Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the literature to explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly using an integrative review. Methods: The keywords 'osteoporosis,' 'body mass index,' and 'bone mineral density' were used to search peer-reviewed publications through four databases. Among 1,389 searched articles, eight articles were selected after excluding those that did not meet the inclusion criteria. Results: Seven articles stated that BMI was positively associated with BMD among elderly. In the elderly, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 25-55.7% in women, and 11-13% in men. Conclusion: This study found that high BMI may be helpful to increase BMD among elderly although the mechanism was not clear. It is necessary to identify BMD and fractures in elderly according to body composition in future research.
Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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v.3
no.1
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pp.383-390
/
2012
The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation among bone mineral density(BMD), body composition and body circumference on 20's college women in Hwaseong. A total of 86 subjects were measured with BMD and body composition and body circumference. To evaluate the correlation between BMD and body composition, bone density and body weight, body mass index(BMI), lean body mass, muscle mass, fat mass and body fat mass were compared. The results of this study, weight was considered the strong correlation with BMD than the height and BMI seems to be greater significance rather than the lumbar spine and femur BMD. In addition, the relationship between body composition and BMD, lean body mass, muscle mass, body fat mass were the most relevant factors and BMD. The relationship between BMD and body circumference that have been difficult because of not enough previous studies but somewhat the study showed that association.
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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v.20
no.3
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pp.230-238
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2013
Purpose: This study was done to identify the relationship among bone mineral density (BMD), body composition and osteoporosis self-efficacy and to identify predictors of BMD in female nursing students. Method: Participants were 154 nursing students. Osteoporosis self-efficacy was determined by a self-report questionnaire. BMD was measured by ultrasound bone densitometry and body composition by a body composition analyzer. Data were collected between April 1 and 27, 2013 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Scheff$\acute{e}$ test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with SPSS 18.0. Results: Mean BMD at the calcaneus site was $0.58{\pm}1.31$ (T-score). Incidence of osteopenia was 11.7%. Percentage of body fat (PBF)-defined obesity had higher prevalence than body mass index (BMI)-defined obesity. BMD had significant positive correlations with skeletal muscle mass (r=.226, p=.005) and fat free mass (r=.225, p=.005). The factor predicting BMD was skeletal muscle mass with 4.7% of explained variance. Conclusion: Study results indicate that of body composition components, skeletal muscle mass is the prime predicting factor for BMD. Thus to promote healthy bones, it is important to strengthen the muscles using a program, based on balanced development of all muscles.
The relationship between exercise and hone mineral density (BMD) was investigated in 153 healthy women. The BMD of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) and total body was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in a group subjects(65) aged 19-59 years who had been exercising(swimming or aerobic dancing) regularly for at least 2 years as well as in a similar group of nonexercising control subjects(88). Weight, height, total lean body mass(=weight-total fat body mass-bone mineral content), animal and meat Ca, Ca index, energy expenditure, BMD, PYD/Cr were significantly higher in the exercisers than the controls. There were significantly negative correlations between age, ALP and osteocalcin and BMD, but significantly positive correlations between weight, BMI, total fat body mass and total lean body mass and BMD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that total lean body mass may be a better independent predictor to BMD than total fat body mass. The nutrient intakes were more closely related to BMD in the exercisers than the controls, but energy expenditure was more closely related to BMD in the controls than the exercisers Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that BMD was closely related to menopause, osteocalcin, age, weight in both groups but energy intake in the exercisers alone, energy expenditure in control alone. In premenopausal women, the exercisers had significantly greater BMD than the controls. But, in postmenopausal women, no significant difference between two groups was detected. When compared to BMD of the subjects with same age range to minimize the effect of age, aerobic dancing appears to be capable of exerting a positive effect on BMD in a group of subjects aged 19-44. However, no relationship of the swimming to BMD could be identified in a group of subjects aged 37-59. The results of this study suggest that the usefulness of exercisng appears to be significantly greater in preemenopausal women than postmenoparusal women and weight bearing activity, aerobic dancing is associated with increasing BMD at the weight bearing sites and could be beneficial in the prevention of bone loss. But the usefulness of swimming on bone should be further investgated.
