• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2017

Although some indicators for evaluating rural settlement conditions have been offered, these indicators could not reflect unique characteristics that rural has its own peculiarities. The rural area is identified with central districts functioned as service provision and hinterlands used its service. The aim of this study is to find a central district of rural villages and define range of its hinterlands using various physical characteristics of rural areas. Targeting areas are Yongsan and Hwanggan in Yeongdong-gun. The physical characteristics are represented by building density, number of shops among secondary and tertiary industries, official land price, and density of bus line. The rural central district is estimated by linear programming using defined the physical characteristics. Also its hinterlands used Huff model and social accessibility. The results of this study are as follows; (1) The physical characteristics in Hwanggan myeon is higher than Yongsan myeon because Hwanggan area has a large floating population for using Hwanggan station and ticket office; (2) The central district in Hwanggan has wider regional range than Yongsan. When central district estimate in rural areas, we suggest a grid diameter of Hexagon for controlling errors; (3) Considering accessibility, the life zone of 4 districts defined legally in Hwanggan use Yongsan and 2 legal districts in Hwanggan are possible to take advantage of Yongsan's life zone; (4) The results of survey targeting boundary villages between Yongsan and Hwanggan, individual drivers use central districts both Yongsan and Hwanggan, however users by public transportation (especially bus) go more to Hwanggan because bus lines to Hwanggan have many routes than to Yongsan. Evaluating the rural settlement conditions by national unit through grasping central districts and its hinterlands, these results can use as base line data and the evidence for regional development projects.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.231-243
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• 2016

This study presents the applicability of two-dimensional (2D) flood inundation model by applying to real irrigation reservoir failure with limited available data. The study area is Sandae Reservoir placed in Gyeongju and downstream area of it and the reservoir was failured by piping in 2013. The breach hydrograph was estimated from one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic model and the discharge was employed for upstream boundary of 2D flood inundation model. Topography of study area was generated by integrating digital contour map and satellite data, and Cartesian grids with 3m resolution to consider geometry of building, road and public stadium were used for 2D flood inundation analysis. The model validation was carried out by comparing predictions with field survey data including reservoir breach outflow, flood extent, flood height and arrival time, and identifying rational ranges with allowed error. In addition, the applicability of 2D model is examined using different simulation conditions involving grid size, building and roughness coefficient. This study is expected to contributed to analysis of irrigation reservoirs were at risk of a failure and setting up Emergency Action Plan (EAP) against irrigation reservoir failure.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.107-118
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• 2019

Purpose - The present study examines the effect of service employees' experienced customer incivility through their emotional exhaustion. We identified service employees' emotion regulation ability as a boundary condition (i.e., moderating variable) that decreased the positive relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and their emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, we also investigated the negative relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and their service performance via emotional exhaustion. Research design, data, and methodology - Drawing on AET (affective event theory) and COR (conservation of resources) theory, we developed three research hypotheses (i.e., mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation). Online panel survey data from 552 frontline employees at several service organizations (e.g., department stores, retail stores, hotels, restaurants, airlines, banking, insurance company, and etc) in South Korea were examined. To assess two types of validity (i.e., convergent and discriminant validity) and reliability of measurement model, we employed the CFA (confirmatory factor analysis) using M-plus 8.2 software. Internal consistency also was tested by Cronbach' α. In addition, we employed the SPSS PROCESS MACRO 2.16, which was recommended by Hayes (2013, 2015), to estimate mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation effects. Results - As predicted, the negative relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and their service performance was mediated by emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, service employees' emotion regulation ability also played a significant moderating role of the relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and emotional exhaustion, such that this relationship was less pronounced when service employees had a high level of their emotion regulation ability than when thir emotion regulation ability was low. Service employees' emotion regulation ability further moderated this mediation effect of service employees' experienced customer incivility on service performance through emotional exhaustion. These findings have theoretical implications for employees' experienced customer incivility and emotion regulation ability research and provide managerial implications for practitioners. Conclusions - This study empirically elaborated the previous model of service employees' experienced customer incivility and personal resource (e.g., emotion regulation ability) literature by presenting the findings that service employees' experienced customer incivility influences their service performance via emotional exhaustion and that emotion regulation ability effectively reduces this negative effect.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.92-95
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• 1984

