• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.293-300
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• 2020

In this paper we study an optimal consumption, investment and retirement time choice problem of an investor who receives labor income before her voluntary retirement. And we assume that there is a negative wealth constraint which is a general version of borrowing constraint. Using convex-duality method, we provide the closed-form solutions of the optimization problem.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.240-248
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• 2016

Objectives: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) adversely impacts food security in households of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Little research has focused on food insecurity among PLWHA in India. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of and factors relating to food security in households of PLWHA in the Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was carried out among 173 PLWHA residing in Siliguri and registered at the Anti-retroviral Therapy Centre of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital. Data was collected at the household level with interviews of PLWHA using a food security survey instrument. We analyzed the associations using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of household food security among the participants was 50.9% (88/173). Five years or more of schooling, higher socioeconomic class and males were found to be significantly associated with a higher likelihood of food security. A later stage of the disease and the presence of other family members with HIV/AIDS were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of food security. The major coping strategies to deal with food insecurity in the acute phase HIV infection included borrowing money (56.1%), followed by spousal support, loans from microfinance institutions, banks, or money lenders, borrowing food, or selling agricultural products. Conclusions: The present study revealed that only about half of households with PLWHA were food secure. Prior interventions relating to periods of food and economic crisis as well as strategies for sustaining food security and economic status are needed in this area.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.77-105
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• 2004

Given the limitations of UI benefit and self-insurance through precautionary savings, this paper suggests a new scheme of income support for the unemployed, which offers unemployed workers not only UI benefit but also borrowings from their future pension incomes. Allowing individuals to have effective self-insurance through pension- borrowing, this scheme provides them with consumption-smoothing and reduction in risk burden while maintaining search incentives of the unemployed. Simulation study based upon household panel data in Korea suggests that a heavy reliance should be set upon self-insurance through pension-borrowings rather than upon UI benefit, even for the low-income individuals who are subsidized under UI system. This result provides us with insightful implications for a social safety net in (fast-growing) developing countries, where people cannot afford a good amount of UI benefit or of precautionary savings against unemployment although they expect their incomes to be much higher in the future. Indeed, it is consumption-smoothing effect of self-insurance through pension- borrowings, as well as its incentive-maintaining effect, that makes it a promising alternative of social safety net in developing countries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.131-152
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze modern fashion culture in the 20th century through changes in transmedia in order to better understand characteristics of fashion contents. The study also strived to identify the characteristics of remediation in modern fashion and media by exploring the cultural code, and use it to establish an integrated view. The subjects and the method of the study are as follows. First, the study analyzed the development of transmedia and fashion culture since the 20th century. Second, it identified the transitional characteristics of transmedia. Third, the study analyzed the characteristics of remediation in modern fashion culture by using the characteristics of mediation, which appeared with the transitional characteristics of transmedia. The study results are as follows. First, the types of remediation are 'borrowing,' 'Representation,' 'Expansion,' 'Refashion,' and 'Absorb.' In old and new media, each type can be aesthetically experienced in 'transparency,' opaqueness,' 'Hypermediacy,' and 'Immediacy.' Second, fashion culture can undergo a transformation from its original form to a second and a third iteration, and this process allows for possibility of an expansion of multiple plots and well-rounded character settings. This opens up the possibility for fashion consumer participation, and signifies a transition into an environment where expansion of time and space is possible. The third finding is the non-mediation of fashion objects. The mediating relationship between clothes and media is directly connected to the development of new media. The immersion of new media by fashion consumers has the characteristics of 'transparency'/'Non-mediation,' and the reinterpretation and reproduction of original fashion styles have the characteristics of 'opaqueness'/'Hyper-mediation.' Fourth, fashion culture has data variability. Through 'Borrowing,' 'Representation,' 'Expansion,' 'Remodeling,' and 'Absorption,' the cultural hierarchy of reproduced fashion forms a multi-layered integrated network. Mediation code, which repurposes fashion culture contents, also creates new media fashion through transmedia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.1-18
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• 2015

The subject of study is about the illustrations of the round collar Po(袍類) in the Akhak-gwebeom(樂學軌範) which was published in 1493. These illustrations are painted records of what musicians and dancers in the palace were wearing during performances. While each illustration of the Po is similar in that they all have round collars, each has a different name Sam(衫), Ui(衣), Dallyeong(團領) and formative characteristics, and these features were analyze in the study. Sam refers to the Gongbok(公服) as it has long and big sized sleeves, Ui is the word used to represent the basic unit of outerwear, and Dallyeong is believed to refer to the Sibok(時服) and Sangbok(常服). In the formative aspects, Sam's auxiliary sleeve is one of the ways wearing the sleeve of innerwear shown outward and it's assumed to have been produced for visually matching the formal look as well as the convenience free to use of hands. The Mu of Dan-ui(丹衣) is less than the number of the excavated artifacts, it produced in a relatively simplified form. Also, illustration of Dallyeong corresponds to the artifacts and configuration of the 15th to 16th centuries, the costume culture of that time seems to be reflected specifically. While Hyungbae(胸背) used in the form of rectangles and circles such as petals. it tried to represent the country at the official event by borrowing the upper class in the costume that musicians and dancers wear, also showed the rank and social status symbolically by having the differences in the shape and pattern. While the costume culture at the time is reflected, it can be found that the objective of raising the country's dignity is implied by transforming the detailed structure for the practicality, borrowing the costume elements of the high social status and transformed them.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.14-26
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• 2001