Higher bone mineral density (BMD) at a young age, calcium intake, and exercise are important for prevention of osteoporosis later in life. We examined familial effects of BMD between mothers and children and adolescents aged 8-19 in Cheonan, Korea and the relationships between BMD and lifestyle parameters, including: food and nutrient intake and exercise. For daughters and sons, significant differences in BMD were observed at the three bone sites (total femur, femur neck, and lumbar spine) according to age, gender, body mass index, exercise, and milk consumption, compared to the reference value for each classification category. Mean differences in children's BMD were observed according to maternal BMD. Energy and calcium intake were lower in both children and mothers in comparison to the estimated daily energy requirement; however, their protein intake was much greater than the daily recommended intake. After adjusting for age and gender and for mother's age, body mass index, and total calorie intake, results of the food frequency test showed an association of a higher intake of meat, meat products, milk and milk products with greater BMD of total femur, femur neck, and lumbar spine of children. In addition, exercise was positively associated with higher BMD. Regression analysis showed a positive association of BMD with age, male gender, exercise, and mother's BMD. In conclusion, after adjustment for environmental parameters, maternal BMD had a positive influence on BMD in daughters and sons. This finding suggests that parents need to check their BMD in order to determine whether their children are at increased risk of low BMD.
Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate how Bone Mineral Density(BMD) and bone mass index(BMI) differ according to classification of blood pressure which JNC 7(The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure) indicated. Methods : We measured BMD and BMI of lumbar spine($L_2-L_4$) and femoral neck of 9816 people, and then we analyzed them according to classification of blood pressure. Results : The number of prehypertension group was the most, and Stage 2 hypertension group was the least. As the hypertension was increasing, BMD of lumbar and femoral neck were decreasing, and BMI was increasing. In men, as the blood pressure was increasing, BMI was increasing. But the BMD was irrelevant. In women, the distribution was similar to the total. Conclusions : As the hypertension was increasing, BMI was increasing and BMD was decreasing. And it was more remarkable in women.
This study was conducted with 20 female gymnasts and 23 age-matched controls to examine the relationship of diet, menstrual function and bone mineral density (BMD). The results obtained are summarized as follows : Energy intake of gymnasts was 968.9$\pm$421.4kcal, and energy expenditure was 2091.4$\pm$361kcal showing negative energy balance(-1,122.5$\pm$534.6kcal). The average intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances for their age groups. Mean age at menarche in gymnasts is 15.8$\pm$1.2 years compared with 11.8$\pm$2.8 years in age-matched controls. The profile of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone was lower than age-matched controls but not significant. Athletic amenorrheic gymnasts(n=12) have the menstrual irregularity(n=10) and amenorrhea(n=2). A number of variables as such nutritional deficiency in diet, negative energy blasnce and hypogonadotropic hormonal status were included. The bone mineral density (BMD) of female gymnasts were significantly higher than controls for the lumbar neck(p<0.001), trochanter(p<0.01), and Ward's triangle(p<0.001), but there were no significant differences for the lumbar spine and forearm. The lumbar spine BMD had a positive correlation with age and lean body weight. The femoral neck BMD was significantly associated with age, group and lean body mass. The trochanter BMD had significant relationship with group, body mass index, energy expenditure and follicular stimulating hormone. Ward's triangle BMD were related to body mass index and follicular stimulating hormone. The significant association was deterced between forearm BMD and age and lean body weight. The major finding of this investigation is that the BMD of gymnasts were higher than age-matched controls despite the fact that gymnasts as a group had inadequate dietary calcium and a higher propensity to have an interruption of their menstrual cycle. These data indicate that grymnsts involved in sports producing significant impact loading on the skeleton had greater femoral neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle bone density than age-matched controls.
