• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.208-213
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• 2009

The achievement of maximal peak bone mineral density (BMD) in early life is one of the most important strategies for the prevention of osteoporosis, which is affected by nutritional status. However, it has been reported that young Korean women do not consume the optimal levels of nutrients because of the frequent practice of body weight reduction. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between nutrient intakes and BMD in young Korean women. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Information on health status, lifestyle and physical activity was obtained by questionnaire. Dietary intake was ascertained from a 3-day dietary record. The study sample included 112 Korean women aged 20$\sim$39 yr. In accordance with the energy intake of subjects, individuals who had an energy intake that was greater than 80% of the Korean Dietary Reference Intake (KDRI) were assigned to the control group (Control), while those who had an energy intake lower than 80% of the KDRI were assigned to the low intake group (LI). The intake of all nutrients in the LI group was significantly lower than that of the Control. Control subjects also showed nutrient intakes higher than the KDRI, except for Ca and folate. However, LI subjects showed intakes of energy, fiber, Ca, Fe, K, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and folate that were lower than the KDRI. The BMD of the lumbar spine in LI subjects was significantly lower than that of the Control subjects. These results suggested that lower nutrient intake has a negative impact on BMD in young women.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 2022

Purpose: Children with celiac disease (CD) are at an increased risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) owing to malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins, inflammation, and malnutrition. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for low BMD in Iranian children with CD. Methods: This prospective cohort study examined 149 Iranian children with CD between 2011 and 2018 at Zabol University of Medical Sciences. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from patients' medical records. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with low areal BMD (BMD-Z <-2) in the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Descriptive data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and relative frequency. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, t-test, and analysis of variance. Results: Of the 149 children with CD, 27.5% had osteoporosis. The mean body mass index (BMI) Z score was -1.28±1.2. Lower BMI was associated with a higher likelihood of BMD-Z (odds ratio 2.17; p≤0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the findings of this study showed that there was no correlation among Marsh classification, presence of specific human leukocyte antigens, and low BMD in Iranian children with CD. BMI can be a predictor of bone density in children with CD and may be applied clinically in early screenings to evaluate the bone health status in these children.

• BMB Reports
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.348-353
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• 2014

The speed of sound (SOS) value is an indicator of bone mineral density (BMD). Previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified a number of genes, whose variations may affect BMD levels. However, their biological implications have been elusive. We re-analyzed the GWA study dataset for the SOS values in skeletal sites of 4,659 Korean women, using a gene-set analysis software, GSA-SNP. We identified 10 common representative GO terms, and 17 candidate genes between these two traits (PGS < 0.05). Implication of these GO terms and genes in the bone mechanism is well supported by the literature survey. Interestingly, the significance levels of some member genes were inversely related, in several gene-sets that were shared between two skeletal sites. This implies that biological process, rather than SNP or gene, is the substantial unit of genetic association for SOS in bone. In conclusion, our findings may provide new insights into the biological mechanisms for BMD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2015

Purpose: This study examined the effects of combined intervention of isoflavones and exercise on bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and biochemical bone markers. Methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups; Control, Isoflavones (IF), Isoflavones + Running (IFR), and Isoflavones + Swimming (IFS). All of the rats in this study were fed an experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for nine weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were estimated using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin.) in spine and femur nine weeks after feeding or training. Results: The combined intervention did not affect weight gain, mean food intake, or food efficiency ratio. The serum concentrations of ALP and osteocalcin were not significantly different by combined intervention. The urinary DPD crosslinks values were not significantly different by combined intervention. There were no significant differences in serum PTH, calcitonin, and estradiol among all groups. Spine BMD, spine BMC and femur BMC were not significantly different by combined intervention. However, femur BMD was significantly higher in the IFR group than in the control group. Compared with the control group, spine BMD, spine BMC, and femur BMD per weight were markedly increased in the isoflavones supplementation and combined intervention group. In addition, femur BMC per weight was significantly higher in the IFS group than in the control group. Compared with the isoflavones supplemented group, BMD and BMC were not significantly different by combined intervention. Conclusion: It can be concluded that isoflavones supplementation or combined intervention of isoflavone and exercise had a beneficial effect on spine and femur peak bone mass in growing female rats.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.246-251
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• 2007

