• 연구논문집
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• 통권31호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2001

Hydrogen damage affects carbon steel tubes in many fossil-fuel-fired boilers, often causing large tube ruptures that necessitate an immediate shutdown. Therefore, equipment handling high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen must undergo careful periodic inspection because of its susceptibility to hydrogen attack. This paper describes the application of an ultrasonic technique for detecting the presence of hydrogen damage in utility boiler tubes. The accuracy of the technique has been shown in laboratory tests. However, it is difficult to evaluate hydrogen attack quantitatively by this technique, because ultrasonic wave is influenced by the test conditions and the material itself.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1772-1780
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• 2003

An optimal soot blowing system has been developed for an optimal operation of power utility boilers by both minimization of the use of steam and the number of soot blowers worked during soot blowing. Traditionally, the soot blowing system has been operated manually by operators. However, it causes the reduction of power and thermal performance degradation because all soot blowers installed in the plant should be worked simultaneously even there are lots of tubes those are not contaminated by slagging or fouling. Heat transfer area is divided into four groups, furnace, convection area including superheater, reheater and economizer, and air preheater in the present study. The condition of cleanness of the tubes is calculated by several parameters obtained by sensors. Then, a part of soot blowers works automatically where boiler tubes are contaminated. This system has been applied in a practical power plant. Therefore, comparison has been done between this system and manual operation and the results are discussed.

• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2011

CANDU reactor core is composed a few hundreds pressure tubes, which support and locate the nuclear fuels in the reactor. Each pressure tube provides pressure boundary and flow path of primary heat transport system in the core region. In order to guarantee the structural integrity of pressure tube flaws which can be found by in-service inspection, crack growth and fracture initiation assessment have to be performed. Stress intensity factors are important and basic information for structural integrity assessment of planar and laminar flaws (e. g. crack). This paper reviews and confirms the stress intensity factor of axial crack, proposed in CSA N285.8-05, which is an fitness-for-service evaluation code for pressure tubes in CANDU nuclear reactors. The stress intensity factors in CSA N285.8-05 were compared with stress intensity factors calculated by three methods (finite element results, API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 2007 Fitness-For-Service and ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section XI). The effects of Poisson's ratio and anisotropic elastic modulus on stress intensity factors were also discussed.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.58-76
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• 1994

Heat transfer and pressure drop measurements are made on low integral-fin tubes in turbulent water flow condition. The integral-fin tubes investigated in this paper are nominally 19mm in diameter. Eight tubes have been used with trapezoidally shaped integral-fins having fin density from 748 to 1654 fpm and 10, 30 grooves. Plain tube having same diameter as finned tube is also tested for comparison. Experiments are carried out using R-11 as working fluid. The refrigerant condensates at a saturation state of $30^{\circ}C$ on the outside tube surface cooled by coolant. The amount of noncondensable gases present in the test loop is reduced to a negligible value by repeated purging. For a given heat input to the boiler and given cooling water flow rate, all test data are taken on steady state. The heat transfer loop is used for testing single long tubes and cooling water is pumped from a storage tank through filters and flowmeters to the horizontal test section where it is heated by steam condensing on the outside of the tube. The pressure drop across the test section is measured by means of pressure gauge and manometer. Each tube tested is cleaned with sodium dichromate pickling solution and well rinsed with water prior to installation in the test section. The results obtained in this study is as follows : 1. Based on inside diameter and nominal inside area, heat transfer of finned tube is enhanced up to 4 times as that of a plain tube at constant Reynolds number and up to 2 times at constant pumping power. 2. Friction factors are up to 1.6~2.1 times those of plain tube. 3. At a given Reynolds number, Nusselt number decrease with increasing pitch to diameter. 4. The constant pumping power ratio for low integral-fin tubes increase directly with the effective area to the nominal area ratio, and with the effective area diameter ratio.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.291-295
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• 2003

Many steam turbine components encounter solid particle erosion damage. It has been reported that particle erosion damage is caused by oxide scale exfoliation from boiler tubes. One of the most effective solutions to combat the erosion damage is the application of erosion resistant coatings on the turbine components. In this study, particle erosion resistance for various hard coatings such as nitride, Cr carbide and boride coatings was evaluated under the simulated erosion conditions of steam turbines. Based on the particle erosion tests, the boride coating was found to be more superior to others.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 정격 출력 375 MW급의 석탄화력발전소의 보일러 및 보일러를 지지하는 철골의 유한요소해석을 위한 보일러-철골 통합모델을 개발하였다. 본 연구는 SAP2000 프로그램을 사용하여 지진하중에 대하여 통합모델을 해석함으로써 차후에 보일러와 철골의 안전성을 평가할 것을 염두에 두고 수행한 선행 연구이다. 보일러 내부의 수많은 관으로 구성되는 복잡한 과열기, 재열기, 절탄기, 멤브레인벽에 대하여 단순화 기법을 사용하여 강성과 관성의 관점에서 등가인 보요소, 쉘요소, 솔리드요소로 모델링하는 방법을 제시하였다. 그리고 보일러와 철골 간의 연결을 위한 모델링 방법도 제시하였다. 보일러를 철골의 거더에 매다는 역할을 하는 많은 행거는 개수를 줄여서 등가 행거로 변환하여 모델링하였다. 보일러 외벽의 벅스테이에 부착된 보일러 스토퍼는 스토퍼와 철골 기둥 사이의 연결 관계를 고려하여 변위를 연계시켜 모델링하였다. 개발된 보일러-철골 통합모델에 대하여 자중조건에 대한 정적해석을 수행하여 변형형태를 평가하였다. 자중조건에 대한 해석결과, 철골 부재들과 보일러의 주요 구성품들의 거동이 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 개발된 통합모델은 보일러 및 보일러를 지지하는 철골의 지진에 대한 안전성 평가에 충분히 활용이 가능한 것으로 판단된다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.31-44
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• 1993

