• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.155-160
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• 2011

Changes of fruiting body yield and morphology according to growing temperatures in Pleurotus strains were investigated. In this study, twelve commercial strains divided into low, medium and high temperature groups were tested. On the basis of fruiting body yield, they showed best in their own temperature properties. On the other hand, they didn't have any fixed tendency to growing temperatures on morphological characteristics. Thicknesses of pilei were best at $10^{\circ}C$, having nothing to do with strains. Lengths of stipes were increased with the progress of cultivation temperatures in five strains including 'Sambok'. The other strains showed differences on this trait. Thicknesses of stipes were decreased with the progress of cultivation temperatures in other strains excepting 'Sambok and ASI2029'. Days for harvest were extended as temperature decreased, even though the shortest days were different according to strains. Sometimes there were abnormal shapes of fruiting bodies in response to temperatures in some strains. In 'Suhan-1', white cilia fully covered onto the surface of pilei were observed macroscopically at the early stage and then disappeared or remained a little later at $10^{\circ}C$ cultivation. In 'Chunchu-2', their stipes were twisted and bent over $20^{\circ}C$ cultivation.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.97-105
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between clothing microclimate and physiological responses, including subjective sensations, when, in a $15^{\circ}C$ environment, a range of temperatures inside clothing is broadly produced from using various combinations of upper and lower garments. Six male subjects participated in the investigation and the results were as follows. For all types of inside garments, the temperature of the clothing was lower than the skin temperature for the whole body in each case. The mean temperature for inside clothing ($\bar{T}_{cl}$) significantly showed the highest correlation with mean weighted skin temperature (r = 0.816) and was less positively correlated with the temperature of the inside clothing at the chest (r = 0.326) (p < .01). Values for both the energy expenditure and the heart rate were less positively correlated with the clothing microclimate (p < .01). The change of body heat content showed a negative correlation with the surface temperature of the innermost clothing (r = -0.519) and there was a difference between the innermost surface temperature and the outermost surface temperature of the clothing at the chest (r = -0.577). As td increased, the increase of body heat content declined (p < .01). There was a negative correlation between body fat and some of the temperatures inside the clothing (p < .01) and body fat had no significant correlation with the humidity inside the clothing. Subjective sensations were more highly correlated with $\bar{T}_{cl}$ than with the temperature of the inside clothing at the chest and had not significantly correlation with the humidity of the inside clothing. In conclusion, through these results, it can be seen that the temperature inside the clothing was related to various physiological responses and subjective sensations, and that the mean temperature of the inside clothing ($\bar{T}_{cl}$) showed a higher relationship with the temperature of the inside clothing at the abdomen than that at the chest.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.747-755
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• 1998

In order to study the relationship between body core temperature and adiposity , the core temperatures of normal weight female college students were measured during an instant-noodle lunch eaten in a laboratory at the ambient temperature of 22-24.8$^{\circ}C$. Ambient temperature was positively correlated with meal-start core temperature and meal duration. The difference between the peak postprandial and the meal-start core temperature was negatively correlated with body weight and BMI. This means that the thermogenic response induced by meal consumption was negatively associated with adiposity. Meal duration also showed a negative correlation with body weight, BMI, and hip girth. Thus, the obese eating style characterized by a rapid rate of food intake was also associated with adiposity in normal weight women. It was possibly a contributing factor in the development of obesity. In conclusion, adiposity is negatively associated with the difference between the peak postprandial and the meal-start core temperature and meal duration during a meal.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 1993