A lot of designers are adopting a mixed imitation as techniques of cretion because cultural boundary and structure of meaning in the era of post-modernism are collapsed and dissolved. I raise up a question mark to how can genuine and creative designers can be identified at this epoch when we are today familiar with the trend of informationalization, opening and globalization. Characterisitics of multi-culturalism and compromising blending are meshed with appearance of a theory of disorganization and consumer-driven economic activity of multi-national enterprises in the age of post capitalism. Accordingly it can be said that designers are leaning upon public and consumeroriented pattern rather than pursuing a creative cultural production. With mass media in rapid advancement and public culture in father dissemination, mass production and mass re-production became a natural cultural phenomenon strengthen ing its root. Creative designers somewhat slow and limitative in pace of adaption to rapid changing society amid such social backgrounds and flooded information are coming to dead-end of wall. A mixed imitation as techniques of creation is a result of borrowing, duplicating or re-combining of existing things because the mixed imitation is equivalent to borrowing, copying, compilation and recombination of well-known artworks, motive, diverse people's cultural features, image, techniques and the likes. It is too delicate thing for one to definitely distinguish such cultural phenomenon from either one as creative work or a plagiarized work. Looking into the facts as they are, we should recognize the designers limitation in their creative works by means of the mixed imitation. thus we can have a view upon them from a criticizing standpoint against the designers creation and imitation. On the other hand, when we look at things how the mixed imitation appears in the fashion as a piece of culture, we can understand something of the contemporary designers. I try to find a significance in seeking out a method of approaching to creative fashion designers direction in future times.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.175-194
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• 2011

This study evaluated the fiction collection of Korean public libraries by applying use factor and suggested various measures to enhance collection development function. As a result, while the collection building and borrowing ratios of Korean literature in literature collection by language were the highest at 62.6% and 54.3% respectively, the use factor was lower than the base value(1.00). And while the collection building and borrowing ratios of Korean contemporary fiction by item category were the highest at 65.60% and 51.36% respectively, the use factor was lower than the base value and the use factor by year is decreasing in recent years. The reason is because of poor collection development. Therefore, public library need to consider active alternatives such as establishment of the collection development policy and fiction collection development guideline, composition of the fiction material selection committee, adaption of the dedicated librarian system for fiction material development, development and utilization of a selection tool for fiction materials, and periodic evaluation of fiction collection.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.39-48
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• 2015

In this study, granting the optimal loan limit on SME (Small and Medium Enterprise) loans of financial institutions was proposed using the traditional newsvendor model. This study was the first domestic case study that applied the newsvendor model that was mainly used to calculate the optimum order quantity under some uncertain demands to the calculation of the loan limit (debt ceiling) of institutions. The method presented in this study made it possible to calculate the loan limit (debt ceiling) to maximize the revenue of a financial institution using probability functions, applied the newsvendor model setting the order volume of merchandise goods as the loan product order volume of the financial institution, and proposed, through the analysis of empirical data, the availability of additional loan to the borrower and the reduction of the debt ceiling and a management method for the recovery of the borrower who could not generate profit. In addition, the profit based loan money management model presented in this study also demonstrated that it also contributed to some extent to the prediction of the bankruptcy of the borrowing SME (Small and Medium Enterprise), as well as the calculation of the loan limit based on profit, by deriving the result values that the borrowing SME (Small and Medium Enterprise) actually went through bankruptcy at later times once the model had generated a signal of loan recovery for them during the validation of empirical data. accordingly, The method presented in this study suggested a methodology to generated a signal of loan recovery to reduce the losses by the bankruptcy.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.71-94
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• 2008

This study examines the examples and changes of wooden member terms in Yeonggeon-euigwe(營建儀軌) in the era of Joseon Dynasty. As a result of examining examples, about 240 wood member terms were found on the basis of phonetic value and examples different from today's term use were also confirmed. Wood member terms were derived in variety and synonym and different style, that is, coexistence or transition of several notations as the term indicating the same member was found. Derivation of detail terms has the characteristic increasing on the basis of morpheme and formation of different notation followed Chinese notation or was caused by complex coinage features like a coined word of Korea by the meaning of a word and borrowed character notation borrowing sound and it is also related to the specificity of that time which had dual language system. The typical examples without different style for long were pillar, rafter, door and window. Examples with active generation and selection of different styles included beam, capital and bracket-system terms. Different styles were caused by the combination of several notations including borrowed character in the process of Chinese character notation borrowing sound, Korean unique character emphasizing and limiting combination of 木 (wood) with side of character and Chinese. Period showing remarkable change of example notation was the compilation of ${\ll}$the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue${\gg}$ 華城城役儀軌. ${\ll}$the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue${\gg}$ is the representative type uigwe made by printed type not by handicraft. Printing by type accompanies unification of the shape of a character necessarily and it was considered that it resulted in the unification of character of different style, the number of strokes and minute difference of strokes, and it was interpreted that common use of intentional notation with the unification of the shape of a character was achieved.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.5829-5835
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• 2015

This paper investigates the impact of corporate governance structure on the firm's debt costs under different governance environments. We find that after the 2008 banking crisis, family firms with controlling shareholders benefit from lower debt cost through the strong control rights of dominating large shareholders, compared with the firms with diversified minority-shareholders. Foreign investors are related statistically to the higher cost of debt. Before the 2008 banking crisis, cash flows and growth potentials are positively associated with the firm's cost of debt.