The status of the forest owners and the ownership arrangement has been surveyed in the joint ownership forest of the total 250.59 ha, 17 plots including plot No. 2, in Cha-ri, Duseo-myeon, Ulju-gun, Kyongnam. It has been surveyed that the total number of the practical owners relevant to the ownership is 133 persons. However, the number of the owners is recorded as 55 person in the official documents and there has been a big difference between the number of the practical owners and that of the practical owners and that of the owners in the official documents. As 79 forestowners, 59% of the total forestowners, can not be certainly guaranteed in the execution of their legal rights to the ownership, it could be one of the factors which will hinder the promotion of the investment willingness to forest works. In order to go through with the formality of the ownership registration correspond to reality, some necessary works such as the boundary survey should be followed. Therefore it is required that any governmental or public organizations should take part in technical and financial aids to solve these matters.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.55-74
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• 1997

This paper investigates the spatial characteristics of networks, which arise as a firm's strategy to enhance its competitiveness to cope with the changing economic environments characterized by technological changes and increasing competitiveness. The theoretical framework in this study proposes that networks emerge as a firm's strategies to promote its competitiveness through the vertical/horizontal disintegration of the production system. Futhermore, regional industries of networks. The study examines the types of cooperation and the spatial boundary of the computer industry networks in Korea. Questionnaire survey was conducted on 1, 128 computer companies which had more than 10 employees, with 126 questionnaires being used for analysis. In addition, newpaper articles were used to supplement the foregoing work on network characteristics. The review of these articles covers the period from Jan. 1994 to June 1996. Major findings of this study are as follows: The spatial range of cooperative networks varies according to the specific characters of cooperation(R & D, production, and seles). Intralocal networks are being developed in Kangnam and Youido area, the computer industry agglomeration clusres of Seoul. There are the regional differnces in the agents and contents of cooperation. In intra-national R & D and production networks, regional differnces in agglomeratins and non-agglomerations are not detercted. Most networks of this type are found between large firms and small firms. In contrast, foregn R & D and production networks, which are operated mostly by large firms, are found in Kangnam, Youido, and CBD. Intra-national and foreign productino networks are also focused in Kangnam, Youido, and CBD. Small firms are playing an active role in making this type of cooperation possible. In the perspective of localization-globalization, Korean computer industry can be analyzed in two respects: industrial and regional. The localization of small firms and the localization-globalization of large firms' networks are being developed in industrial contexts, while the localization-globalization of agglomerations and the localization of non-agglomerations networks are being developed in regional contexts. As networks for the localization-globalization of industry are growing in agglomerations, interfirm networks could be related to trends in the formation or intensification of industrial agglomerations. industrial agglomeration areas function as a facilitator of localization through subcontracts, intraregional network and interregional network. They also facilitate globalization via foregn networks. In non-agglomeratin areas, localization networks, which are connected with agglomeration areas via subcontracting, interregional R & D. or production cooperation.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.641-653
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• 2013

This study analyzed the location of manufacturing industries and works' residence in Yangsan city of which large part of industries were relocated from Busan metropolitan area along the industrial suburbanization process. Through the field survey, in-depth interview, and analysis of statistical data, the study tried to describe the relocation characteristics of manufacturing industries in Yangsan city. The results of the analysis are as follows: 1. The relocation rate of manufacturing industries from Busan to Yangsan was very high in 1980s. As a result of analysis, the first prime factor on relocation was the site problem for industrial land use. But for the newly starting industries, the most important factor was the subcontract networks among industries which differed from relocated ones. 2. The industrial suburbanization process influenced on the industrial structure strongly, as the compositional weight of rubber and plastic industries in Yangsan became greater and the size of the major plants got larger. 3. The manufacturing industries in Yangsan city were widely distributed on the main national industrial districts. Also, they were diffused out to the other places beyond the boundary of industrial districts. 4. The commuting workers' residence in Busan, employed by the plants of Yangsan marked 44.5%. That confirmed the strong influence of Busan labor market.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2005

