• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.321-350
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• 2013

The purpose of this study to analysis of problem posing in 5th and 6th grade mathematics textbooks and to comprehend errors in the problem posing activity of 6th graders in elementary school. For solving the research problems, problem posing contents were extracted from mathematics textbooks and practice books for the 5th and 6th grade of elementary school in the 2007 revised national curriculum, and they were analyzed, according to each grade, domain and type. Based on the analysis results, 10 problem posing questions which were extracted and developed, were modified and supplemented through a pre-examination, and a questionnaire that problem posing questions are evenly distributed, according to each grade, domain and type, was produced. This examination was conducted with 129 6th graders, and types of error in problem posing were analyzed using collected data. The implications from the research results are as follows. First, it was found that there was a big numerical difference of problem posing questions in the 5th and 6th grade, and problem posing questions weren't properly suggested in even some domains and types, because the serious concentration in each grade, type and domain. Therefore, textbooks to be developed in the future would need to suggest more various and systematic of problem posing teaching learning activity for each domain and type. Second, the 'error resulting from the lack of information' occurred the most in the problems that 6th graders posed, followed by the 'error in the understanding of problems', 'technical errors', 'logical errors' and 'others'. This implies that a majority of students missed conditions necessary for problem solving, because they have been used to finding answers to given questions only. For such reason, there should be an environment in which students can pose problems by themselves, breaking from the way of learning to only solve given problems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-75
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• 1990

The tzeam is the one of steaming cook that boiled the main material of poultry. meat and the sub-material of vegetables. It is always setted on the main-table in above seven chup ban sang and also kyoja sang. In this thesis, according to the kinds of tzeam in the main material of poultry, meat was to analysis reference frequency to them the materials, the measuring unit of materials, the terms of cooking and kitchen utensil by 47 books published in Korea from 1420 to 1987. 1. It was 37 kinds of tzeam in the main material of poultry, meat. 2. Materials were classified into the main-material, sub-materials, seasioning and decorations. 3. There were 43 kinds of measuring units, of them 18 kinds were for volume, 12 kinds were for quantity, 4 kinds were for length and the rest measuring units were 9 kinds. 4. There were 26 kinds of kitchen utensil for cooking. They were mainly used a hab 1 rice ball with lids, and castles (cast iron castle). 5. There were 27 kinds of cooking terms. The terms of them, 11 kinds were for heating methods, 16 terms of them were for the cutting process.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.453-489
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• 1995

The research of the phrases related with physiology of stomach and spleen in the contents of Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經) known as the Bible of oriental medicine will make a contribution to a deep understanding of disease of stomach and spleen and a proper clinical diagnosis and treatment of them. In this research of the most appropriate glosses recorded nine kinds of representative medical books including Huang Di Nei Jing Somoon(黃帝內經素問) of Wang Bing(王氷) were picked out: The summaries of the selected contents are as follows: 1. The word 'saliva(涎)' in 'the spleen controls saliva(脾爲涎)' can be viewed as a generic term referring to oral cavity secretion gland as well as the secretion fluid of salivary gland. 2. The phases 'a large reservoir(太倉)', barn organs', 'a reserboir of food stuff', 'a stomach as the market(胃爲之市)', etc mean the function of stomach to receive food(胃主受納). 3. The phase 'generation of five tastes(五味出焉)' means both 'the function of stomach to transform food into chyme(胃主腐熟)' and 'the channelling function of spleen.(脾主運化)' 4. The flowing of the food-Qi(食氣) into stomach brings about spreading Jung(精) into liver and then percolating Jung(精) flow into channel. The channel-Qi(脈氣) flows into lung through channel. As a result, all kinds of channels gather together in lung and Jung(精) is sent into skin and hair. The assembly of Jung(精) with skins and channels moves Qi(氣) into fu-organ and so jung(精) and mental activity(神明) in fu-organ(府) come to be in four organs(四臟). Then if Qi(氣) comes back to power balance unit(權衡) being in the state of equilibrium(權衡以平), the hole of Qi(氣口) comes to determine the matter of life and death through achieving Chun-quan-chi(-寸-關-尺). The above mentioned phrases means the digestion, asorption and transmission of food. When food is taken in stomach, Jung-Qi(精氣) comes to be over flowed upward into spleen, back into lung, finally downward into bladders through water-conduit(水道) controlled by lung. When water- Jung(水精) radiates into whole