction was investigated in the experimental groups as compared with control groups. Especially most immune reaction was experimented in the EX II. Conclusions : According to the above results, Sopung-tang(Shufeng-tang) can treat on the congnition and motor function recovery after ischemic brain injury in rats. And it is effective method in expression of BDNF in hippocampus.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.264-272
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• 2021

Background: Gintonin is a ginseng-derived exogenous G-protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand, which exhibits in vitro and in vivo functions against Alzheimer disease (AD) through lysophosphatidic acid 1/3 receptors. A recent study demonstrated that systemic treatment with gintonin enhances paracellular permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through the LPA1/3 receptor. However, little is known about whether gintonin can enhance brain delivery of donepezil (DPZ) (Aricept), which is a representative cognition-improving drug used in AD clinics. In the present study, we examined whether systemic administration of gintonin can stimulate brain delivery of DPZ. Methods: We administered gintonin and DPZ alone or coadministered gintonin with DPZ intravenously or orally to rats. Then we collected the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and serum and determined the DPZ concentration through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Results: Intravenous, but not oral, coadministration of gintonin with DPZ increased the CSF concentration of DPZ in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Gintonin-mediated enhancement of brain delivery of DPZ was blocked by Ki16425, a LPA1/3 receptor antagonist. Coadministration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) + gintonin with DPZ similarly increased CSF DPZ concentration. However, gintonin-mediated enhancement of brain delivery of DPZ was blocked by axitinip, a VEGF receptor antagonist. Mannitol, a BBB disrupting agent that increases the BBB permeability, enhanced gintonin-mediated enhancement of brain delivery of DPZ. Conclusions: We found that intravenous, but not oral, coadministration of gintonin facilitates brain delivery of DPZ from plasma via LPA1/3 and VEGF receptors. Gintonin is a potential candidate as a ginseng-derived novel agent for the brain delivery of DPZ for treatment of patients with AD.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.209-223
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• 2004

Objective : This study was performed to investigate the knowledge, concerns, attitudes of mothers about febrile convulsion in order to suggest education programs. Methods : The subjects of questionnaire investigation were 142 mothers visited pediatrics in Gyeongju dongguk oriental hospital between 3 september and 16 December 2004 with child under 5 years of age. Results : The rate of incorrect answer was 46.0%, experienced mothers had significant high scores than non-experienced mothers in knowledge. Mothers believed reccurent febrile convulsion will cause brain damage(88.7%), considered every febrile convulsion child will have another FC(68.3%). Mothers anticipated inserting object into the child's mouth(72.5%), rushing the child to the hospital(67.6%) during convulsion. Mothers concerned about the risk of subsequent epilepsy(70%) and experienced mothers measured the child's body temperature more frequently than before(66.7%). Conclusions : Answered mothers had inadequate knowledge, high concerns, and didn't know proper management. This suggests that enough information is needed to mothers and proper education programs should be developed in febrile convulsion.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2015

Purpose: To determine factors of kindergarten teachers' willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to suggest education methods toward CPR. Methods: We interviewed 92 kindergarten teachers trained to administer CPR. Among them, 74 answered the questions regarding CPR experience, barriers, and willingness. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of willingness factors to cognition, performance, and attitude toward CPR. Results: Of the participants, 73 (98.7%) were female, 32 (43.0%) were in their twenties (mean age: 33.9 years), 31 (41.9%) graduated college, 47 (63.5%) had < 10 years of tenure, and 65 (87.8%) and 62 (83.8%) indicated willingness to perform CPR to family members and kindergarteners, respectively. Barrier factors included fear of performing CPR incorrectly (46.8%) and injuring the victim (25.6%). Willingness factors included understanding brain death (37.7%) and performing CPR correctly (26.1%). Willingness predictors included attitude toward family members (OR: 4.54, 95% CI: 1.19 -17.39, p = .027) and kindergarteners (OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.15-8.22, p = .025), and cognition to kindergarteners (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.13-0.99, p = .050). Conclusion: The kindergarten teachers were more willing to perform CPR to family members and kindergarteners than to others in an attitude-dependent manner.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2018

Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is inherited microangiopathy caused by mutations in the Notch3 gene. Typical findings from brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) include subcortical lacunes, extensive white matter change and cerebral microbleeds(CMBs). CMBs are indicative of bleeding-prone microangiopathy. Despite some studies investigating the association between lacunes and cognitive dysfunction in CADASIL, few studies have examined the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and CMBs. We sought to assess whether CMBs are associated with cognitive dysfunction in CADASIL. This study enrolled 83 consecutive patients with CADASIL between April 2012 and January 2014. Their degree of cognitive dysfunction was assessed by the Korean version of the CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery, digit span test, and the Stroop test. A 3.0-T MRI was used to obtain T1-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and susceptibility weighted images. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the grade of CMBs influenced tests of memory dysfunction (p=0.003). Three or more lacunes correlated with dysfunction in the executive domain (p=0.013) and attention domain (p=0.005). White matter hyperintensity (WMH) was an independent predictor of executive dysfunction (p=0.001). These findings suggest that in addition to lacunes, CMBs and WMHs may be useful imaging markers to associated with cognitive dysfunction in CADASIL.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.29-47
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was conducted to find out the mediated effects of smartphone overindulgence in the relationship between attention and spinal health of adolescents and to find out how cognitive strength moderates these relationships. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: All subjects measured attention, cognition strength, spinal angle, and smartphone overindulgence by measuring the ratio of SMR and mid-beta power to the power of the brain wave, amplitude variation of Cognitive Gamma-Peak, forward slope angle of the cervical spine, and the scale of diagnosis of smartphone addiction. Results: As a result, it shows a significant correlation between Attention, spinal angle, cognitive strength, and smartphone overindulgence(p<.05). In addition, attention was significantly mediated on the spinal angle through smartphone overindulgence(p<.001), and cognitive strength was significantly mediated in relation to smartphone overindulgence and spinal angle(p<.05). Conclusion: This result indicates that the mediation effect of overindulgence of a Smartphone is mediated according to its cognitive strength in relation to its effect of attention on the spine angle.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1918-1920
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• 2005

The color and structure of urban constructions is a factor of urban landscape and shows their characteristics. Hence the modern buildings with their materials and external appearance makes up the urban image. But still yet, it was not easy to evaluate the value of visual landscape of buildings with objective measuring method. Most of all, it depends on the subjective estimation of a few talented or high educated experts with a sense of beauty. In relation to this kind of problems, it was tried here in this study to analyse the human response of brain wave pattern (EEG) with use of SD method, while the tested persons watched the urban landscape constructed in a visual reality. The tested persons were 10 adult males and females with no color blindness and intact cognitive function. Light source with color filter was used for color environment in chamber room. The signal of EEG is analysed digitally and grouped into the $\alpha$ and $\beta$ waves. The result showed that relative power of $\alpha$ wave ratio increased in natural landscape scenary clearly. From these results it was possible to evaluate the human response, which was affected by urban color and structure stimulation and it might be useful as an indicator of visual cognition amenity toward the design of urban construction environment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.227-239
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cognition promoting program on cognitive function, depression, and quality of life in elders. The participants were 1,251 who were above 60 years olds(averaging 76.9 years of age) without dementia. During 12 weeks they participated the cognitive health promoting program twice a week. The program consisted of ReBrain cognitive education and game program. Then the effects of treatment were compared using a paired t-test between pre-test and post-test. Cognitive function(t=-13.903, p<.001), depression(t=9.544, p<.001), and quality of life(t=-4.613, p<.001) in elderly were significantly different after 12-week. These findings indicate that an 12-week cognitive health promoting program could be an effective nursing intervention program to improve cognitive function, to decrease depression, and to promote quality of life in elders.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2006

The color and structure of urban constructions is a factor of urban landscape and shows their characteristics. Hence the modern buildings deal with their materials and external appearance as an important factor, making up the urban image. But it was nearby impossible to evaluate the value of visual landscape with objective measuring method. Most of all, it depends on the subjective estimation of a few talented or high educated experts with a sense of beauty. Such kinds of estimation can in some cases include arbitrary interpretations. In relation to this kind of problems, it is tried here in this study to analyse the human response of brain wave pattern (EEG) with use of SD method, while the tested persons watch the urban landscape scenery constructed in a visual reality. The tested persons were 20 adult male and female with no color blindness and intact cognitive function. Light source with color filter was used for color environment in a dark soundproof chamber. The signal of EEG is analysed digitally and grouped into the ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ waves. The result showed that relative power of ${\alpha}$ wave ratio increased in the natural landscape scenery with blue and green color. From these results it was possible to evaluate the human response, which is affected by urban and natural color and structure stimulation and it might be useful as an indicator of visual cognition amenity toward the design of urban construction environment.