This research is aimed at investigating the ground characterization of the Cheongju granite area using the geophysical methods. Test site was chosen from the building site in Chungbuk University, Chongju, Chungbuk province. Furthermore, geophysical methods are employed on the outcrops in the east to map the distribution of fault and intrusion and reveal the degree of weathering. The subsurface structure mapped from seismic re-fraction survey mainly consists of two units of weathered soil and rock. Threshold of the units were determined on the basis of seismic velocity of 800 m/s, supported from the standard classification table. From the results of standard penetrating test(SPT), these units are found to show medium-high and high density, respectively. Weathering soil is subdivided in unsaturated layer and saturated layer with thresholds of seismic velocity (500 m/s) and resistivity (200 ohm-m). In particular, unsaturated layer is again classified into dry and wet portions using the GPR section. The boundary between unsaturated and saturated weathering soils corresponds to the groundwater table at depth of approximately 5～6.2 m, which is well correlated with the one from drill-core data. However, bedrock is not delineated by geophysical methods. In the GPR section, fault and intrusion observed on the outcrop are revealed not to extend to the building site. With respect to weathering degree, the outcrop characterized by low resistivity and velocity corresponds to the grade of 'completely weathered' from the geotechnical investigations.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 2015

The key objective of this research is to review the effectiveness of spatial regression to identify the influencing factors of spatial distribution patterns of floating population. To this end, global and local spatial autocorrelation test were performed using seoul floating population survey(2014) data. The result of Moran's I and Getis-Ord $Gi^*$ as used in the analysis derived spatial heterogeneity and spatial similarities of floating population patterns in a statistically significant range. Accordingly, Geographically Weighted Regression was applied to identify the relationship between land use attributes and population floating. Urbanization area, green tract of land of micro land cover data were aggregated in to $400m{\times}400m$ grid boundary of Seoul. Additionally public transportation variables such as intersection density transit accessibility, road density and pedestrian passage density were adopted as transit environmental factors. As a result, the GWR model derived more improved results than Ordinary Least Square(OLS) regression model. Furthermore, the spatial variation of applied local effect of independent variables for the floating population distributions.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.252-258
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• 2007

We have studied the feasibility of geostatistics approach to enhancing analysis of sparsely obtained seismic data by combining with satellite gravity data. The shallow depth and numerous fishing nets in The Yellow Sea, west of Korea, makes it difficult to do seismic surveys in this area. Therefore, we have attempted to use geostatistics to integrate the seismic data along with gravity data. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach, we have extracted only a few seismic profile data from previous surveys in the Yellow Sea and performed integrated analysis combining with the results from gravity data under the assumption that seismic velocity and density have a high physical correlation. First, we analyzed the correlation between extracted seismic profiles and depths obtained from gravity inversion. Next, we transferred the gravity depth to travel time using non-linear indicator transform and analyze residual values by kriging with varying local means. Finally, the reconstructed time structure map was compared with the original seismic section given in the previous study. Our geostatistical approach demonstrates relatively satisfactory results and especially, in the boundary area where seismic lines are sparse, gives us more in-depth information than previously available.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.7
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• pp.61-70
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• 1997

An integrated geophysical survey was conducted to study a construction method of the Sonsanri tombs including the Muryong royal tomb. With the distribution of soil resistivity and self potential values, the boundary between original ground and the construction site was delineated clearly. The original ground has relatively high resistivity of $1,000\~1,500$ ohm-m and low self-potential values of $0{\pm}3mV/m$, while the construction site has low resistivity less than 200 ohm-m and quite high self-potential values of $-20\~30mV/m$. It is interpreted that the open site for construction of subsurface tomb has the size of about 35 m in the north-south direction. Big difference in characteristics of ground between the tomb site and the original site gives a clue for the construction method of tombs in Baekje dynasty. The site was opened about 35 meters in the north-south direction and then a mold structure was constructed with a brick frame outside. The brick frame consists of bricks cemented each other and structually combined. The mold structure was removed from inside after refill of the opened construction site with some cemented rock debris and soil.