• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.434-444
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of three different implant surface treatments to the bone formation during osseous healing period under unloading conditions. Machined, double-acid etched and anodic oxidized implants were inserted into tibia of 3.0 - 3.5 kg NZ white male rabbits and 2 animals of each group were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The specimens containing implant was dehydrated and embedded into hard methylmethacrylate plastic. After grinding to $50{\mu}m$, the specimens were stained with Villanueva bone stain. From each specimen, histomorphometric evaluation and the bone implant contact rate were analysed with optical microscope. The results were as follows; 1. In the scanning electronic microscopic examination, machined surface implant had several shallow and paralleled scratches on plain surface, double acid-etched implant had lots of minute wrinkles, rough valley and also irregularly located craters that looked like waves, anodic oxidized surface implant had porosity that minute holes were wholly distributed on the surface. 2. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentages of bone-to-implant contact in the machined implant, double acid-etched implant and anodic oxidized implant were 26.85%, 62.64% and 59.82%, after 4 weeks of implantation they were 64.29%, 77.85% and 75.23%, and after 8 weeks they were 82.66%, 85.34% and 86.39%. 3. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentages of bone area between threads in the machined implant, double acid-etched implant and anodic oxidized implant were 21.55%, 42.81%, and 40.33%, after 4 weeks of implantation they were 49.32%, 62.60% and 75.56%, and after 8 weeks they were 71.62%, 87.73% and 83.94%. In summary, percentages of implant surface contacted to bone trabeculae and bone formation area inside threads in double acid-etched implants and anodic oxidized implants were greater than machined implants in early healing stage. These results suggest that double acid-etched and anodic oxidized surface implants could reduce the healing period for osseointegration and may enable to do early function.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was performed in order to compare the osseointegration of 4 different surfaced implants in the dog's tibia which has thick dense cortical bone and loose marrow space. Materials & methods: Four mongrel dogs and four different surface types of implants, smooth surfaced AVANA implants, RBM surfaced AVANA implants, HA-coated Steri-Oss implants and SLA Bicon implants, were used in this study. The animals were divided into 4 groups on the basis of implant surface characteristics: Control group, RBM group, HA group, and SLA group. Three implants of each group were installed into the metaphysis of tibia of adult dogs. The animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after implantation. The undecalcified specimens were prepared for histological examination and histomorphometric analysis of implant-bone contact ratios. Results: Radiographically and histologically good osseointegration of implant was observed in the dense cortical bone, but poor osseointegration was observed in the marrow space. Histologically more bone apposition to implant surface was found in rough surfaced groups than the smooth surfaced, Control group. In histomorphometric findings of cortical bone the average bone-implant contact ratios of HA group (95.4%, p<0.01), RBM group (87.1%, p<0.05), and SLA group (86.0%, p<0.05) were significantly higher than that of Control group (75.9%). In marrow space the average bone-implant contact ratios of HA group (76.1%, p<0.01) and SLA group (45.4%, p<0.05) were significantly higher than that of Control group (29.6%). The ratio of RBM group was higher than that of Control group but there was no significantly difference between RBM group and Control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the rough surfaced implants can obtain the better osseointegration than the smooth surfaced implant in the cortical and marrow space and that HA-coated implants can obtain the best osseointegration in the marrow space among them.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2000

Purpose : To investigate osseointergration of titanium implants into the tibia of rabbits, which were fed a low calcium diet and irradiated. Materials and Methods : To prepare the experimental model, control group was fed a normal diet and experimental group was fed a low calcium diet for 4 weeks. And then, titanium implants were inserted into the tibia of each rabbit. Experimental group was subdivided into two groups; low calcium diet/non-irradiation group and low calcium diet/irradiation group. The low calcium diet/irradiation group was irradiated with a single absorbed dose of 15 Gy at the 5th postoperative day. At 12, 19, 33, 47, and 61 days after implantation (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after irradiation), the bone formation in the bone-implant interface area was examined by light microscopy and fluorescent microscopy. Results and Conclusions: 1. In the control group, there began to form woven bone in the bone-implant interface area at 12 days after implantation. As the experimental time was going on, the amount of bone which was in contact with the implant was increased. 2. In the low calcium diet/non-irradiation group, there began to form woven bone in the bone-implant interface area at 19 days after implantation. Although the amount of bone which was in contact with the implant was increased as the experimental time was going on, the extent of increased bone was weak as compared with control group. 3. In the low calcium diet/irradiation group, there began to form woven bone incompletely in the bone-implant interface area at 19 days after implantation, but there were vascular connective tissues in the bone-implant interface area over the entire experimental period. 4. In the control group and low calcium diet/non-irradiation group, bone labeling bands were observed at 33 days after implantation, which suggests that the bone formation and remodeling was in process, but interstitial bone remodeling was not observed in the low calcium diet/irradiation group.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.6-15
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• 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical aspects of peri-implant bone upon root contact of orthodontic microimplant. Methods: Axisymmetric finite element modeling scheme was used to analyze the compressive strength of the orthodontic microimplant (Absoanchor SH1312-7, Dentos Inc., Daegu, Korea) placed into inter-radicular bone covered by 1 mm thick cortical bone, with its apical tip contacting adjacent root surface. A stepwise analysis technique was adopted to simulate the response of peri-implant bone. Areas of the bone that were subject to higher stresses than the maximum compressive strength (in case of cancellous bone) or threshold stress of 54.8MPa, which was assumed to impair the physiological remodeling of cortical bone, were removed from the FE mesh in a stepwise manner. For comparison, a control model was analyzed which simulated normal orthodontic force of 5 N at the head of the microimplant. Results: Stresses in cancellous bone were high enough to cause mechanical failure across its entire thickness. Stresses in cortical bone were more likely to cause resorptive bone remodeling than mechanical failure. The overloaded zone, initially located at the lower part of cortical plate, proliferated upward in a positive feedback mode, unaffected by stress redistribution, until the whole thickness was engaged. Conclusions: Stresses induced around a microimplant by root contact may lead to a irreversible loss of microimplant stability.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.617-625
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• 2003

