• 생명과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effects of silkworm(Bombyx moril L.) powder on oxidative stress and membrane fluidity in brain membranes of rats. Sprague-Dawley(SD) male rats(160$\pm$10 g) were fed basic diet(control group), and experimental diets(SWP-200 and SWP-400 groups) added 200 and 400mg/kg BW/day for 6 weeks. There were no significant differences in cholesterol levels of brain memberanes by administration of silkworm powder (SWP). Membrane fluidities were significantly increased(21.5% and 30.8%, respectively) in brain mitochondria of SWP-200 and SWP-400 groups compared with control group, but significant difference between brain microsomes could not obtained. Basal oxygen radicals (BORs) in brain mitochondria and mircrosomes were significantly inhibited(8.5% and 16.5%, 16.8%and 24.8%, respectively) by SWP-200 and SEP-400 groups compared with control group. Induced oxygen radicals(IORs) in brain mitochondria were significantly inhibited(16.6% and 21.4%, respectively)by sWP-200 and SWP-400 groups compared with control group, but IOR in brain microsome were significantly inhibited about 16.0% by SWP-400 groups only compared with control group. Lipid peroxide(LPO) levels were significantly decreaed(14.8%and 22.4%, respectively) in brain mitochondria of SWP-200 and SWP-400 groups compared with control group, but LPO level was significantly decreased about 16.0% in brain microsome of SWP-400 group only. Oxidized protein(OP) levels were remarkably decreased(about 14.8% and 16.5%, respectively) in brain mitochondria of SWP-200 and SWP-400 groups, but OP level was significantly decreased about 13.0% in brain microsome of SWP-400 group only compared with control group, Theses results suggest that administration of in brain microsome of SWP-400 group only compared with control group. These results suggest that administration of SWP may play effective role in attenuating an oxidative stress and increasing a membrane fluidity in brain membranes.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.379-383
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• 2009

Nitric oxide (NO), a diffusible gas, is produced in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord dorsal horn and the trigeminal nucleus, the first central areas processing nociceptive information from periphery. In the spinal cord, it has been demonstrated that NO acts as pronociceptive or antinociceptive mediators, apparently in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the central role of NO in the trigeminal nucleus remains uncertain in support of processing the orofacial nociception. Thus, we here investigated the central role of NO in formalin (3%)-induced orofacial pain in rats by administering membrane-permeable or -impermeable inhibitors, relating to the NO signaling pathways, into intracisternal space. The intracisternal pretreatments with the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME, the NO-sensitive guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ, and the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X, all of which are permeable to the cell membrane, significantly reduced the formalin-induced pain, whereas the membrane-impermeable NO scavenger PTIO significantly enhanced it, compared to vehicle controls. These data suggest that an overall effect of NO production in the trigeminal nucleus is pronociceptive, but NO extracellularly diffused out of its producing neurons would have an antinociceptive action.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.405-413
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• 2019

Background Face transplantation has naturally evolved from reconstructive procedures. However, few institutions perform face transplantations, because it is time-consuming and it is necessary to justify non-vital organ transplantation. We investigated the process of organ donation from brain-dead patients and the possibility of incorporating face transplantation into the donation process. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 1,074 brain-dead patients from January 2015 to December 2016 in Korea. We analyzed the time intervals from admission to brain death decisions (first, second, and final), the causes of brain death, and the state of the transplanted organs. Results The patient base (n=1,074) was composed of 747 males and 327 females. The average period between admission to the first brain death decision was 8.5 days (${\pm}15.3$). The average time intervals between the first brain death decision and medical confirmation using electroencephalography and between the first brain death decision and the final determination of brain death were 16 hours 58 minutes (${\pm}14hours$ 50 minutes) and 22 hours 57 minutes (${\pm}16hours$ 16 minutes), respectively. The most common cause of brain death was cerebral hemorrhage/stroke (42.3%), followed by hypoxia (30.1%), and head trauma (25.2%). Conclusions When face transplantation is performed, the transplantation team has 22 hours 57 minutes on average to prepare after the first brain death decision. The cause of brain death was head trauma in approximately one-fourth of cases. Although head trauma does not always imply facial trauma, surgeons should be aware that the facial tissue may be compromised in such cases.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.477-485
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 초등학생의 두뇌 특성 및 기제를 고려하고 뇌과학에 근거한 뇌교육 기반 학습 프로그램을 단기간의 캠프 형태로 적용함으로써 초등학생의 자기주도적 학습 능력과 태도를 향상시키는데 그 연구의 목적이 있었다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 전국 초등학생 4, 5, 6학년을 대상으로 2박 3일 동안 뇌교육 기반 학습캠프 프로그램을 실시하였다. 2017년 2월 3일부터 5일까지 6학년 45명, 2017년 2월 22일부터 24일까지 4, 5학년 56명, 총 101명을 대상으로 두 차례 진행하였다. 본 연구의 결론을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 뇌교육 기반 학습캠프 프로그램이 초등학생의 자기주도적 학습 능력과 학습 태도를 향상시키는데 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 첫째, 뇌교육 기반 학습캠프 프로그램은 뇌체조, 호흡, 명상을 통해 학습 집중력을 높일 수 있다. 둘째, 뇌교육 기반 학습캠프 프로그램 중에서 '브레인스크린(Brain Screen)'이라는 심상훈련을 통해 기억력을 향상시킬 수 있다. 셋째, 뇌교육 기반 학습캠프 프로그램을 통해 공부를 해야 하는 이유와 학습동기를 부여함으로써 '내 공부는 내가 한다' 라는 자기주도적 공부철학을 확립시킬 수 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.499-505
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• 2003