Purpose: To investigate body compositons and bone mineral density(BMD) in college women and to find the relationship between them. Method: From January to March of 2001, BMD at four parts(forearm, lumbar, femur and whole body), body mass index(BMI), body fat mass(BFM), lean body mass(LBM) and body fat percentage(%Fat) were measured with the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Other physical characteristics were measured with a scale, a height measurer, and questionnaires. Result: Grouping by the BMI, 43.2% showed low weight, and 5% over weight. When applying the percent Fat, 43.8 % was diagnosed as obesity group. The fact indicate that a majority of college women have unbalanced body composition with high percent Fat, compared to their body weight. Assessing the BMD with the WHO standards, 91.4~95.7% of the BMD of forearm and whole body was normal. But, 40.3% and 33.1~43.9% showed osteopenia at lumbar and femur, and 104 %, 0.7~7.2% showed osteoporosis. The BMD at all parts showed significant correlation each other(r=.29~.89, p=.001~.000). Body weight and BMI showed correlations to with BMDs at all parts of the body(r=.19~46, p=.025~.000; r=18~.45, p=.039~.000). But the percent Fat had a correlation with only femur neck BMD(r=.19, p=.024). Conclusion: This study showed a majority of healthy college women were exposed to the risk for osteoporosis. Additional study is required to develop nursing interventions to remove the risk factors of osteoporosis. In particular, the acquisition of balanced body composition is necessary, increasing body weight and BMI through the increase of LBM, not through the quantitative increase of BFM.
Objectives: This study explored the relationships between Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Body Mass Index(BMI), Age, pain duration outcomes of treatment for Low Back Pain(LBP) in 3 groups(normal,osteopenia,osteoporosis) of female patients. Methods: We evaluated 32 cases of normal, 30 cases of osteopenia and 38 cases of osteoporosis based on BMD, BMI, Age, pain duration among the female inpatients with LBP caused by lumbar disc herniation, admitted at Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine from January 2010 to December 2011. And we measured VNRS(Verbal Numeric Rating Scale) to evaluate the conservative treatment effects. Results: In improvement of female LBP caused by lumbar disc herniation, BMD(T-score), BMI had not proved correlation(P-value>0.05). Female patients' age was negatively correlated with T-score. In pain improvement, BMD normal group showed more reduction of NRS(numeric rating scale) than osteoporosis group, but that had not proved correlation(p-value=0.893). Conclusions: Statically, among the female inpatients with LBP caused by lumbar disc herniation, had no significant differences between the normal group, osteopenia group and osteoporosis group's improvement rate, depending on treating period.
Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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v.26
no.8
/
pp.209-220
/
2021
The effect of body composition such as lean mass and fat mass on bone mineral density (BMD) is complex and still controversial. In this study, we investigated the relationship between body composition and bone mineral density using nation-wide data from 2008 to 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) in 2,139 men and 2,193 postmenopausal women aged 50 years or older. Subjects with history of medication for osteoporosis or with diseases or malignancy affecting bone metabolism were excluded. Data of anthropometric measurements and demographic characteristics were collected by trained examiner. Fasting blood sample was obtained for blood chemistry analysis. BMD of the lumbar spine, total femur, and femoral neck, and body composition such as total lean mass (TLM), total fat mass (TFM), truncal fat mass (TrFM) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). There were significant positive correlations between body composition indices such as lean mass and fat mass with BMD. In multiple regression analysis, TLM was positively associated with BMD after adjusting age, body mass index, monthly house income, education level, physical activity, daily calcium intake and vitamin D concentration in both men and postmenopausal women. BMD at lumbar spine and femur in lowest quartile of TLM was significantly lower than other quartiles after adjusting those confounding factors in both gender. TrFM was negatively associated with total femur BMD in male and femur neck BMD in postmenopausal women after adjusting confounding factors. In conclusion, TLM is very important factor in maintaining BMD in subjects aged 50 years or older in men and postmenopausal women.
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