• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cadmium is a toxic metal that is an occupational and environmental concern especially because of its human carcinogenicity; it induces serious adverse effects in various organs and tissues. Even low levels of exposure to cadmium could be harmful owing to its extremely long half-life in the body. Cadmium intoxication may be prevented by the consumption of dietary components that potentially reduce its accumulation in the body. Dietary chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from animal sources; it has been known for its ability to bind to divalent cations including cadmium, in addition to other beneficial effects including hypocholesterolemic and anticancer effects. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of dietary chitosan in reducing cadmium accumulation using an in vivo system. MATERIALS/METHODS: Cadmium was administered orally at 2 mg (three times per week) to three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats: control, low-dose, and high-dose (0, 3, and 5%, respectively) chitosan diet groups for eight weeks. Cadmium accumulation, as well as tissue functional and histological changes, was determined. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, rats fed the chitosan diet showed significantly lower levels of cadmium in blood and tissues including the kidneys, liver, and femur. Biochemical analysis of liver function including the determination of aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin levels showed that dietary chitosan reduced hepatic tissue damage caused by cadmium intoxication and prevented the associated bone disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that dietary chitosan has the potential to reduce cadmium accumulation in the body as well as protect liver function and bone health against cadmium intoxication.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.569-578
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of chitosan on cadmium(Cd) toxicity and mineral metabolism in rats exposed to cadmium by oral administration. Six week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. Four groups were fed AIN-93G based 3% ${\alpha}$-cellulose diets while the others were fed 3% chitosan diets for four weeks with oral administration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg Cd/2ml distilled water three times a week, respectively. Cd contents in the serum, liver, kidney, testis and bone, and the excretion of cadmium in feces were determined. There was no significant difference in weight gain and food intake among groups. Cadmium contents in the serum, liver, kidney, testis, femur and lumbar were significantly increased in proportion to the administration level of Cd (p<0.05). A protective effect of chitosan on cadmium toxicity in tissue was shown only in the high level cadmium-intake group. The fecal excretion, absorption of Cd were increased by the administration levels of cadmium. These results suggest that Cd administration may facilitate the accumulation of Cd in the blood and tissue in proportion to the amount of administration, and also, that chitosan may be effective in lowering the accumulation of cadmium.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.516-520
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• 2011

Osteoporosis is social problem around the world, because fracture of old age may lead to critical medical condition. Osteoclast is a main target for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis due to their responsibility for bone resorption. Saussureae Radix has been known that has gastro-protective, bronchodilatory effect and has a anti-biotic effect. Saussureae Radix has been widely used in Oriental medicine. However, the effect of extract of Saussureae Radix in osteoclast differentiation remains unknown. Thus, we examined the effect of Saussureae Radix in receptor activator of nuclear factor-${\kappa}$B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. From the results of our study, Here we found that Saussureae Radix significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL. Saussureae Radix suppressed the activation of NF${\kappa}$B in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) treated with RANKL. Also, Saussureae Radix significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of c-Fos, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)c1 and cathepsin K in BMMs treated with RANKL. Particularly, Saussureae Radix greatly inhibited the protein expression of c-fos and NFATc1. especially in the case of NFATc1 expression, a master transcription factor of the differentiation of osteoclasts is very important step for osteoclastogenesis. These results demonstrate that Saussureae Radix may be useful treatment option of bone-related disease such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1019-1024
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• 2013

본 실험에서는 당나귀 사골과 껍질을 추출하여 항산화 활성 및 산화적 스트레스로부터 유도되는 신경세포 보호효과를 구명하였다. DBSE의 항산화 활성은 처리 농도가 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가함을 나타내었는데(p<0.05), 40 mg/ml 일 때, 95.43%의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 나타내었고, 20 mg/ml일 때, 88.73%의 ABTS 라디칼 소거능을 나타내었으며, 10 mg/ml일 때, $132.53{\mu}M$ TE의 ORAC을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 신경모세포종 SK-N-SH 세포에 DBSE을 처리한 결과 세포 독성은 나타내지 않았으며, 신경세포에 활성산소종인 $H_2O_2$를 처리하여 DBSE의 산화적 스트레스 보호효과를 확인 한 결과, 처리농도 의존적으로 신경세포 보호효과를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구결과 당나귀 사골과 껍질 추출물은 산화를 억제하고 SK-N-SH 신경세포 보호효과를 보여 생리활성 기능소재로서 이용가능성이 있는 것으로 판단되며 추후 동물실험을 통한 안전성 및 생체대사조절기능과 효과증진기술에 대한 연구가 추가되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.38.1-38.12
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• 2020