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) with an increased risk of fracture. Low bone mass results from an imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) plays a critical role in osteoclast development and thus is an important candidate gene affecting bone turnover and BMD. In order to investigate the genetic effects of MITF variations on osteoporosis, we directly sequenced the MITF gene in 24 Koreans, and identified fifteen sequence variants. Two polymorphisms (+227719C > T and +228953A > G) were selected based on their allele frequencies, and then genotyped in a larger number of postmenopausal women (n = 560). Areal BMD ($g/cm^2$) of the anterior-posterior lumbar spine and the non-dominant proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We found that the MITF + 227719C > T polymorphism was significantly associated with low BMD of the trochanter (p = 0.005-0.006) and total femur (p = 0.02-0.03) (codominant and dominant models), while there was no association with BMD of the lumbar spine. The MITF+228953A > G polymorphism was also associated with low BMD of the femoral shaft (p = 0.05) in the recessive model. Haplotype analysis showed that haplotype 3 of the MITF gene (MITF-ht3) was associated with low BMD of the trochanter (p = 0.03-0.05) and total femur (p = 0.05) (dominant and codominant models). Our results suggest that MITF variants may play a role in the decreased BMD of the proximal femur in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.995-999
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• 2004

Effects of liquefied calcium supplement on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone health index (osteocalcin, deoxypyridinoline) were investigated in 12 middle aged women. Middle aged women were arranged into 3 groups such as control, Ca500 and Ca750 by liquefied calcium supplement level. BMD was measured at the spine (vertebrae L2-L4). After 6 month, BMD of control group dropped but that of Ca750 were increased from 0.850 to 0.865. The increase in serum calcium and osteocalcin level, and the decrease in urine deoxypyridinoline level were observed in by calcium supplement groups. The bone health index of serum was changed as much as level of calcium supplement. The serum osteocalcin level of Ca750 significantly increased to 7.93 ng/mL after 6 months of calcium supplement. Although we didn't get any significant difference in BMD, we found that the liquefied calcium had no side effect and led effective change in bone health index. Hereafter, we suppose that the liquefied calcium will be available to develop healthy products for preventing osteoporosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.991-1002
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• 1996

The objectives of this study were to obtain normative data for 45 mother-daughter pairs on spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) and total body BMD (bone mineral density) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometric measurement, body composition, biochemical markers, nutrient intakes and energy expenditure, to determin the interrelations of these factors within each group, to measure familial resemblance for each variable. We observed significantly positive correlations between height, weight, head, hip and calf circumferences, tricep, femur and calf skinfold thickness, total lean body mass(=weight-total fat body mass-bone mineral content), protein and fat intakes, Ca index, serum total protein and albumin of monter-daughter pairs(p<.05-p<.001). Among mothers, age, osteocalcin, higher, weight, Ca and energy intakes were predictors of BMDs. Among daughters, weight and energy intake were predictors of BMDs. The BMD in lumbar spine(r=.48, p<.01), femoral neck(r=.38, p<.05), ward's triangle(r=.36, p<.05) of the mothers were significantly correlated with those of the daughters, after adjustment for mother's age, hight, weight, osteocalcin, Ca and energy intakes and daughter's weight, energy intake. In regression analyses, mother's BMD also were positively associated with daughter's BMD in lumbar spine, femoral neck, ward's triangle. Our findings support that mothers with low BMD tended to have daughters with low BMD. In the age groups studied, as well genetic factors as environmental factors may have an important role in determining BMD. This study suggests that women may successfully enhance their genetically determined BMD through adequate nutrient intakes and weight bearing exercise.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.532-542
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• 2002