Statement of problem : There are many studies focused on the effect of shape of futures on stress distribution in the mandibular bone. However, there are no studies focused on the effect of the abutment types on stress distribution in mandibular bone. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of three different abutment types on the stress distributions in the mandibular bone due to various loads by performing finite element analysis. Material and method : Three different implant systems produced by Warantec (Seoul, Korea), were modeled to study the effect of abutment types on the stress distribution in the mandibular bone. The three implant systems are classified into oneplant (Oneplant, OP-TH-S11.5). internal implant (Inplant, IO-S11.5) and external implant (Hexplant, EH-S11.5). All abutments were made of titanium grade ELI. and all fixtures were made of titanium grade IV. The mandibular bone used in this study is constituted of compact and spongeous bone assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic. A comparative study of stress distributions in the mandibular bone with three different types of abutment was conducted. Results : It was found that the types of abutments have significant influence on the stress distribution in the mandibular bone. It was due to difference in the load transfer mechanism and the size of contact area between abutment and fixture. Also the maximum effective stress in the mandibular bone was increased with the increase of inclination angle of load. Conclusion : It was concluded that the maximum effective stress in the bone by the internal implant was the lowest among the maximum effective stresses by other two types.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.163-172
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• 2012

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been shown to alter the properties of the bone and impair bone healing around a titanium implant. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), which has been known to stimulate the bone healing, improve the osseointegration of the titanium implant in tibia of DM-induced rats. Methods: 16 rats were received streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) for inducing diabetes. A total number of 32 titanium implants were placed bilaterally into both tibiae of these rats. The right tibia of each rat received LIPUS application (10 min/day) during 7 days post-operation, while the left side received no treatment. The study was carried on for six weeks and the rats were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weaks postoperatively (4 rats for each week) for histomorphometric and histologic analysis. Bone-implant contact and bone area were measured. Comparisons between the groups were made using statistical analysis on histomorphometric analysis. Results: The histomorphometry parameters showed that the bone-implant contact and the bone area values have decreased in the late osseointegration periods (4, 6 weeks) compared to the early osseointegration periods (1, 2 weeks) in both two groups. The bone-implant contact values of the LIPUS group were somewhat higher than those of controls at 1, 2 weeks, but the difference was not statistically significant. The bone area values of the LIPUS group were also higher than those of controls at 1, 2 weeks, but the difference was not statistically significant as well. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that LIPUS may have positive effects on early osseointegration but could not improve the long term stability of dental implants.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.519-527
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• 2005

Statement of problem : There are many articles that showed that the magnetism affected the bone formation around titanium implant. It means that a proper magnetism made the osseointegration improved around the implant. So after additional research on the other effect of magnetism on bone formation in implant therapy, we can conclude its possibility of clinical application on implant treatment. Purpose: The purposes of this study were to find out the intensity of magnetic field where magnetism in the titanium implant specimen inserted into the bone could affect the bone formation, and to discover the possibility of clinical application in the areas of dental implants and bone grafts. Material and method: Ten adult male rabbits(mean BW 2Kg) were used in this study. Titanium implant specimens were surgically implanted on the mesial side of the tibia of rabbits. Neodymium magnets(Magnedisc 500, Aichi Steel Corp. Japan) were placed into the implants of experimental group except control group, just after placement of the titanium implants. At 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the surgery, the animals were sacrificed, specimens were obtained and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin for light microscopic evaluation and histomorphometric analysis. Conclusion : The results were as follows: 1. In radiographic findings, increased radiopacity downward from crestal bone was observed along the titanium implant specimen at experimental period passed by 2, 4, and 8 weeks in both control and experimental group. 2. In histoiogic findings, increased new bone formation was shown in both control and experimental group through the experiment performed for 2, 4, and 8 weeks. More new bone formation and bone remodeling were shown in experimental group. 3. In histomorphometric analysis, the bone contact ratios were 11.9% for control group and 38.5% for experimental group (p<0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.573-592
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• 1994