Through the early 1900's, the evolution of the surface condenser was closely tied to the development of steam engine and the turbine. As the chemical and petroleum industries evolved in the 1900's, the use of surface condensers in many different processes. Today, industry uses condensers in many shapes and sizes. The actual condensation process occurs on the outside surface of tubes. The nature of this surface geometry affects the condenser's heat transfer performance. The first condensers were built with plain tubes. As tube manufacturing techniques advanced, manufacturers started making tubes with integral fins. In the 1940's, fin densities were limited to about 600 to 700 fins per meter(fpm) because of manufacturing procedure. Today new manufacturing techniques allow production of tubes with fin densities ranging from 750 to 1600 fpm. The integral-fin tubes investigated in this paper are nominally 19 mm diameter. Eight tubes have been used with trapezodially shaped integral-fins having fin density from 748 to 1654 fpm and 10, 30 grooves. For comparison, tests are made using a plain tube having the same inside diameter and an outside diameter equal to that at the root of the fins for the finned tubes. Betty and Katz's theoretical modelis is used to predict the R-11 condensation coefficient on horizontal integral-fin tubes having 748, 1024 and 1299 fpm. Experiments are carried out using R-11 as working fluid. The refrigerant condensates at a saturation state of $30^{\circ}C$ on the outside tube surface cooled by coolant. The amount of noncondensable gases present in the test loop is reduced to a negligible value by repeated purging. For a given heat input to the boiler and given cooling water flow rate, all test data are taken at steady state. The observed heat transfer enhancement for the finned and grooved tubes significantly exceeded that to be expected on grounds of increased area. For the eight fin tubes and one plain tube tested, the best performance has been obtained with a tube having a fin density of 1299 fpm, and a fin bight of 1.2mm and 30 grooves.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2008

Material degradation of Cr steels in boiler tubes was accompanied by the microstructural changes including carbide behavior and crack formation. The microstructural change and the mechanical behavior of hardness and creep properties in accelerated heat-treatments were studied in order to identify the material degradation of the X20 Cr steel. The degradation behavior was occurred in the hardness increasing followed by decreasing due to carbide dissolution and precipitation.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2020

유동층보일러를 구성하는 요소 중 하나인 수냉벽튜브는 외부의 고온 연소 가스를 이용해 물을 증기로 가열하는 튜브군의 하나로써, 보일러를 이용한 전력생산에 중요한 역할을 담당하지만, 고온 가스 및 유동매체로 인해 마모 및 부식이 심하게 일어나면 누수가 발생하게 되고, 누수로 인한 2차 피해도 발생될 뿐만 아니라, 발전 효율이 현저히 떨어지게 되어 수냉벽튜브의 유지보수는 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 원격장 기반의 발신자(Exciter) 센서 설계, 원격장 와전류 시스템 구성, 수냉벽튜브 외벽 결함평가를 목적으로 하였으며, 이를 위한 발신자 형상의 센서 설계를 시작으로, 수냉벽튜브의 크기, 재질, 주파수, Lift-Off (센서와 수냉벽튜브 사이의 거리) 등 여러 가지 요인에 따른 시험을 진행하여 그에 따른 최적의 발신자 센서를 설계하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.563-569
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• 2012

대용량 화력발전 보일러 과열기와 재열기 튜브는 과열에 취약하여 보일러 정지 시 튜브 내부의 산화 스케일 두께를 측정하여 과열상태를 평가한다. 산화스케일 두께측정에 의한 튜브 온도예측은 튜브의 발췌가 불가피하고 정확한 과열지점의 선정과 튜브의 초기운전온도가 확보되지 못하면 유의한 튜브온도예측결과를 얻을 수 없는 문제점이 있다. 또한 해석적 방법에 의해 튜브 온도를 예측하는 경우 튜브 외부 연소가스에 대한 연소, 복사, 대류 및 난류유동에 대한 방대한 해석이 필요한 반면 순시적인 부하의 변동, 탄종의 변화 및 운전방법의 변화를 반영할 수 없으므로 지속적인 튜브의 온도를 예측할 수 없는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 보일러 운전정보와 유로망 해석을 통해 튜브의 열유속을 계산하고 이를 이용하여 단시간에 튜브의 온도를 예측할 수 있는 기법을 제시하였다. 본 기법을 Larson-Miller Parameter 법과 같은 실용적인 튜브 손상평가기법과 결합하면 유용한 고온손상감시의 수단으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.