The most effective modality for cold application and the length of the application have not been determined despite many studies about the use of cold. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the most effective modality among three methods of cold application, the most effective length of time for the application and the continuing effect after each type of cold application. Thirty adult patients admitted to medical and neurosurgical unit and with high fever (above 38.2 ℃) were assigned randomly to each of three cold ap-plication methods : (a) ice bag: (b) cold compress; and (c) tepid water sponge bath. Each method was applied to the whole anterior surface except the face and neck with the patient in the supine pos-ition. Rectal temperatures and skin temperatures (mid chest, upper arm, thigh and leg) were measured be-fore each application and every 10 minutes during ,each application for a period of 60 minutes. They were also measured every 10 minutes for 30 minutes after each cold application was finished. The experiments were carried out from Dec. 22. 1992 through Feb. 26, 1993. The data were analysed using means, ANCOVA Sheffe test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are as follows : 1. There were no significant differences among the three cold application methods in the reduction of body temperature, 2. Among the ice bag, cold compress and tepid water sponge bath groups, the ice bag proved to be the most effective method for lowering skin temperature while the cold compress was least effective. 3. Both rectal and skin temperature continued to decrease during the 60 minutes of cold application, but the hunting phenomena was not observed at any of the cold application sites. 4. There were no significant correlations between mean rectal and skin temperatures. 5. Skin temperatures according to the cold application sites decreased to a range of 3.46℃ to 5.20℃ (mid chest), a range of 4.48℃ 4.96℃ (upper arm), a range of 3.86℃ to 5.05℃ (thigh), and a range of 5.42℃ -7.12℃ (leg ). 6. In continuing effect after the cold applications were finished, rectal temperatures according to ice bag, cold compress and tepid sponge bath decreased to 0.29℃, 0.23℃ and 0.09℃ respectively, while the mean skin temperatures increased to 2.39℃ , 2.04℃ and 2.22℃ respectively. In this experiment the ice bag was the most effective modality for lowering skin temperature. when-ever cold is applied for systemic effect, the continuing effect of cold should be considered. The determination of the most effective length of time for cold application needs further study.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of air and ceiling temperatures on a type of ceiling cooling system that involves cool water circulation. The experiment is conducted in summer. The subjects (11 young females) are exposed to the following conditions: combinations of air temperatures $(27^{\circ}C,\;29^{\circ}C,\;31^{\circ}C)$ and ceiling temperature of $(22.7^{\circ}C,\;23.7^{\circ}C,\;24.7^{\circ}C)$ in still air and RH 50%. The following results were obtained; the thermal sensation vote is neutral at a mean skin temperature of $34.5^{\circ}C$. The ceiling temperature affected different parts of the body. For example, the forehead, scapula and abdomen produced different skin temperatures. Thermal comfort vote was rated as comfortable at high temperature environment. The satisfaction from the ceiling temperature was valued comfortable zone in this experiment. Mean skin temperature showing higher thermal neutrality temperature than existing studies for floor and wall radiation cooling results.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2003

This work was performed to investigate the distribution of the fuel droplet size around the bluff-body and the combustion characteristics. The bluff-body is used fur the purpose of increasing the combustion efficiency by stabilizing the flame. Diameters of the bluff-body in this experiment are 6, 8, and 10mm and the impingement angles are $30^{\circ},\;60^{\circ}\;and\;90^{\circ}$. The measurement points were at the distances of 20 and 30 mm axially from the nozzle. The geometry of the bluff-body influenced the spray shape and the combustion characteristics. The SMD was acquired by image processing technique (PMAS), and the mean temperatures were measured by thermocouple. In the condition of ${\theta}=60^{\circ}$, the values of SMD are not greatly varied compared to the other conditions. As the angle of bluff-body was increased, the high temperature region was wider along radial direction. When the air-fuel ratio was larger than 5.2, the NOx concentration was decreased, and an increase in the diameter of the bluff-body decreased the NOx of emission.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.145-148
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in body temperature of canine via their hair lengths before and after grooming. A total of 120 companion canines were used in this study for a total of 6 weeks, and 20 dogs each week consisted of both 10 poodles and 10 malteses (five females and males). For accurate temperature measurement, the anal depth was measured at approximately 1.5 cm. Temperature before and after grooming was measured at 10 am and after more than three hours, respectively. There was statistical significance (p<0.05) in body temperature changes for male poodles at 1, 2, and 3 weeks and for female poodles at 1, 3, 4, and 5 weeks, and the total period showed a statistical difference for both male and female poodles (p<0.05). In addition, male and female malteses had an effect (p<0.05) on changes in body temperature at 1 and 6 weeks and only at 4 weeks, respectively. For total period, there was a statistical difference in male and female poodles (p<0.05). Moreover, when the temperature changes of females were compared, there was no remarkable difference. In conclusion, the body temperatures of both male and female dogs according to the length of their hair were lower after grooming than before grooming. The measurement of body temperature three hours after grooming, which could reduce stress or other factors, is judged to be able to help customers who are worried about clipping.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate body temperature changes in rabbits anesthetized using water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA). Ten rabbits were used for this study. For the experimental group (wIRA group; wG, n = 5), the experimental equipment was used and irradiated using wIRA. The control group (CG, n = 5) did not have any warming device. There were no significant differences in heart rate, respiration rate, and end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂) between wG and CG. After 80 min, the core body temperature of wG rabbits was significantly higher than that of CG rabbits. The surface body temperature was significantly higher while receiving wIRA support at all time points after 5 min. In conclusion, in rabbits under inhalation anesthesia, the surface body temperature was better maintained than the core body temperature when using wIRA.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 1969

