• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.287-291
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• 2003

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BONT/A) is an extremely potent toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. The light chain of this protein (BONT/A LC), which is known as a zinc endopeptidase, cleaves SNAP-25 involved in the exocytosis process. In this work, the expression of recombinant BoNT/A LC in E. coli is described. The BONT/A LC gene of C. botulinum contains a high frequency of the arginine AGA and isoleucine ATA codons that are rarely used in genes of E. coli, hampering the translation of recombinant protein. The argD and ilex tRNA genes were cloned into pACYC184 vector, resulting in pAAD131X plasmid. The translational stress of the toxin gene related to codon bias was reversed by fupplernentation of the AGA arginyl tRNA of T4 phage and AUA isoleucyl tRNA of E. coli. This system may be applicable for the expression of a variety of AT-rich heterologous genes in E. coli.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 2008

Many neurotoxigenic clostridia are found in soil. Among animals, birds are especially susceptible to botulism, perhaps because they feed on insects, invertebrate carcasses, and decayed feeds contaminated with spores of Clostridium (C.) botulinum. C. botulinum type C is mainly involved in avian botulism. In the summer of 2005, death of a mute swan (cygnus olor) living in the pond of large bird cage was found in Seoul Grand Park Zoo. The birds presented presumptive clinical signs of botulism, such as ruffled hackle feathers, abnormal posture of the head, weakness, and flaccid paralysis. At that time, pond water in the breeding facilities was drained for 7 days, but there were still remained water containing sediment of feed and feces. Therefore, botulism was suspected and an experimentation were made to detect C. botulinum in the dead mute swan. Gross post-mortem findings of a mute swan showed jelly-like hemorrhagic contents in the intestine, sands and vegetations in the stomach. C. botulinum was isolated from the liver, small intestine and large intestine samples. Botulism was also confirmed by mouse inoculation test with the organ samples. With PCR, a gene encoding C. botulinum type C toxin was detected for the several organs of the mute swan died. These results suggested that death of mute swan was caused by C. botulinum type C.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2006

Botulinum toxin injection has been used in the masticatory muscle area as an effective treatment method of various movement disorders and facial contouring, but its effects on jaw function have not been evaluated. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of botulinum toxin type A injection into the masseter muscle on the EMG activities of masseter and anterior temporal muscles, and the limitation of jaw function. Fourteen healthy subjects were recruited. Five subjects were injected with 80 units of botulinum toxin type A(Dysport, Ipsen, Wrexham, UK) into each side of masseter muscle, and nine subjects were injected with saline into the same site as the botulinum toxin group. The surface EMG activities at maximum voluntary contraction of masseter and anterior temporal muscles were recorded before, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks after injection. Presence of jaw functional limitations in each subject was investigated using Korean version of Jaw Functional Limitation Scale(JFLS) questionnaire. The masseter muscle EMG was gradually decreased in the botulinum toxin group comparing with that of the control group(p<0.001), but the anterior temporal muscle EMG did not show significant changes. There was significant increases in the mastication (p<0.01), and global jaw limitation(p<0.05) subscales of JFLS at 1 week after injection, but no significant changes in the other subscales including opening, and verbal and emotional expression during the recording periods. Our results suggest that botulinum toxin injection into masseter muscle can affect modest limitation in mastication function at 1 week after injection but recovered to the baseline until 3 weeks after injection. The EMG activity of masseter muscle had been gradually decreased until 3 weeks after botulinum toxin injection but the anterior temporal muscle did not show any significant changes.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2012

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has been applied successfully to treat chronic migraine, dystonia, spasticity and temporomandubular disorders(TMDs) as well as frontal wrinkle and glabella wrinkle. Recently it has been reported that BoNT-A, reversibly blocks presynaptic acetylcholine release, also inhibits the release of substance P, CGRP(calcitonin gene related peptide) and glutamate related to peripheral sensitization and neurogenic inflammation in sensory nerve, In this study we reviewed animal nerve injury model such as rat and rabbit and identify the analgesic effect and mechanism of nerve injury pain after dental treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.165-167
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• 2015

It has recently been reported that long-standing post-traumatic open bite can be successfully corrected with botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle (ABDM). The report documented an individual with bilaterally symmetrical and otherwise unremarkable anterior digastric musculature. However, the existence of variant anterior digastric musculature is common and may complicate the management of anterior open bite with BTX-A injection. Screening for variant ABDM can be accomplished via ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Screening for variant ABDM should be performed prior to BTX-A injection in order to account for musculature that may exert undesired forces, such as inferolateral deviation, on the anterior mandible in patients with anterior open bite.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.620-623
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• 2012

The use of botulinum toxin type A in the lower face has increasingly popular. And treatment of the depressor anguli oris muscle(DAO) and the mentalis muscle(MT), particularly in combination with filler substances, produces a remarkable improvement in the lower aged face. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the topographical anatomy of the DAO, MT, and their related structures, thereby providing critical information for determining the safest and most effective site for BTX-A injections. The most effective injection sites of DAO and MT were suggested based on the new anatomical knowledge of the lower face.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.188-192
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• 2013

Post-traumatic anterior open bite can occur as a result of broken balance among the masticatory muscles. The superior hyoid muscle group retracts the mandible downward and contributes to the anterior open bite. Denervation of the digastric muscle by injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) can reduce the power of the digastric muscle and help to resolve the post-traumatic anterior open bite. A patient with a bilateral angle fracture had an anterior open bite even after undergoing three operations under general anesthesia and rubber traction. Although the open bite showed some improvement by the repeated operation, the occlusion was still unstable six weeks after the initial treatment. To eliminate the residual anterior open bite, BTX-A was injected into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. Following injection of BTX-A, the anterior open bite showed immediate improvement. Complication and relapse were not observed during follow-up. Long-standing post-traumatic open bite could be successfully corrected by injection of BTX-A into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle without complication.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.473-479
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• 2008

Asians tend to have prominent mandibular angle. The causes of wide lower third of the facial contour are obtuse mandibular angle and hypertrophy of masseter muscles. In cases of hypertrophy of masseter muscles, conventional treatment intends to the contraction of masseter muscle. Recently, volumetric reduction of masseter muscles using botulinum toxin type A injection and radiofrequency (RF) reduction have been introduced. The use of RF energy for masseter muscle reduction is known as a safe, simple, and effective method for aesthetic lower facial contouring. The purpose of this study is to present the effects of RF reduction applied to hypertrophy of masseter muscles, to review and to encourage RF practices in oral and maxillofacial region.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.256-259
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• 2013

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) inhibits muscle contraction, which leads to reversible muscle atrophy and paralysis. Therefore, BTX-A injection can be an effective treatment of facial asymmetry that originated from the uncoordinated muscle movement. A 52-year-old patient was referred from another hospital for the correction of post-traumatic sequelae. The patient had prominent scar in the mandibular symphysis area with asymmetric lower lip movement. The reason for this asymmetric lower lip movement was due to damage in the lower lip depressor muscle. After the injection of BTX-A on the lower lip depressors, asymmetric lip movement has been improved.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 1975

The neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum type B was purified from a liquid culture. The purification steps consist of ammonium sulfate precipitation of whole culture, treatment of Polymin P(0.15%, v/v), gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 at pH5.6 and DEAE-Sephadex charomatography at pH8.0. The procedure recovered 17% of the toxin assayed in the starting culture. The toxin was homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and had a molecular weight of 163,000. Subunits of 106,000 and 56,000 molecular weight were found when purified toxin was treated with a disulfide-reducing agent and electro phoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels.