• 제목/요약/키워드: Body without Organs

검색결과 102건 처리시간 0.028초

랫드에서 두릅 추출물의 4주 반복투여 독성시험 (Four-week Repeated Oral Toxicity Study of the Extract of Aralia elata in Rats)

  • 진주연;양희경;김지민;고문수;홍현주;진영건;김동건;김상철;이일;현민경;강상철;김재훈;이영재
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.445-452
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    • 2006
  • Aralia elata, a common medicinal and culinary herb, has beer consumed for centuries without any reported adverse effects. However, due to its limited safety information, we decided to investigate the repeated-dose toxicity of ethanolic extract of Aralia elata. The test was administered once daily by the gavage to male and female rats at doses of 0, 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg/day for four weeks. Throughout the study, no treatment-related deaths or clinical signs were observed. Also, no apparent changes were detected in ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, serum biochemistry, hematology and gross necropsy. The test result showed a significant decrease in body and heart weight of males treated with 250 mg/kg of extract of Aralia elata compared to normal control, a significant increase in relative brain weight and adrenal weight in females treated with 250 mg/kg of extract compared to normal control. However, all these changes were not considered toxicologically important due to irrelevant dose-response relationship to gross and microscopic findings. Histopathologically, abnormal changes were not observed in any target organs. On the basis of these results, the NOAEL of extract of Aralia elata was estimated to be more than 1,000 mg/kg/day under the tested conditions.

흰쥐의 성별과 체중에 따른 족삼리(足三里) 전침자극의 시간과 심도(深度)의 변화가 수장수송능(小腸輸送能)에 미치는 영향 (Study on Relation of Stimulated Duration and Depth of Electroacupuncture with Sex and Weight In Rats)

  • 김영삼;유윤조;오인균;김명동
    • 동의생리병리학회지
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.444-452
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    • 2007
  • Acupuncture treatment cures disease by regulating the functional excessiveness or deficiency which occurs in the meridian and visceral organs, and by letting stagnated Qi and Blood flow through the whole body and then controlling Qi. Whether or not to have Qi feeling is the main factor needed to manifest the efficacy of acupuncture. So it needs the very stimulus to make Qi felt rather than the simple stimulus. In order to have Qi feeling, it needs to acupuncture a patient according to patient's thinness or fatness, constitution, richness or poverty and age. And also it needs to vary the way to acupuncture a patient according to meridian, kinds of pulse, degrees of disease, new or old diseases, seasons with a disease and local areas of disease. In order to ascertain that it is important for the quality and quantity of acupuncture stimulus and the state of feeling acupuncture to get the efficacy of acupuncture, the experiment was planned to confirm whether the form and Qi of subject has different result according to the stimulated duration and depth. On the basis of the report that acupuncture on derma, when using electroacupuncture at Zusanli(ST 36) which denotes small intestinal motility, is more efficient than full depth acupuncture, I got the following result, after I observed whether the stimulated duration and depth give different efficacy according to the sex and weights of rat in experiment. The increased effects of small intestinal motility by electroacupuncture on Zusanli(ST 36) appeared after stimulating full depth for thirty minutes without distinction of sex and weights. This significant change was observed only in the female experimental group when I distinguished the sex. The small interstinal motility in rats by electroacupuncture at zusanli(ST 36) decreased in the 10 minutes' stimulated group and 30 minutes' stimulated group by duration on the one hand, and derma-deep stimulated group and full depth stimulated group by the depth of stimulus on the other hand, as the weights increased. This result shows that the duration and depth of acupuncture depends on the differences of acupuncture points, sex of the experimental animals, ages, and, weights. And the further study on the experimental and clinical differences and sextual differences need to be continued on.

Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chicks Fed Germinated and Fermented Soybeans

  • Lee, Dan-Won;Shin, Jin-Ho;Park, Jung-Min;Song, Jae-Chul;Suh, Hyung-Joo;Chang, Un-Jae;An, Byoung-Ki;Kang, Chang-Won;Kim, Jin-Man
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제30권6호
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    • pp.938-945
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effects of germinated and fermented (with Monascus pupureus) soybean screenings (GFS) on growth performance and meat quality in broiler chicken. A total of 750 1-day-old Ross ${\times}$ Ross male broiler chicks were randomly allocated into five groups (five replications with 30 birds each) and fed experimental diets for 5 wks as follows: Group 1, negative-control (antibiotics-free diet); Group 2, positive-control (negative-control with 10 ppm of Avilamycin); Group 3, negative-control with 0.3% GFS; Group 4, negative-control with 0.5% GFS; Group 5, negative-control with 1% GFS. The final body weight of each group fed a diet containing 1% GFS was significantly higher than that of the negative-control group. The feed conversion ratios of all groups fed diets containing GFS and the positivecontrol group were significantly improved compared to the negative-control group during the whole period (p<0.05). The relative weights of various organs along with the activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were not influenced by the dietary treatments. The levels of total serum cholesterol in groups fed diets containing 0.5% and 1% GFS were more significantly lowered compared to those of the control groups without GFS (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the cecal microflora profiles among the groups. Further, the dietary treatments did not influence the physico-chemical properties of the edible meat, including the shear force, pH, meat color (CIE $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$), and content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Cooking loss of breast muscle in the groups fed GFS was significantly lowered compared to that of the negative control group (p<0.05). These results indicate that dietary GFS could improve growth performance in broiler chicken and may affect meat quality in some instances.

Sprague Dawley 쥐에서 장내 유래 Lactobacillus sp. KP-3의 중금속 축적 저해 효과 (The Inhibitory Effects of Intestine-oriented Lactobacillus sp. KP-3 on the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Sprague Dawley rats)

  • 김신연;김현표
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.164-173
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    • 2015
  • 유산 균주들을 신생아 및 성인의 분변으로부터 분리하여 그 중에서도 가장 중금속 흡착능이 크고 중금속에 내성이 있다고 사료되는 균주 KP-3를 선별하여 동정한 결과 Lactobacillus sp.으로 밝혀졌다. 동물 실험에서는 생후 4주령의 Sprague dawley male rat에게 선별한 균주 KP-3를 투여하여 혈액 및 장기 내의 중금속 축적 저해효과가 어느 정도인지 조사하였다. 실험군으로는 SD rat 한 마리당 Lactobacillus sp. KP-3와 중금속 10 ppm을 혼합하여 약 100 ml/day씩 7일간 투여하였다. 대조군으로 중금속과 멸균 생리 식염수를 혼합하여 투여한 군과 Lactobacillus sp. KP-3와 멸균 생리 식염수를 혼합하여 투여한 군, 멸균 생리 식염수 만을 투여한 군으로 분리하여 SD rat 한 마리당 약 100 ml/day씩 7일간 투여하였다. 혈액, 간장 및 신장의 시료를 채취하여 카드뮴(Cd), 크롬(Cr), 납(Pb) 등의 중금속 축적량을 측정하였다. 측정 결과 크롬(Cr)은 신장에 주로 축적되었고, 납(Pb)은 간장과 신장에 주로 많은 축적을 보였고, 실험군인 Lactobacillus sp. KP-3와 중금속을 혼합하여 투여한 군에서는 중금속만을 투여한 군보다 중금속 축적량이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 카드뮴(Cd), 크롬(Cr), 납(Pb)의 평균 중금속 축적 저해율은 각각 41.8%, 33.4% 44.2%로 나타났다. 특히, 혈액에서의 중금속 축적 저해율은 약 70%로 매우 높게 나타났고 혈액에서의 카드뮴 축적 저해율은 100%로 나타났다. 본 실험에서 탐색하여 최적화된 유산균이라고 생각되는 Lactobacillus sp. KP-3균주는 실험 결과에 의하면 중금속 축적 저해에 효과가 있는 것으로 여겨지며, 또한 유산균이 함유된 식품을 지속적으로 섭취함으로써 체내의 중금속의 축적 억제에 도움이 크게 되리라 생각된다.

산란시기의 칼납자루 Acheilognathus koreensis (잉어과)의 배측융기와 산란관의 구조 (Structure on the Ventral Process and the Ovipositor of a Korean Oily Bitterling, Acheilognathus koreensis (Pisces, Cyprinidae), in Relation to Spawning Season)

  • 박종영;김익수
    • 한국어류학회지
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.27-35
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    • 2006
  • 한국산 칼납자루의 암컷은 산란시기가 되면 배지느러미 기부 부근에 돌출되어 신장되어 나타나는 배측융기가 형성된다. 이러한 배측융기는 직장(항문)부분과 내측산란관으로 구성되었다. 직장은 점막층, 점막하층, 근육층과 이들을 둘러싸는 다층의 표층으로 구성되어 있으며 특히 점막층에는 산성 점액다당류인 점액세포가 존재한다. 한편 내측산란관은 직장과 비슷한 구조를 가지고 있으나 점막층에는 점액세포가 존재하지 않는 특징을 보였다. 한편 외측산란관은 배측융기와 연결되지 않아 가늘고, 긴 관의 형태를 보이고 있으나 내측산란관과 달리 근육층이 존재하지 않아 점막층, 점막하층, 다층의 표피층으로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 결과로 보아 근육층을 가지는 내측산란관은 성숙란을 외측산란관으로 내보기 위해 연동운동과 관련있는 반면에 외측산란관은 근육층이 존재하지 않아 내측산란관으로부터 방출된 성숙란을 단지 이매패 속으로 전달하는 단순한 관의 역할을 하는 것으로 생각된다.

X線照射에 따르는 Deoxycytidineuria와 CdR-aminohydrolase의 活性變化와의 連關性 (Correlation between Deoxycytidineuria and CdR-aminohydrolase Activity following X-Irradiation)

  • Man Sik kang;Rhee, Juong-Gile;Cho, Joong-Myung
    • 한국동물학회지
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.163-172
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    • 1975
  • 생쥐에 400 및 800 R의 X線을 一時全身照射한 뒤, 몇가지 臟器에서 Dische 陽性物質의 放出量과 CdR-aminohydrolase의 活性變化 및 尿중의 CdR量을 照射후의 時間經過에 따라 측정하여 放射線照射후 deoxycytidineuria의 增加機構의 一面을 究明하려고 시도했다. CdR-aminohydrolase의 活性度는 照射후 1時間째에 小腸과 肝에서 顯著한 감소를 보였으며, 5$\\sim$12시간 사이에 정상水準으로 복귀되었다가 3日째에 最大의 증가를 나타냈다. 한편, 脾臟과 血液의 경우는 對照群과 照射群에서 모두 극미한 活性만이 관찰되었다. Dische 陽性物質의 放出量은 小腸의 경우 照射후 3$\\sim$12시간 사이에 증가를 보였으며 6$\\sim$9시간에 最大値를 나타냈다. 이에 반해서 肝, 脾臟 및 賢臟의 경우는 小腸에 비해 1/20 이하에 불과하였으며, 이들 조직은 照射후 증가하는 deoxycytidineuria에 직접 寄與하지는 않는 것으로 생각된다. Deoxycytidineuria는 照射후 9$\\sim$12시간에 最大値를 보였는데, 이의 相當量이 小腸에 연유하는 것으로 믿어지고, 특히 小腸의 CdR-aminohydrolase의 活性度의 변화와 깊은 關連이 있는 것으로 생각된다. 즉 放射線照射후 DNA分解産物중 CdR이 CdR-aminohydrolase의 活性이 격감하는 시기에 조직으로부터 血液으로 放出되고, 血液내에서는 별다른 量的변화를 거치지 않고 尿에 섞여 排泄되는 것으로 思料된다.

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Assessment of Dose Distributions According to Low Magnetic Field Effect for Prostate SABR

  • Son, Jaeman;An, Hyun Joon;Choi, Chang Heon;Chie, Eui Kyu;Kim, Jin Ho;Park, Jong Min;Kim, Jung-in
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • 제44권1호
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    • pp.26-31
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    • 2019
  • Background: Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) plans in prostate cancer are compared and analyzed to investigate the low magnetic effect (0.35 T) on the dose distribution, with various dosimetric parameters according to low magnetic field. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients who received a 36.25 Gy in five fractions using the MR-IGRT system (ViewRay) were studied. For planning target volume (PTV), the point mean dose ($D_{mean}$), maximum dose ($D_{max}$), minimum dose ($D_{min}$) and volumes receiving 100% ($V_{100%}$), 95% ($V_{95%}$), and 90% ($V_{90%}$) of the total dose. For organs-at-risk (OARs), the differences compared using $D_{max}$, $V_{50%}$, $V_{80%}$, $V_{90%}$, and $V_{100%}$ of the rectum; $D_{max}$, $V_{50%}$, $V_{30Gy}$, $V_{100%}$ of the bladder; and $V_{30Gy}$ of both left and right femoral heads. For both the outer and inner shells near the skin, $D_{mean}$, $D_{min}$, and $D_{max}$ were compared. Results and Discussion: In PTV analysis, the maximum difference in volumes ($V_{100%}$, $V_{95%}$, and $V_{90%}$) according to low magnetic field was $0.54{\pm}0.63%$ in $V_{100%}$. For OAR, there was no significant difference of dose distribution on account of the low magnetic field. In results of the shells, although there were no noticeable differences in dose distribution, the average difference of dose distribution for the outer shell was $1.28{\pm}1.08Gy$ for $D_{max}$. Conclusion: In the PTV and OARs for prostate cancer, there are no statistically-significant differences between the plan calculated with and without a magnetic field. However, we confirm that the dose distribution significantly increases near the body shell when a magnetic field is applied.

산사의 NAFLD 보호 효과 및 그 작용기전에 관한 연구 (Non-alcoholic fatty liver protective effects, and studies on the mechanism of action of Crataegi Fructus)

  • 김민철;공룡;한형선;강담희;이승진;이천천;왕서;권동렬;강옥화
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제33권6호
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    • pp.61-70
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    • 2018
  • Objectives : Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of hepatic triglycerides (TG) that leads to inflammation and fibrosis. Crataegi Fructus ethanol extract (CE) is a korean traditional herb that used for digestive diseases. It has been investigated that CE has the effect that prevent hepatotoxicity caused by CCl4 or GaIN and regulate the inflammatory in several organs. However, a hypolipidemic effect of CF has not been reported. Methods : The purpose of this study is that examine the lipid accumulation inhibitory effect of CE on NAFLD. We checked the body and liver weight change of MCD-diet induced mice with/without administration of CE. The blood lipid levels of C57BL/6J mice were checked by biochemistry. Also we observed the liver histology of MCD-diet induced mice and investigate the molecular mechanisms in MCD-diet-induced NAFLD in C57BL/6J mice. Results : CE improved MCD-diet-induced lipid accumulation and TG and TC levels. Also, CE decreased hepatic lipogenesis such as SREBP-1, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, ACC and FAS. Besides, we also found out that CE increased AMPK phosphorylation. These results indicated that CE has the same ability to activate AMPK and then reduce SREBP-1, and FAS expression, finally leading to inhibit hepatic lipogenesis and hepatic antioxidative ability. Conclusions : In this report, we found CE exerted a regulatory effect on lipid accumulation by decreasing lipogenesis in MCD-diet induced NAFLD model. Therefore, CE extract may be active in the prevention of fatty liver.

부분유방 방사선조사 시 저자기장이 선량분포에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Low Magnetic Field on Dose Distribution in the Partial-Breast Irradiation)

  • 김정인;박소연;이양훈;신경환;우홍균;박종민
    • 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.208-214
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    • 2015
  • 이 연구 목적은 부분유방 방사선조사 시 저자기장이 선량분포에 주는 영향을 조사하는 것이다. 11명의 초기 유방암 환자들이 뷰레이 시스템에서 38.5 Gy를 10회의 부분유방 방사선 조사 방법으로 치료를 받았다. 모든 치료계획은 저자기장이 있을 때와 없을 때의 선량분포를 각각 계산하고, 각 구조물에 대하여 선량과 용적의 차이값을 평가하였다. 치료계획용적에 대해서는 평균선량, 최소, 최대 선량 그리고 처방선량의 최소한 90%, 95%, 107%를 조사받는 용적을 각각 분석에 포함하였다. 정상조직장기 중 치료와 동일한 방향 폐는 평균선량, 20 Gy를 받는 용적을 평가하고, 반대방향의 폐는 평균선량만 평가하였다. 심장은 평균선량, 최대선량과 20 Gy를 받는 용적을 각각 평가하였다. 내 외각 껍질구조에 대해서는 평균선량, 최소, 최대 선량을 각각 평가하였다. 치료계획용적의 경우 저자기장에 의한 선량 분포의 영향은 최대 2%의 용적 변화, 4 Gy 선량 변화 차이를 보였다. 정상조직 장기에 대해서는 자기장에 의한 선량 분포의 영향은 발견되지 않았다. 내 외각 껍질구조에서 두 선량분포 계산에서 평균값의 차이는 작지만 평균선량의 차이가 유효하게 나타났다. 최소 선량 분석에서는 내 외각 껍질구조에서 차이가 없었다. 자기장에 의한 선량 분포의 영향은 외각 껍질구조에서 최대선량 값 분석에서 $5.0{\pm}10.5Gy$으로 나타났다. Co-60 빔을 이용한 세기조절 방사선치료계획의 부분유방 방사선조사 치료에서 0.35 T 저자기장에 의한 선량 분포 영향은 인체 내부에서는 크게 발견되지 않았다. 다만 인체 외부에서 선량 증가가 관찰되었고, 이는 치료시스템 헤드에서 발생되는 이차전자와 인체 표면 부근에서 산란된 이차전자가 자기장의 방향으로 이동하면서 선량 분포를 형성하고 있다.

("황제내경소문(黃帝內經素問)" 중(中) 사혈(瀉血)에 관한 연구(硏究) (A Study on the Blood-Letting Therapy in Elementary Questions)

  • 이준근
    • 대한한의정보학회지
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.19-42
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    • 2008
  • Blood-Letting Therapy is a rational and ecological medical treatment by which we can heal most of the diseases by removing the static blood which precipitates in the blood vessel and blocks the flowing of blood. And the static blood is the generic term for the injurious, bad, dead and precipitated blood which is blocked the capillary vessel. The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine says that "the patient is treated with drugs internally and stone acupuncture externally. "In the old texts, the blood-letting therapy is mentioned as blood-letting, network vessel pricking, bloodletting, pricking, and arousing pulses etc and it is noted down as the method of network vessel pricking in 'On the Application of Needles' of Spiritual Pivot. Nine-pricking therapy, twelve-pricking therapy and five-pricking therapy are recorded in the methods of network vessel pricking and among them, the method of squeezing blood after pricking the affected part is explained as the network vessel pricking. There are four methods of network vessel pricking, pricking, picking, cluster needling and scatter-pricking and they are fluidly applied to the various symptoms of diseases. In 'On Discriminative Treating for Patients of Different Regions' in Elementary Questions, Ki-baek emphasizes "most of the local people, there are black in skin and loose in striate, and their diseases are mostly of carbuncle kind. It is suitable to treat the disease with stone therapy to prick with stone, so the stone therapy is transmitted from the east. "And in 'On the Corresponding Relation Between the Eum and Yang of Man and All Things' in Elementary Questions, when the Emperor asked Ki-Back, he answered "sthenia means the sthenia of evil, and deficiency means the deficiency of healthy energy. When the blood is sthenic, the evil should be discharged by pricking when out letting the blood; deficiency of vital energy is the asthenia of channels and network vessels, so the energy should drain from the channel which is not deficient, to replenish. "And in this case we can use the methods of 'Breaking out the static bloods', 'driving out the static bloods', blood-letting'. With this we can infer that the blood-letting therapy is made use of the important medical treatments from the ancient times. Especially in referring to the principles of treatment in The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, it mostly alluded to acupuncture therapies and only eleven times to medicinal treatments. This is to verify that the blood-letting therapy formed the foundation of the medical art. In Dong's Therapy of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Bloodletting, Dong Kyeong-Chang gave emphasis on the points that there must be extravasated bloods without exception in the serious illnesses which is old, unnatural, accompanying acute pains and so we can revive our body‘s sprit by circulating 'gi' and static blood piled up in the network vessel, regulating the weakness and strength, and controling the disharmony of the internal organs. The blood-letting therapy has effect on the orifice in emergency, such as fore draining, freeing network vessels, harmonizing gi and blood, relieving pain, dispersing swelling and concretion, sedation, resolving toxin as well as strengthening the heart, relieving itching. So it has distinguished effect on all kinds of medical treatment to the modern people. But by the change of social customs and the confucianism of confucius - it is widely spread on the period of North and South Dynasties, 'Wi' and 'Jin' in china and the period of the Three States in korea - The blood-letting therapy which was regarded as the most important medicinal treatment withered rapidly. And Confucius accentuated the importance of our body and all its members, loyalty and filial piety and banned any damage of our body under no circumstances. As a result of it, the therapy of blood-letting had a rapid decrease and barely kept itself in existence in both countries. What is worse, at the period of Japanese colonial rule of korea and our nation's founding of early stage, it has been withered by the high-handed policy to change Oriental Medicine into modern medical science. So the therapy of blood-letting barely kept itself in existence in some Buddhist temples. Another case, it has handed down as a old-fashioned quick fix in folk remedies. But all kinds of the contamination of heavy metals and the misuses of antibiotics are widely spread nowadays, which increased diseases of adult people and incurable diseases as modern society unavoidably made its way into a highly industrial society. To make us more miserable, the western medical science - the antibiotics and surgical operation medical science - already reveals itself into a limit. The necessity of a new medical science which can give a security to the patients who are suffering from the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases is especially come into the force nowadays. In view of the results after bibliographically studying on the blood-letting Therapy in Elementary Questions of the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, the blood-letting therapy has acted for the important Oriental medicinal science and has been clarified the prominent effects on the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases. So it is regarded as an appropriate thing that we lay out a determined theory of the blood-letting therapy and of course prevent the unwanted side effects from inappropriate medicinal treatments, and make full use of clinic by elevating the curative value and that we win back our self-respect of medical treatment which is dominated from the western medical science and ultimately contribute to national medical welfare.

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