Skin temperatures on 10 sites and rectal temperature at every 10 minutes, oxygen consumption at every 20 minutes were measured on 18 male subjects (ages between 14 and 47 years) after exposure to cold air at $15^{\circ}C$ for two hours in a climatic room. Total body fat measured by means of a skinfold method and ratio of body surface area (S) to body volume (V), S/V, were utilized as basis of observations. Surface area was calculated after DuBois equation and body volume was calculated by our original formula. In influencing on the heat loss from the body core to the cold environment, % fat showed inverse relations, whereas, S/V ratio showed direct relations. Thus these two factors acted antagonistically on the body heat loss. Local skin temperatures showed negative correlations with skinfold thickness on the same site, nemaly, on chest, r=-.567; on back, r=-.507; and on upper arm, r=-.353. The other 7 skin sites showed low correlations with % fat. Minimum mean weighted skin temperature (MWST) showed a negative correlation (r=-.443) with % fat, and showed no correlation with S/V ratio. Oxygen consumption in the cold air at $15^{\circ}C$ increased from the first measurement at 20 minutes after exposure and maintained the same increasing trend up to 120 minutes. ${\Delta}T_R$ was greater in tile lean subjects who showed a greater % change in oxygen consumption. The antagonistic actions of % fat and S/V ratio on the heat loss were manifested by observations as follows: minimum rectal temperature was higher In fat subjects (r=.600) and lower in subjects with a greater S/V ratio (=-.582), ${\Delta}T_R$ was smaller in fat subjects (r=-.738) and greater in subjects with a greater S/V ratio (r=.618). Temperature difference between body core and skin surface (minimum rectal temperature minus minimum MWST) showed a positive correlation with % fat (r=.600) and a negative correlation with S/V ratio (r=-.881). Decrease in the mean body temperature and heat debt, respectively, showed negative correlations with % fat and positive correlations with S/V ratio.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.301-307
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• 1997

These studies were performed to provide some basic informations for developing an automatic system in dairy farming cattle in order that the farmers may easily and automatically detect the maintenance of pregnancy and the fact of abortion of the pregnant cows and also to find out the diseased animals with fever. As a method of automatical detection of the maintenance of pregnancy or the fact of abortion, weighing the pregnant cows was conducted from one month-pregnancy to the term using a digital balance. From the first to the 3rd month of pregnancy the body weight of dairy cows was slowly increased (less than 2% per month), then, relatively high increase (3.4% -4.3% per month) from the fourth to the seventh month followed by decrease (3.3%) in the 8th month and very low increase (0.8-0.9%) from the 9th month to the term were shown, resulting in increase of 128.8 kg (25.05%) of body weight to be compared with the first weight. More than 107, increase of body weight to be compared with the first month-weight was denoted from the 61th month of pregnancy and more than 20% increase from the 7th or the 8th month of pregnancy as wells consequently it was presumed that detection of the maintenance of pregnancy is possible from the 4th or the 5th month of pregnancy. It was possible to diagnose a cow aborted at the 6th month by continual weighing the cow from the 1st month of pregnancy. The calved cows showed considerably higher decrease of body weight even in the third week after parturition (p<0.01)to be compared with the body weight near to the term (81.8-102.0 kg, 14-16% decrease). During the same period of 8months, the pregnant cows gained 127.4 kg (24.78% increase), whereas the non-pregnant cows gained 33.0 kg (0.71% increase) to be compared with the first weight showing considerably higher increase of body weight gain in the pregnant cows than the non-pregnant cows (p<0.01). The statistics of body temperatures of dairy cattle were collected from three clinics including the Teaching Hospital of Chonbuk University and the diseases were classified simply by the major symptoms manifested, denoting the highest temperature in respiratory disease ($39.8{\circ}C$) and the lowest in alimentary disease ($39.6{\circ} C$). These informations of body temperatures were expected to be of value for early and automatical detection of the diseased animals with fever when automatic machinery would be established. The results of periodic weighing the body weight of pregnant cows while milking were also expected to be of great use for the farmers to detect the maintenance of pregnancy and the fact of abortion when the automatic system is established in the near future.