body with channels of five organs(五臟), both of them fit together with and yin-yang(陰-陽). Therefore, the grasping of the rise and decline of yin-yang(陰C-陽) is necessary to consult patients. The above mentioned phrases is properly viewed to designate the asorption, transmission and excretion of food. 5. Spleen controls flesh(脾之合肉也), the state of spleen is known by human lips, and what this means is that liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 6. The phrase 'Jung Jung'((中精)) in 'gallbladder dominates Jung jung(膽主中精)', which in one of the specific expression of 'liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 7. It is right that the phase 'The eleven organs in all are determined by gallbladder'(凡十,一臟取決於膽也) is correctly paraphrased as 'only one of ten organs, spleen, is determined by gallbladder'.(凡十,一臟取決於膽也), 8. The small intestine is an organ. which receives the materials digested and sends them out. This means that the function of transforming materials(化物) factually refers to that of separating clearity and blur(泌別淸濁). And it is also thought to have the function of ascending clearity and descending blur(升淸降濁), 9. A large intestine is a transmitting organ(傳導之官) from which a change comes out(變化出焉). the phrase 'change'(變化) in this sentence means both the intake of water and nutrition and the formation procedure of stool through excretion of mucocele.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.57-71
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• 1983

Sex education is necessary for the youth that they should have an adequate sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in their adolescent period. Four major objectives of this study are as follows; 1. To know the level of sexual knowledge of commercial girl's high school students in Seoul. 2. To know their actual state for the attitudes and behaviors toward sex. 3. To compare the sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of day time school students with those of night time school students. 4. To compare the factors associated with their sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors with the individual level. Data were collected on 986 students in Seoul from April 1 to April 10, 1983. As the result of this survey, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. The level of sexual knowledge. (1) The level of knowledge of day time high school students about the physiology of female and pregnancy is shown higher than those of night time students. 64.2% of the respondents are aware of the organ producing ovum. 56.4% the ovulation period. 95.6% the cause of pregnancy. 74.5% the pregnantable period and 12.7% the place of fetilization. (2) Out of 986 respondents. 71.8% knew about contraceptive method correctly, and day time school students knew litter better than night time school students, by showing 73.9% and 69.7% respectively. They knew about contraceptive method with 'oral pills'. 'menstrual cycles', 'condoms'. and 'loops' in the same order. 3) Kinds of veneral disease was correctly known by 37.9%. Day time students knew much better than night time school students. by showing 67.8% and 7.9%. respectively. Transmission method of veneral disease was correctly known by 28.3%. Day time students knew much better than night time students, by showing 51.2% and 5.3%, respectively. (4) The major information source of sexual knowledge was 'book and magazine' (39.9%) and 'friends' (27.4%). 2. Actual state of attitudes and behaviors toward sex. (1) Out of 986 respondents, 84.0% answered that premarital purity should be kept. (2) Out of 986 respondents, 60.8% had an acquaintance of the opposite sex. 45.2% of students with opposite sex reported introduction of their friends as the main channel of making an acquaintance of the opposite sex. (3) Of those who responded to this study 13.8% reported having masturbation, 21.5% kissing, 6.2% petting and 3.7% sex intercourse. (4) 64.8% had sexual problems, which was mensturance (27.2%), aquaintance of the opposite sex (25.4%). The main method to solve the problems were consultation with 'friends' and 'books and magazine' percentage being 39.1% and 30.8%, respectively, whereas very small students discussed with 'teachers' and 'parents' percentages being 0.3% and 5.9%, respectively. (5) Out of 986 respondents, 62.2% had experience in educating about sex, the percentage of day time school was higher than that of night time school. (6) 88.2% of students wanted sex education in school, which were 'general information about sex' (35.4%), 'sexual morality and solution of sexual desire' (18.5%), 'aquaintance of the opposite sex' (13.3%) and 'marriage and role of man and woman' (12.4%) in the same order. They wanted to be instructed about sexes in the lecture of physical education, home economics, biology, military training (59.9%), regular curriculum (17.5%), special lecture (16.9%) and by the counselor or school nurse (5.7%). 3. Analyse concerning the factors about the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. (1) The better school record was, the higher the level of sexual knowledge. (2) Those who have the religion considered the permarital purity more important than those who have not, the percentage showing 86.7% and 80.7%, respectively. (3) The result of dyad analysis of making acquaintance of the opposite sex in the friendship network showed that a high index of the acquaintance of the opposite sex tends to be a high adoption of making one at the individual level in the group, while the low index tends to be a low adoption of making one in the group.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.138-159