A two-stage procedure is ideal for getting a successful osseointegration. But if a one-stage procedure can achieve a similar osseointegration, the one-stage procedure has several advantages. The purpose of this study was to observe the initial bone formation and bone remodeling of open type (nonsubmerged) and closed type (submerged) titanium implants. Eight ITI hollow-screws and eight Branemark fixtures were divided into two groups (submerged and nonsubmerged) and were installed on the lower jaws of four mongrel dogs. The animals were sacrificed three months later and bone sections with implants were processed for light microscopic and fluorescent microscopic observation. The results were as follows : 1 There was no significant difference in bone-to-implant contact between submerged and nonsubmerged implants. 2. Smooth surface titanium implants showed more bone-to-implant contact than that of titanium plasma coated implants histologically. 3. Under fluorescent microscopy, the active bone remodeling and new bone formation were observed in the interface zone. 4. Under fluorescent microscopy, submerged and nonsubmerged implants had no difference in bone remodeling pattern, and intramembranous bone formation was more prominent. 5. The connective tissue fibers orienting perpendicularly toward implant surface were oberved in the neck of implants.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.379-391
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• 2003

The present study was undertaken to evaluate bone regenerative capacity around titanium screw implants placed in irradiated rat's tibiae. At one week after single 15-Gy dose irradiation, miniaturized titanium screw implants were inserted into anterior aspect of the upper tibia of rats weighing 200-250g. Seventy rats were involved: 35 rats were control and 35 rats radiation group. The rats were killed at different intervals as 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks after implantation for histologic observation, histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemical study with fibronectin and CD34 antibody. 1. Histologically, various stages of bone maturation and ossification can be seen at 4 weeks and regenerated bone close to edges demonstrates more advanced calcification, and network of new bone are well formed at 12 weeks in non-irradiated group. In contrast, active bone formation with increased contact of newly formed bone to implant surface was noted at 4 weeks and a significant amount of new bone formation and bone-implant contact is oberved at 12 weeks in irradiated group. 2. Histomorphometrical analysis confirmed these histologic findings. A significant difference in implant-bone contact and bone density was measured between the control and radiation group. Mean MBD was 62.2% in control group and 27.5% in radiation group, mean MBIC was 86.6% in control group and 47.7% in radiation group, and mean TBIC was 87.3% in control group and 45.6% in radiation group at 12 weeks after implantation. 3. In immunohistochemical study with fibronectin and CD34, radiation reduced hematopoietic progenitor cells severely and disturbed differentiation of osteoblast in bone marrow. The results of this study revealed bone healing capacity around implant after radiation therapy was severely impaired and irradiation reduces the capacity for osseointegration of titanium implants. Many factors including radiation dose, period between radiation and implantation, bone quality, time elapse between first and second surgery, type of prosthetics and hyperbaric oxygen therapy must be considered carefully in postradiation implantation.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.505-511
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• 2014

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of systemically administered oxytocin (OT) on the implant-bone interface by using histomorphometric analysis and the removal torque test. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 10 adult, New Zealand white, female rabbits were used in this experiment. We placed 2 implants (CSM; CSM Implant, Daegu, South Korea) in each distal femoral metaphysis on both the right and left sides; the implants on both sides were placed 10 mm apart. In each rabbit, 1 implant was prepared for histomorphometric analysis and the other 3 were prepared for the removal torque test (RT). The animals received intramuscular injections of either saline (control group; 0.15 M NaCl) or OT (experimental group; $200{\mu}g/rabbit$). The injections were initiated on Day 3 following the implant surgery and were continued for 4 subsequent weeks; the injections were administered twice per day (at a 12-h interval), for 2 days per week. RESULTS. While no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups (P=.787), the control group had stronger removal torque values. The serum OT concentration (ELISA value) was higher in the OT-treated group, although no statistically significant difference was found. Further, the histomorphometric parameter (bone-to-implant contact [BIC], inter-thread bone, and peri-implant bone) values were higher in the experimental group, but the differences were not significant. CONCLUSION. We postulate that OT supplementation via intramuscular injection weakly contributes to the bone response at the implant-bone interface in rabbits. Therefore, higher concentrations or more frequent administration of OT may be required for a greater bone response to the implant. Further studies analyzing these aspects are needed.