• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2012

우리나라에서 식품위생법이 처음 공표된 1962년에는 허용된 식용색소가 19종이었으나 독성 또는 안전성의 이유로 약 40년이 경과된 현재에는 9종이 허용 되고 있다. 또한 각국의 합성 착색료의 관리실태를 알아보면 미국은 착색료를 CFR (code of federal regulation)에서 별도 관리하고 있고, 유럽연합은 지침(european parliament and council directive 94/36/EC)으로 관리하고 있으며, 각 지침에는 사용가능한 첨가물의 목록과 번호 및 사용기준 등이 목록화되어 있다. 일본은 착색료로 사용을 허용하고 있는 품목의 경우 후생성 고시를 통해 관리하고 있다. 우리나라는 별도로 식품 첨가물 공전(2007)에서 9종의 산성 수용성이고 유기용매에는 거의 녹지 않는 타르색소 (녹색 제3호, 청색 제1호, 청색 제2호, 적색 제2호, 적색 제3호, 적색 제40호, 적색 제 102호, 황색 제4호 황색 제5호) 및 물에 잘 녹지 않도록 만든 알루미늄 레이크 (적색 제3호, 적색 제102호 제외) 7 종의 사용을 허용하고 있다. 현재 논란이 되고 있는 식용 타르색소의 동물실험에서 발암성이 발견된 이유로 미국 및 여러 국가들에서 사용이 금지된 식용색소 적색 제3호, 적색 제40호, 황색 제4호 및 청색 제1호가 있다. 뿐만 아니라 타르색소에 노출에 의해 황색 4호 +청색1호의 병용 조합 경우 해마 신경세포의 흥분 독성에 대한 감수성에 영향을 준다는 보고가 있다. 국내외에서 금지하는 타르색소와 그 이유는 적색1호는 간 장애, 간 종양 적색4호는 부신 위축, 방광염 적색5호는 간, 비장 장애 등색1호는 신장의 출혈, 비장 비대 등색2호는 간장, 심장 장애 황색2호는 빈혈, 복수증, 간장장애, 발암성 녹색1호는 장기간 섭취시 만성 독성유발 녹색2호는 종양 유발 자색1호는 종양유발 황색1호는 장관 궤양 신장 장애를 일으키는 이유로 금지하고 있다. 1950년 미국에서 발생한 인공색소 오렌지1호(FD&C orange NO.1)의 과용에 의한 어린이 집단 중독 사건을 계기로 타르색소의 독성에 대한 재 검토가 시작되어 우리나라를 비롯한 여러 나라에서 계속적으로 연구되고 있다. 그 결과 식용색소 적색2호는 1976년 미국에서 발암성이 있다는 이유로 식품에의 사용이 금지되었고 적색3호의 경우도 미국식품의약품안전청(FDA)에서 발암성 판정을 받은 바 있으며 FAO/WHO에서 권장하는 일일허용섭취량도 각 색소마다 차이가 있다. 우리나라에서의 식용색소 적색2호의 일일허용섭취량은 0~0.5 mg/kg/day로 적용하며 미국에서 사용 금지된 적색2호는 우리나라의 경우 어린이들이 좋아하는 식품 등에 빈번하게 사용되고 있음은 물론 타르색소를 다량 첨가하고도 명칭과 용도를 제대로 표시하지 않은 제품이 많아 소비자에게 식품 선택 시 정확한 정보를 제공하지 못하고 있었다. 따라서 어린이 선호 식품뿐만 아니라 항상 섭취하는 식품은 타르색소의 안전성을 파악하고 사용색소와 더불어 사용량을 규제하는 것이 바람직하며 홍보, 교육, 감시, 표시기준 관리 등으로 다각적인 관리가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료 된다. 천연색소는 양도 적고 가격도 비싼데 비해 석유의 타르에서 합성된 타르색소는 안전성도 높다고 알려졌고, 가격이 저렴하기 때문에 구매 효과나 섭취의욕을 높이기 위해 타르색소가 사용된다. 식용색소 적색2호는 식품의 색상을 아름답게하여 제품의 가치를 높이기 위한 수단으로 가공 단계에서 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 따라서 식품 중에 첨가된 식용색소 적색2호에 대한 정확한 안전성과 독성을 알아보기 위하여 이 실험을 연구하게 되었으며 이에 본 연구에서는 시중에서 유통되는 사탕, 청량음료, 빙과, 껌 등에 주로 첨가된 식용 색소 적색2호를 SD 랫드를 이용해서 식용색소 적색2호를 지속적으로 다량 섭취하였을 때 SD 랫드에 미치는 영향을 연구함으로써 우리 몸에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 가공식품을 많이 먹는 우리 어린이와 비슷한 4 주령의 랫드를 임상 적용 용량의 최대 67배를 4주간 꾸준히 경구 투여 하였다. 그 결과 4주간 대조군과 시험군 간의 체중차이는 나타나지 않았으며, 사료섭취량도 별다른 점이 없었다. 투여 후 1일부터 변 증상이 관찰되었는데 이는 시험물질의 영향으로 점액성이 있는 적색변을 배설 하였으며 물이나 뇨가 묻게 되면 적색변과 반응하여 색이 변하게 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 뇨검사 결과는 별다른 이상소견이 발견되지 않았으며 뇨에서는 시험물질이 흡수, 배설되지 않는다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 혈액학적 검사에서도 별다른 소견이 나타나지 않았으며 혈액생화학적 검사에서는 간 수치를 나타내는 ALT가 22.0 U/L, 21.3 U/L, 18.9 U/L, 17.6 U/L으로 대조군에서 저용량군, 중간용량군, 고용량군으로 갈수록 수치가 낮아지는 것을 알 수 있었으며 AST도 167.9 U/L, 141.4 U/L, 106.9 U/L, 90.4 U/L으로 대조군에서 저용량군, 중간용량군, 고용량군으로 갈수록 수치가 낮아지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. ALP도 383.6 U/L, 374.7 U/L, 350.9 U/L, 348.2 U/L으로 대조군에서 저용량군, 중간용량군, 고용량군으로 갈수록 수치가 낮아지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이 결과로 미루어 볼 때 4주간 반복투여를 통해서는 육안적으로나 수치상으로 별다른 소견이 나타나지 않았지만 아직 면역력이 약한 우리 어린이들이 주로 생활하는 학교나 학원주변에서 무분별하게 판매되고 있는 껌, 빙과류, 청량음료, 캔디류, 초콜릿류 등의 기호식품들을 다량 오래 섭취하게 된다면 큰 문제를 일으킬 수도 있을 것으로 사료되며 성인들도 장기간 다량 복용 시에는 식용색소 적색2호가 간에 손상을 입힐 것으로 사료된다. 장기 중량 및 병리 검사를 통해서는 4주간 사육된 랫드를 해부하여 얻은 각각의 장기 무게를 측정하고 육안적 검사와 병리검사를 실시한 결과 먼저 육안적으로 위와 장에서 시험물질로 인해 내부가 착색이 된 것을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 각각의 장기 중량을 측정한 결과도 대조군과 시험군간의 무게 차이는 별다른 차이를 발견하지 못하였다. 모든 결과를 종합해 볼 때 4주간 임상 적용 용량의 67배를 투여한 결과는 별다른 이상을 발견하지 못하였고 ALT, AST 수치가 점점 낮아지는 이러한 변화는 독성학적으로 의미 있다고 판단하기는 어렵다. 그러나 이러한 일부 변화에 대한 정확한 독성 규명과 식용색소 적색 2호의 안전성에 대한 확립을 위하여 향후 보완적인 장기독성 실험이나 발암성 시험이 진행되어야 할 것이며 정부 차원에서는 기호식품에 잠재적 독성을 가지고 있는 타르색소를 무분별하게 사용하는 기업에 대해 강력한 단속 및 규제를 해야 할 것이다. 기업들도 이러한 타르색소 대신 천연색소를 쓰도록 노력해야 할 것이며 또한 식품색소는 한 가지 타르색소의 사용보다는 한 가지 이상의 색소가 복합적으로 사용되고 있으므로, 현재 우리나라의 타르색소 기준을 개선하여 최대 사용 허용량에 대한 기준을 설정하는 것이 보다 적합한 것으로 판단되어진다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.453-473
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• 1992

연구배경 : 전국 실태조사를 통하여 현재까지 확진된 전국의 유육종증 발생현황을 파악하고 이를 분석하고 외국의 보고와 비교하여 일반 개업의 및 내과 전문개업의 진료활동에 도움이 되도록 하고자 하였다. 방법 : 조사와 분석기간은 1991년 1월부터 1992년 12월까지 2년간으로 정하였으며 자료수집방법은 후향적 방법으로 입원실이 100병상 이상인 213개 종합병원의 내과, 안과, 피부과, 신경내과에 서신을 통한 경험증례를 수집 하였으며 확진예나 의심예가 있었던 경우에 유육종증 증례 기록지를 보내어 정확한 임상 및 검사정보를 수집하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 1) 제 1 차 설문엽서 발송은 입원실이 100병상 이상인 213개 종합병원의 내과, 안과, 피부과, 신경내과의 523개과 과장 및 호흡기 내과를 담당하는 전문의에게 발송하였다. 내과가 213개과로 41%, 피부과가 1087개과로 20%, 안과가 104개과로 20%, 신경과가 100개과로 19%를 차지하였다. 