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• 1996

There has been a tendency for Geomorphology and Climatology to be dominant in Physical Geography for 50 years in Korea. Physical Geography is concerned with the study of the totality of natural environment through the integrated approaches. But, an overall direction or a certain paradigm could not be found, because major sub-divisions of Physical Geography have been studied individually and the subjects and the approaches in studying Physical Geography are enormously diverse. A consensus of opinion could not also exist in deciding what kind of the sub-divisions should be included in the physical geography in general and how those should be summarized. Furthermore it would be considered imprudent to survey the studies of Physical Geography besides those of Geomorphology and Climatology due to the small number of researchers. Assuming that the rest of Physical Geographical studies with the exception of Geomorphological and Climatological studies are the Physical Geography in general, the studies of Physical Geogrpahy in general are summarized and several aspects are drown out as follows. First the descliption of all possible factors of natural environments was the pattern of early studies of Physical Geography and the tendency is maintained in the various kinds of research and project reports. Recently Physical Geographers have published several introductory textbooks or research monographs. In those books, however, the integrated approaches to Physical Geography were not suggested and the relationship between man and nature are dealt with in the elementary level. Second, the authentic soil studies of Physical Geographers are insignificant, because the studies of soil in Physical Geography have been mostly considered as the subsidiary means of Geomorphology Summarizing the studies of Soil Gegraphy by physical geographers and other Pedologists, the subjects are classified as soil-forming processes, soil erosions, soil in the tidal flat and reclaimed land, and soil pollution. Physical Geographers have focused upon the soil-forming processes in order to elucidate the geomorphic processes and the past climatic environment. The results of other subjects are trifling. Thirdy Byogeygrayhers and the results of studies are extremely of small number and the studies of Biogeography in Korea lines in the starting point. But, Biogeography could be a more unifying theme for the Physical-human Geography interface, and it would be expected to play an active part in the field of environmental conservation and resource management. Forth, the studies of Hydrogeography (Geographical Hydrology) in Korea have run through the studies of water balance and the morphometric studies such as the drainage network analysis and the relations of various kinds of morphometric elements in river. Recently, the hydrological model have introduced and developed to predict the flow of sediment, discharge, and ground water. The growth of groundwater studies is worthy of close attention. Finally, the studies on environmental problems was no mole than the general description about environmental destruction, resource development, environmental conservation, etc. until 1970s. The ecological perspectives on the relationship between man and nature were suggested in some studies of natural hazard. The new environmentalism having been introduced since 1980s. Human geographers have lead the studies of Environmental Perception. Environmental Ethics, Environmental Sociology, environmental policy. The Physical geographers have stay out of phase with the climate of the time and concentrate upon the publication of introductory textbooks. Recently, several studies on the human interference and modification of natural environments have been made an attempt in the fields of Geomorphology and climatology. Summarizing the studies of Physical Geography for 50 years in Korea, the integrated approaches inherent in Physical Geography disappeared little by little and the majol sub-divisions of Physical Ceography have develop in connection with the nearby earth sciences such as Geology, Meteorology, Pedology, Biology, Hydrology, etc been rediscovered by non-geographers under the guise of environmental science. It is expected that Physical Geography would revive as the dominant subject to cope with environmental problems, rearming with the innate integrated approaches.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.160-197
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to review research trends and issues of economic geography in Korea for the last fifty years by sub-fields of agricultural geography, industrial geography, commercial and service geography, and transportation geography. Research in Korean economic geography has progressed significantly in terms of the scope and the number of papers published during the last a half a century. Agricultural geography was a leading field of economic geography in Korea before mid-1970s. Since the mid-1970s, however, agricultural geography has turned over the leading role in economic geography to industrial geography. Classification and structure of agricultural region has been the most popular research theme in Korea, even though diverse topics has been dealt in the research of agricultulal geography in Korea during the last fifty years. In recent years, emphasis is given to study on the dynamics of agricultural region and regional differentiation of part-time farming. It is suggested that the future issues of research in agricultural geography in Korea are agricultural restructuring and changes in agricultural space under the WTO system, changes in rural area and agricultural region with the progress of informatization, changes in agricultural structures and rural society by the increase of part-time farming, governments agricultulal policy and its impacts, competitive advantages of Korean agricultulal products, and environmental impacts of agricultural restructuring. Research in industrial geography has remarkably progressed since the 1980s. Locational changes, regional industrial structure and formation of industrial region were the major topics of interest in the research of industrial geography in Korea before 1980. Since the early 1980s, in addition to the topics which were interested in before 1980, changes of industrial organization and industrial location, changes of production systems and industrial space development of high technology industries and science parks, industrial restructuring and regional economy, foreign direct investments, industrial linkages and industrial districts, and industrial policy and regional development have been the major research themes of industrial geography in Korea. Considerable number of papers has been published both in Korean journals and in foreign journals during this period. Considering global changes in the organization of industrial space, future research should be more focused on firms strategy for regaining competitive advantages, local and global perspectives of industry, industry and environmental changes, in addition to the topics which have been dealt in recent years. Research in commercial and service geography and transportation geography was negligible in Korea before the late 1970s. These two sub-fields in economic geography have begun to develop since 1980s. Periodic markets, structure of commercial area, and distribution of products were the major topics of interest in the 1980s in the commercial and service geography in Korea. In the 1990s, however reserch in producer services has been active with growth of producer services in Korean economy. It is suggested that regional changes with progress of informatization and technology, changes of international trade and regional changes, development of efficient distribution system, role of producer services in regional development, and network of producer services are the major issues to be studied in the future in the field of commercial and service geography in Korea. Commuting, distribution of products, and transportation networks have been the major topics of research in transportation geography in Korea. Diverse quantitative techniques have been applied in the most of the researches in transportation geography. It is required that future studies in transportation geography should also focus on societal and behavioral issues, policy issues regional impacts of new transportation facilities, an analysis of transportation system at the global or international level. Since the 1980s economic geography in Korea has considerably progressed with publication of papers and books. The progress can be regarded as successful in quantitative aspect, but not in quantitative aspects. For the development of Korean economic geography in both quantitative and qualitative aspects, it is necessary to promote international collaborative researches and interdisciplinary cooperations. Attention should also be given to the research on changes in competitive advantages and economic restructuring, changes of economic space with the development of high technology and the progress of informatization. economic development and culture. and foreign regional studies.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.33
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• pp.45-55
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• 2012

A beeswax-treated paper has no air permeability but has the water repellency compared with a general Hanji. Because of these properties, the differences of the aging factors and mechanisms between the outer partition of beeswax-treated paper that is affected by the surrounding conservation environment and the inner partition of it that is not affected are bigger than general books. In this research, we analyzed and compared the aging characteristics through the accelerated aging of the beeswax-treated paper by some air and humidity conditions. The results of the physical and optical analysis after the artificial aging, it was shown that the oxygen accelerates the aging of the beeswax-treated paper and the condition with the humidity 50% RH is more stable than the condition with the humidity 0% RH. The results of the CG/MS analysis that was conducted to figure out the decomposition charateristics of the beeswax according to the air quality and the humidity, a low molecular weight compound that the number of carbon is C9-C20 including a fatty acid such as a palmitic acid was increased as the aging was progressed. However, under the same environment, a compound that the number of carbon is C21-C36 including a hydrocarbon and a aliphatic alcohol and a high molecular weight compound that the number of carbon is more than C34 including a wax ester were decreased. A rate of change according to the air quality and the humidity was similar to the beeswax-treated papers.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.18 no.3 s.28