Purpose: This study were to investigate BMD of middle-aged women and to examine the relationships between BMD and Physical, Obstetric characteristics Method: The data was collected from 119 healthy women who were 40-60 years old. they were examined for BMD at 4 regions(forearm, lumbar, femur, whole body), %fat by DEXA and investigated physical, obstetric characteristics using scale, questionnaire from January to March, 2001. Result: 1) According to bone diagnostic results by WHO classification, 95.8% of forearm and whole body BMD were normal but 21.8-48.7% of lumbar and femur BMD(neck, trochanter, ward's triangle) were diagnosed osteoporosis or osteopnea. 2) The bones were significantly positive correlations of each other (r=.19-.69, p=.04-.00) and there were significant correlations between BMD and physical, obstetric characteristics such as age (r=-.22, p=.02), weight(r=.36~.48, p=.00), height(r=.22, p=.02), %fat(r=.19, p=.04) and age of first delivery(r=-.28, p=.00). Conclusion: Based on this study, healthy middle-aged women were also exposed to risk of osteoporosis related to aging, change of physical conditions or hormonal release. Further research to develop nursing interventions for the purpose of preventing osteoporosis by modifying risk factors is suggested.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.863-869
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• 2002

Soy isoflavones have been hypothesized to exert hormonal effects and to enhance bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of soy isoflavones supplements on bone mineral density and sex hormones (serum estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone) in 47 postmenopausal women. There were 24 participants in the treatment group and 23 in the control group. The treatment group consumed the isoftavones extract capsule daily (which contained 90 mg of soy isoflavones) for 12 weeks. The study compared pre- and post-isoflavones intake in the following areas: physical examination, diet survey, bone mineral density and serum sex hormone levels. The average age of the treatment group was 64.63 years and that of the control group was 66.48 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of height, weight, and body mass index. Both groups maintained regular diet patterns in terms of their average daily nutrient intake. There was no significant difference between the treatment group (18.49 mg) and the control group (21.27 mg) in terms of daily isoflavones intake based on diet. The 12-week analysis of bone mineral density change after taking isoflavones supplements demonstrated no significant differences in the following : lumbar spine BMD (0.82 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in pre versus 0.81 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in post), femoral neck BMD (0.58 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in pre versus 0.57 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in post) in the treatment group. There was no significant difference in serum estradiol in the isoflavones treatment group. The subjects indicated no significant difference in serum testosterone in the isoflavones treatment group. But the subjects indicated a significant difference in sex hormone-binding globulin (60.04 nmol/L in pre versus 52.39 nmol/L in post) in the isoflavones treatment group at the levels of p < 0.05. The significant decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin did indicate the need for long-term study on isoflavones supplementation as well as its positive effect on bone mineral density.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.801-807
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• 2006

To elucidate the effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on bone mineral density and antioxidant enzyme activity in 60 postmenopausal women residing in Iksan area were recruited. There were 31 participants in the treatment group and 29 in the control group. The treatment group consumed isoflavone extract capsules daily (which contained 90 mg of soy isoflavones) for 12 weeks. The study compared before and after isoflavone intake in the following areas. Physical examination, diet survey, bone mineral density (BMD) and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TA)). The average age of the treatment group was 64.6 years and that of the control group was 66.5 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of height, weight and body mass index. Both groups maintained a regular diet pattern in terms of their average daily nutrient intake. There were no significant differences between the treatment group (23.3 mg) and the control group (24.0 mg) in terms of daily isoflavone intake based on diet. Isoflavone supplementation of 12 weeks did not resulted in any significant changes in BMD or parameters of antioxidant enzyme activity, implying the necessity of more intensive intervention for a substantial change. In conclusion, this study revealed that antioxidant enzyme activity holds a significant relationship with the bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and further systematic research on dose and period of isoflavone supplementation is needed to clearify the positive effect of isoflavone on BMD and/or blood antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal women.