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that initiate both T-cell responses and tolerance. Tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) are regulatory DCs that suppress immune responses through the induction of T-cell anergy and Tregs. Because lactoferrin (LF) was demonstrated to induce functional Tregs and has a protective effect against inflammatory bowel disease, we explored the tolerogenic effects of LF on mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs). The expression of CD80/86 and MHC class II was diminished in LF-treated BMDCs (LF-BMDCs). LF facilitated BMDCs to suppress proliferation and elevate Foxp3⁺ induced Treg (iTreg) differentiation in ovalbumin-specific CD4⁺ T-cell culture. Foxp3 expression was further increased by blockade of the B7 molecule using CTLA4-Ig but was diminished by additional CD28 stimulation using anti-CD28 Ab. On the other hand, the levels of arginase-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (known as key T-cell suppressive molecules) were increased in LF-BMDCs. Consistently, the suppressive activity of LF-BMDCs was partially restored by inhibitors of these molecules. Collectively, these results suggest that LF effectively causes DCs to be tolerogenic by both the suppression of T-cell proliferation and enhancement of iTreg differentiation. This tolerogenic effect of LF is due to the reduction of costimulatory molecules and enhancement of suppressive molecules.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.61-75
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• 2002

유전자 재조합으로 제조한 사람 $interleukin-1{\beta}$ $(rhIL-1{\beta})$는 생쥐의 calvarial 골세포계에서 분리한 골아세포에 여러 가지 조절기능을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서 $rhIL-1{\beta}$가 농도의존적으로 골세포에 영향을 주는지 해명하기 위하여 배양된 골아세포의 세포증식과 prostaglandin $E_2$합성 그리고 plasminogen activator활성에 대한 영향을 검토한 결과 이들을 촉진하였다. 그러나 비타민D에 따라 반응하는 골아세포의 특징으로 알려진 osteocalcin생합성과 alkaine phosphatase활성의 유도생성은 $rhIL-1{\beta}$에 의해 오히려 길항적이었다. 이러한 결과는 골세포대사의 병리학적인 조절과정에서 $IL-1{\beta}$가 골다공증의 병리학적 역할을 규명하는 새로운 결과이다. $IL-1{\beta}$에 의한 골흡수현상이 생쥐의 calvarial골세포에서 calcitonin처리로 크게 억제되어, 결과적으로 이러한 결과는 $IL-1{\beta}$에 의해 유발되는 골재흡수란 osteoclast에 의한다는 사실을 시사하였다. 한편, 한방에서 골다공증치료와 예방에 사용되는 대영전-자하거추출물의 기능을 해명하기 위하여, $IL-1{\beta}$-유발 $PGE_2$합성만을 특이적으로 저해하였다. 또한, 대영전-자하거 extract을 1시간 동안 여러 가지 농도로 전처리하고 다음으로 $PGE_2$-유도시약을 처리한 결과, $PGE_2$합성을 억제하였으며 동시에 $IL-1{\beta}$에 의해 유도된 plasminogen 의존적인 fibrinolysis을 억제하는 보호효과가 인정되었다. 한편, calcitonin처리가 $IL-1{\beta}$-촉진 골재흡수에 대한 저해활성을 보였으며 이러한 결과들은 calcitonin과 대영전-자하거 extract이 osteoclast매개성 골재흡수의 억제에 핵심적인 역할을 함을 시사하며 한방치료제로서의 근거를 제시하였다고 사료된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2000

Menopausal women experience urogenitory and vasomotor symptoms with increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, which can be reduced by hormone replacement therapy. However unopposed estrogen therapy has been associated with an increased risk of endometrial hypeiplasia or cancer. The objectives of this study were to compare effects of continuous vs. sequential hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on lipid profile, bone mineral density and menopausal symptoms of postmenopausal women and to assess how they perceive the menopause and HRT culturally. In this retrospective study, women in menopause longer than 6 months, normal in the mam-mogram and Papanicolaou smear, cholesterol level lower than 190 mg/dL or triglyceride level lower 4han 500 mg/dL were treated with Srogen (conjugated equine estrogen 0.625 mg tablet) and Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg tablet) for continuous treatment(CT) or Cycloprogynova (Estradiol valerate 2 mg and Norgestrel 0.5 mg complex tablet) for sequential treatment(ST). They were evaluated for lipid profile, bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms, side effects and their perception of menopause and HRT. As results, total sixty-seven patients out of ninety-four enrollees were included in final analysis (33 in continuous therapy, 34 in sequential therapy). There were significant decrease in total cholesterol ($15.04\pm3.17$, p=0.0001), LDL ($19.72\pm3.27$, p=0.0001), and increase in HDL ($5.89\pm1.63$, p=0.0001). Bone minora) density increased significantly with HRT ($0.02\pm0.11$, p=0.0001). But, there were no significant differences in change of lipid profile between continuous and sequential therapy: Total cholesterol, $13.12\pm4.7\;vs.\;16.91\pm4.3;\;LDL\;20.53\pm4.1\;vs.\;18.93\pm5.12:HDL\;7.15\pm2.3\;vs.\;4.67\pm2.2,\;p>0.05$. Incidences of flush reduced from $75\%\;(CT)\;to\;3.13\%\;and\;71.88\%\;(ST)\;to\;9.35\%$. The change of endometrium and breast were found 3 (CT) and 5 (ST) women, respectively. Most of women recognized that HRT is necessary $(70\%)$ for postmenopausal period but did not understand well the cardiovascular protective effect. In conclusion, hormone replacement therapy was effective in improving lipid profile, bone mineral density and menopausal symptoms in both continuous and sequential treatments with similar efficacy.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.166-173
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• 2009