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• pp.59-74
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• 2005

We can't deny Korean EE has basically developed on the basis of Environmental Possibilism (Environmental management or Reformism) in lots of aspects. I would show three representative proofs here, the first, the philosophy of Korean EE has been mainly focused on dichotomy of human-techno centrism and eco-centrism with no considering other alternative environmentalism since 4th Formal Curriculum, 1981. The second, simultaneously, the concept of EE has not distinguished from it of Science education. (Furthermore, unfortunately some says EE has been a part of Science education, although there should be many differences on its contextual aspect.) And the third one is that the limit of possibilism which market economists have worried, has scarcely mentioned in various kinds of EE-related teaching materials. Possibilism is basically likely to be accompanied by science and economics-oriented approach, and in this aspect this dichotomy, human-techno centrism and eco-centrism, has come from perspectives of Economical development process and over-addicted belief to Science. So it is enough to say that Korean EE has basically developed with biased to Environmental possibilism, in other words, biased to preference to it. And I'll critically focus on these two axes of possibilism, Science and Economics and its dichotomy. Of course, we should accept there are so many same parts in its contents between EE and Science, but we should know its contextual differences for triangular position of environmentalism suitable to EE and also overcome science-dependant approach to EE. Although science-dependant approach to EE and dichotomy could provide some tools for clearing up the causes of environmental problem, especially always it has insisted fundamental causes of environmental problem originated in human faults and over-use of eco-source or over-economic development, but now it is old-fashioned discourse, furthermore it come to have unavoidable limits in the debates of problem-solving mechanism to environmental problems. The paramount important thing is to supply the ways or thoughtful mechanism for solving or coordinating the Environmental problems, not just searching for cause of it. But scientific approach and its dichotomy based on possibilism have continuously born cause & effect in EE-related discourse. So there are so much needs to transfer from continuous bearing of cause & effect to constructive alternatives at least in environmentalism of EE. Traditionally, dichotomical division in EE Environmentalism, human-techno centrism and eco-centrism, couldn't have Provided any answers to our real society, it just gives us only cause & effects of Environmental problems. And also we can't find the description on the limits of capitalism market approach to Environmental problems especially in Korean EE text books, other teaching materials and its teaching-learning process, although market approach economist has been proved its fault beyond its functional merits as Environmental management tools. So we should introduce other alternative Environmental philosophy instead of Possibilism such as eco-socialism insisted by Schmacher M. and Boochin etc, or marxist-environmentalism for relative and comparative views to market-thought such as commodification. In this aspect we need to accept Oriental philosophy based on moderation(中庸) as new another alternatives with the reflection that we have recognized monism as representative Oriental philosophical environmentalism. Fundamentally monism has done its role with providing relative concepts to Dichotomy Enlightenment, but we can't say it has been core concept for understanding of oriental environmentalism, and we can't distinguish monism from oriental philosophy itself, just because oriental thought itself was basically monism. So conceptual difference should be recognized between EE and Science education in teaching-learning process on the basis of life-philosophy(Philosophie des Lebens) from epistemology. For this transformation, we should introduce existentialism in Science education, in other words, only existential Science education based on phenomenology or interpretivism can be EE. And simultaneously we need some ways for overcoming of scientific foundationalism which has been tradition making science not stand on existentialism, formulating and featuring of almost all of natural things and its phenomenon from after enlightenment in western world, but it has malfunctioned in fixing conception of science just into essentialism itself. And we also introduce integrated approach to science and society for EE like STS. Those are ways for overcoming of Environmental possibilism in EE.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.30
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• pp.241-262
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• 2009