연구배경 : 본 논문에서는 뇌 전이 병소의 발견에 있어서 고식적 조영증강 자기공명영상 기법과 비교하여 제한적 조영증강 자기공명영상의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1998년 4월부터 2002년 9월까지 뇌 전이의 여부를 알아보기 위해 고식적 뇌 자기공명영상올 시행한 폐암 및 기타 암으로 진단을 받은 47명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 47명의 환자에서 축상면 T1 강조영상, 축상면 조영증강 T1강조영상， 관상면 조영증강 Tl 강조영상을 포함하는 제한적 뇌 자기공명영상을 선정하여 뇌 전이 결절의 영상판독을 시도하고 이를 고식적 뇌 자기공명영상의 영상소견과 비교하여 뇌 전이 발견의 민감도, 특이도와 일치율을 알아보았다. 결 과 : 47명의 환자 중 고식적 조영증강 자기공명영상에서 43명이 뇌 전이가 있었고, 제한적 자기공명영상에서는 42명에서 뇌 전이를 발견하였다.(민감도=97.67%). 고식적 뇌 자기공명영상에서 뇌 전이가 없었던 4명의 환자는 제한적 뇌 자기공명영상에서도 모두 뇌 전이가 없었다.(특이도=100%) 제한적 뇌 자기공명영상과 고식적 뇌 자기공명영상은 Pearson correlation이 0.884(Confidence Interval: 99%)로 높은 일치율올 보였다. 결 론 : 제한적 뇌 자기공명영상은 적은 비용으로 뇌 전이 여부를 판정할 수 있는 방법으로 제한적 자기공명 영상은 고식적 자기공명영상에 비해 손색없는 진단율을 보이므로 증상이 있는 환자에서만 시행되어 왔던 뇌영상 조영을 무증상 환자에서도 뇌 전이의 여부를 알아보기 위해 시행할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

5마리의 잡견(18~22kg)을 이용하여, 경막외강에 생리식염수를 연속 점적하여 뇌사를 유발시킨다. 뇌사발생시 점의 뇌압은 122.0$\pm$6.25mmHg이며 뇌사후 30분 최고치에 도달하였다. 뇌사를 유발시키는데 필요한 생리식염수의 양은 4.8$\pm$1.0ml이었고, 143.0$\pm$30.9분이 필요하였다. 뇌사가 올때까지 동맥압은 변하지 않지만 그후 점차 떨어지고, 맥박수는 뇌사 30분 후 안정시 보다 50% 정도 증가한 최고치에 달한다. 체온, 심박출량, 폐동맥압, 좌심실 이완말기압등의 혈역학적 지표는 뇌사진행 중에는큰 변화가 없었고, 심실 기외수축이 일시적으로 나타난 이외에는 부정맥도 관찰되지 않았다. 급작스러운 뇌압 상승 모델에서 보였던 혈역학적 변화는 관찰되지 않았다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1998년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.57-59
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• 1998