Cyclosporine(CsA) is an immunosupressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so the risk of organ rejection. It has been studied in transplants of skin, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, bone marrow and small intestine. Initially isolated from a Norwegian soil sample, Both kidney and liver dysfunction are prominent side effects of CsA. The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effect of salidroside(Sal) isolated from the BuOH extract of Acer termentosum Max against oxidative damage in CsA-treated(50 mg/kg, ip) nephrotoxicity rats. Results showed oral administration of methanol and butanol extact of Acer termentosum Max(200 mg/kg, po) significantly reduced activities of marker enzymes(BUN, Creatinine) and LDH activity in serum to CsA induced experimental kidney injured rats. And significantly decrcease of protein amount level in urine and activities of free radical formation enzyme were significantly improved by the treatment of Sal. And significantly decrcease of MDA level in kidney and activities of calalase, glutathione peroxidation and SOD were significantly improved by the treatment of Sal(20 mg/kg, po). But glutathione concentration and glutathione S-transferase actitity was not affected. Results of this study revealed that Sal could afford a significant protection in the alleviation of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity injury.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.323-330
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• 2004

Estrogen may promote osteoblast/osteocyte viability by limiting apoptotic cell death. We hypothesize that hsp27 is an estrogen- regulated protein that can promote osteoblast viability by increasing osteoblast resistance to apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of estrogen treatment and heat shock on $TNF{\alpha}$ - induced apoptosis in the MC3T3-E1 cell line. Cells were treated with 0 - 100 nM $17{\beta}$ estradiol (or ICI 182780) for 0 - 24 hours before heat shock. After recovery, apoptosis was induced by treatment with 0 - 10 ng/ml TNF${\alpha}$. Hsp levels were evaluated by Northern and Western analysis using hsp27, hsp47, hsp70c and hsp70i - specific reagents. Apoptosis was revealed by in situ labeling with Terminal Deoxyribonucleotide Transferase (TUNEL). A 5 - fold increase in hsp27 protein and mRNA was noted after 5 hours of treatment with 10 - 20 nM $17{\beta}$ estradiol prior to heat shock. Increased abundance of hsp47, hsp70c or hsp70i was not observed. TUNEL indicated that estrogen treatment also reduced (50%) MC3T3-E1 cell susceptibility to $TNF{\alpha}$ - induced apoptosis. Treatment with hsp27-specific antisense oligonucleotides prevented hsp27 protein expression and abolished the protective effects of heat shock and estrogen treatment on $TNF{\alpha}$- induced apoptosis. Hsp27 is a determinant of osteoblast apoptosis, and estrogen treatment increases hsp27 levels in cultured osteoblastic cells. Hsp27 contributes to the control of osteoblast apoptosis and may be manipulated by estrogenic or alternative pathways for the improvement of bone mass.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2009

Osteoporosis is characterized by impaired osteogenesis. BMD is a major determinant of bone strength. The role of the VDR gene in predisposition to primary osteoporosis has been recognized. However, population-based case-control studies have been reported controversial results for known candidate genes in an ethnically distinct group. To determine the genetic effects of VDR variants on osteoporosis and BMD, we directly sequenced the VDR gene in 24 unrelated Korean individuals and identified eighteen sequence variants. We investigated the potential involvement of eight SNPs in osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (n = 729). Two SNPs (LD) in intron 2, -5294G>C (rs2238135) and -4817G>A (rs17882443) showed the evidence of association with enhanced BMD of the femoral neck ($p_{additive}$=0.031 for rs2238135; $p_{additive}$=0.017 and $p_{dominant}$= 0.019 for 17882443). Moreover, VDR -4817G>A was significantly associated with protective effect on all fracture risk ($p_{recessive}$=0.035, OR=0.2, 95% CI=$0.05{\sim}0.89$), and tended to be higher BMD values at various proximal femur sites. Therefore, we suggest that the -4817G>A may be useful genetic marker for vitamin D-related metabolism and may have an important role in the increased BMD of the proximal femur in postmenopausal Korean women.