In this study, we will find out and understand of the literary characteristics and the material status about the translation of Sijo into chinese poetry which is the representative genre in Korean traditional poetry. Most of the work was done from 17th 19th century, and there are about 120 literary men who translated Sijo. 759 works are translated into Chinese poetry and we cannot find 135 works' original poetry. Therefore about 900 works are translated into Chinese poetry. One Sijo can be translated into more than 1 Chinese poetry, so there are more translated works. According to this study, there are 1356 translated works in total. Many works are done in piece by piece, however most of them are in series with many poems from 10 to 100. First, some popular Sijo was translated into series. Second, some serial Sijo or some Sijo of particular writers are translated into Chinese works. In first case, there are 22 writers' 27 works of Sijo along with Shinwi's "Soakbu" and 652 translated works. In the other case, there are 30 writers' 26 works of Sijo including 10 "Kosangugokga", which was translated by Song shiyul. There are 511 translated works. A lot of translations of Sijo into Chinese poetry are in various documents. They are in personal collections of works such as "Beonbanggok" in Namguman's "Yakchunjip". The works are in books of poems such as Hong yangho's "Chunggudangok" and Shinwi's "Jahasoakbu". In collection of Sijo like Shin heum's "Bangongshiyeo" in "Chungguyoungwon", there are some translated works as well. We can understand Sijo which we do not know the lyrics now by studying the materials about the translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry. The materials about the translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry have necessary value for studying the creation and tradition process of Sijo. In addition, with the materials, we can study the interaction between Korean literature and Chinese one, and also we can study about the changing aspects of Chinese poetry in Late Chosun.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.28
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• pp.27-53
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• 2012

American superhero comics are being produced in numerous different forms for multiple, and cross-platform media. In cinema, films based on superhero comics top the list of all time box office records. The same phenomenon of the 'Invasion of Superhero' is duplicated in Korean box office 2012, however, the korean fans are not familiar with the superheroes from the publication which provides the original source of characters and stories for other superhero related media products. Based on observing the multiple and vastness of world building characteristics of superhero comic, this paper attempts to associate the continuous creative nature and the infinite repetition of superheroes and comic texts with the identity of superhero on ontological level. First, chapter 2 examines how one superhero exists in multiple and different worlds individually by utilizing the concept of 'multi-universe' or 'multiverse' in comic texts. Initially, duplicating a superhero on multiple settings and series destroyed continuity and allowed contradiction and paradox confused narrative as a whole, but it also gave chances for comics to be more vibrant and experimental with their stories and characters. Chapter 3 analyzes the superhero comic texts in the light of repetition, concept developed by french philosopher Gilles Deleuze, and make the argument that the superheroes and texts are not repeated to generate surplus of source for economic utilitarian purposes, but it is, first and foremost, a repetition of creativeness and capability. Many concepts introduced by Deleuze in his early masterpiece, $\acute{e}$rence et R$\acute{e}$p$\acute{e}$tition> are taken to support this argument. Mainly, his critical views on generality of the identity and his effort to replace the Plato's system of representation with vibrant creative, and renewal energy of r$\acute{e}$p$\acute{e}$tition. According to Deleuze, repetition is similar concept, if not identical, to what Nietzsche called the 'eternal return' which allows the return of the Overhuman or the Superhuman, and he extends his idea that the returning Overhuman is the singular simulacre which opposes the generalization of identity, in the likes of Plato's Idea. Thus, the superhero's identity is ever changing, ever returning, and ever renewing Overhuman. The superhero must be repeated to fully actualize his/her existence. Also, based on Deleuze's reading of Bergson's texts on the Virtual, the superhero, for example Superman, is actualization of his/her multiplisit$\acute{e}$, the internally multiple, and differentiated variations from itself. These every Supermans' multiplisit$\acute{e}$ shares common memory, past, and duration, thus the Virtual of Superman. Superman becomes himself only by actualizing the movement and differentiation from these multiplisit$\acute{e}$ in his virtual on the surface of reality. On chapter 4, a popular Korean comic book character Oh, Hae-Sung's r$\acute{e}$p$\acute{e}$tition and multiplist$\acute{e}$ are analyzed, and makes comparison to that of Superman to distinguish the repetition from r$\acute{e}$p$\acute{e}$tition, and multiplicit$\acute{e}$ from diversity.