For medical students and doctors, knowledge of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of brain is very important in diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Two-dimensional (2D) tools (ex: anatomy book) or traditional 3D tools (ex: plastic model) are not sufficient to understand the complex structures of the brain. However, it is not always guaranteed to dissect the brain of cadaver when it is necessary. To overcome this problem, the virtual dissection programs of the brain have been developed. However, most programs include only 2D images that do not permit free dissection and free rotation. Many programs are made of radiographs that are not as realistic as sectioned cadaver because radiographs do not reveal true color and have limited resolution. It is also necessary to make the virtual dissection programs of each race and ethnic group. We attempted to make a virtual dissection program using a 3D image of the brain from a Korean cadaver. The purpose of this study is to present an educational tool for those interested in the anatomy of the brain. The procedures to make this program were as follows. A brain extracted from a 58-years old male Korean cadaver was embedded with gelatin solution, and serially sectioned into 1.4 mm-thickness using a meat slicer. 130 sectioned specimens were inputted to the computer using a scanner ($420\times456$ resolution, true color), and the 2D images were aligned on the alignment program composed using IDL language. Outlines of the brain components (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, thalamus, optic nerve, fornix, cerebral artery, and ventricle) were manually drawn from the 2D images on the CorelDRAW program. Multimedia data, including text and voice comments, were inputted to help the user to learn about the brain components. 3D images of the brain were reconstructed through the volume-based rendering of the 2D images. Using the 3D image of the brain as the main feature, virtual dissection program was composed using IDL language. Various dissection functions, such as dissecting 3D image of the brain at free angle to show its plane, presenting multimedia data of brain components, and rotating 3D image of the whole brain or selected brain components at free angle were established. This virtual dissection program is expected to become more advanced, and to be used widely through Internet or CD-title as an educational tool for medical students and doctors.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2010

Objectives : This study aimed at evaluation of the effects of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on brain edema and aquaporin water channel expressions in the brain. Methods : Brain edema following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was induced by the stereotaxic intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase type VII in Sprague-Dawley rats. Then ethanol extract of Gastrodiae rhizoma was treated once a day for 3 days. Brain edema % and water contents, and cell size of neurons in the cerebral cortex were examined. Immuno-histochemistry was processed for AQP4, AQP1, and AQP9 expressions in the brain sections and area % of immuno-labeling was analyzed with image analysis. Results : 1. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma reduced brain edema of ICH induced rats significantly. 2. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma reduced excessive brain tissue water contents of ICH induced rats significantly. 3. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma reduced cellular edema of neurons in cerebral cortex of ICH induced rats significantly. 4. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma reduced AQP4 immuno-positive area % in cerebral cortex and external capsule of ICH induced rat brain significantly. 5. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma reduced AQP9 immuno-positive area % in glia limitans externa of ICH induced rat brain significantly. Conclusions : These results suggest that Gastrodiae Rhizoma reveals protective effects against brain edema and cytotoxic edema of neurons by means of down-regulation of AQP4 expression in the brain.

• 인지과학
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.375-398
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• 2006

인간은 보고, 듣고, 따라하고, 행하고, 느끼면서 배운다. 이 모든 과정에 뇌가 관여한다. 최근 뇌과학 연구의 비약적 발전과 뇌과학 연구와 인지과학 연구의 활발한 협력은 '뇌기반 학습과학(Brain-Based Learning Science)', '교육신경과학(Educational Neuroscience)', 혹은 신경교육학(Neuro-Education)이라 불리우는 새로운 연구 분야를 탄생시켰다. 뇌기반 학습과학은 기존의 '학습과학'을 넘어서 실제 학습과 교육환경에 적지 않은 변화를 줄 것으로 기대되는 만큼 그 가능성에 대해 회의적인 입장도 공존하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 뇌기반 학습과학의 정의와 기본가정을 살펴보고, 인지신경과학의 최신 연구가 어떻게 이루어지고 있는지를 소개하고 이러한 연구결과에서 교육적 함의를 도출해 보고자 하였다. 또한 신경계에 대한 신화적 사고와 그 문제점을 열거하고, 뇌과학과 학습-교육 현장의 연계 가능성 및 향후 뇌기반 학습과학의 전망과 한계에 대해 논의하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2020

Genetic modifications in noncoding regulatory regions are likely critical to human evolution. Human-accelerated noncoding elements are highly conserved noncoding regions among vertebrates but have large differences across humans, which implies human-specific regulatory potential. In this study, we found that human-accelerated noncoding elements were frequently coupled with DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs), together with monomethylated and trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4, which are active regulatory markers. This coupling was particularly pronounced in fetal brains relative to adult brains, non-brain fetal tissues, and embryonic stem cells. However, fetal brain DHSs were also specifically enriched in deeply conserved sequences, implying coexistence of universal maintenance and human-specific fitness in human brain development. We assessed whether this coexisting pattern was a general one by quantitatively measuring evolutionary rates of DHSs. As a result, fetal brain DHSs showed a mixed but distinct signature of regional conservation and outlier point acceleration as compared to other DHSs. This finding suggests that brain developmental sequences are selectively constrained in general, whereas specific nucleotides are under positive selection or constraint relaxation simultaneously. Hence, we hypothesize that human- or primate-specific changes to universally conserved regulatory codes of brain development may drive the accelerated, and most likely adaptive, evolution of the regulatory network of the human brain.