2) 제 1 차 설문조사에 대한 답신은 241개과에서 연락이 있었다(48% 회신율). 3) 확진예 및 의심예는 총 50개과 113예 및 10예가 있다고 보고되었으며 내과가 92예로 81%, 피부과 15예로 13%, 안과, 신경과가 각 3예로 3%를 차지하였다. 자료분석은 총 78예에서 시행되었고 내과 72예로 92%, 피부과 4예로 5%, 신경과 2예로 3%를 차지하였다. 4) 1980년 1에보고 이후 증례가 많은 수로 증가하여 1989년 13예, 19901건 17예, 1991년 18예가 보고되었다. 5) 진단 당시의 연령은 20대, 30대, 40대가 84.4%로 대부분을 차지하고 있었다. 6) 남녀비는 1 : 1.5의 비율로 여자 환자가 많았다. 7) 진단을 받게된 동기로 주소의 빈도로는 호흡기 증상이 48%로 가장 많았고, 피부의 병변, 전신증상, 시각장애, 관절통, 복통, 연하곤란의 순서이었고 무증상이 12예(16%)이었다. 8) 초증상에서 확진을 받을때까지 중앙치는 2개월이었다. 9) 증상의 반도로는 호흡기 증상, 전신증상, 피부증상, 눈 증상, 말초림프구 종창, 신경계증상, 심장증상의 순이었다. 10) 말초혈액검사 소견상 혈색소, 혈구용적치 및 혈소판수는 대부분 정상범위를 나타냈다. 58%의 증례에서 30%미만의 림프구 감소증을 나타냈으며, 임파구 아형으로 T4/T8비는 1.73{\pm}1.16$(0.43~4.62)였다. 43%에서 혈침속도가 상승하였다. 11) 혈청 생화학검사는 대부분 정상범위를 이었다. 혈청 ACE 농도의 평균치는 $66.8{\pm}58.6$(8.8~265) U/L로서 46.2%에서 증가되었다. 42.9%에서 하루 150 mg 이상의 단백뇨 소견을 나타냈고, 36.8%가 하루 300 mg이상의 단백뇨 소견을 나타냈다. 12) 면역학적 검사상 혈청 IgG는 43.5%, IgA는 45.5%, lgM은 59.1%, IgE는 46.7%에서 상승되었고, C3 및 C4는 대부분 정상범위 였으며, ANA는 11%에서 양성을 보였다. Kveim test는 시행된 3예에서 모두 양성을 나타냈다. 13) 폐기능검사중 FVC는 80% 미만인 경우가 17.3%, FEV1은 70% 미만인 경우가 11.5% FEV1/FVC는 70% 미만인 경우가 10%, TLC는 80% 미만인 경우가 15.2%, DLCO는 100% 미만인 경우가 64.7%이었다. 14) 동맥혈가스 분석소견은 PaO2가 90mmHg 미만인 경우가 48.6%, PaCO2는 평균 45mmHg보다 증가된 경우보다 5.7%이었다. 15) 기관지 폐포세척액 검사상 대식세포의 평균 백분율은 $51.4{\pm}19.2%$였고, 임파구의 평균 백분율은 $44.4{\pm}21.1$이였다. 임파구아형은 T4/T8 ratio는 $3.41{\pm}2.07$이였다. 16) 전 검사항목에 대한 남녀 성별간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 17) 흉부방사선의 분석에서 폐문 임파절 비대를 보인례는 87.9%였고, 78.8%에서는 양측성병변을 9.1%에 일측성 병변을 보였다. 18) Siltzbach의 분류에 의한 병기 구분시 stage 0 : 5%, stage 1 : 58.3%, stage 2 : 28.3%, stage 3 : 8.3%의 분포를 보였다. 19) 흉부 CT를 시행한 54예에서 폐문임파절비대는 50예(92.6%)에서 보였고 이들 중 47예는 양측성 비대였다. 20) 고해상도 CT는 16예에서 시행하였는데, 2예에서는 병변이 없었으며, 폐실질의 병변은 결정성 병변, 소엽간 중격비후, 반점상 국소 폐음영의 순으로 나타났다. 21) 부수적으로 시행한 방사선학적 검사에서 골병변은 1예에서 수근골의 병변을 보였고, 초음파검사에서 2에에서 비장비대의 소견을 보였다. 22) 갈륨스캔은 12에에서 시행하여 폐문 및 종격동 임파절의 흡수증가 소견이 8예에서 보였고, 폐장의 흡수증가는 2예에서 보였다. 23) 조직검사상 가장 많이 시행한 진단방법은 경기관지 폐생검 47.3%이었고, 피부와 종격동 임파절 생검은 각각 34.5%, 말초임파절생검 23.6%, 개흉 폐생검 18.2%, 기관지생검이 16.2%이었다. 2가지 이상의 부위에서 조직검사를 시행한 경우는 52.7%이었다. 한 부위에서만 조직검사를 시행한 26예중 종격동 임파절 생검은 10예, 피부생검 6예, 말초임파절 생검 5예, 개흉폐생검 3예 그리고 경기관지 폐생검 2예이었다. 24) 병리소견상 비건락성 육아종은 100% 모두에서 관찰되었며, 다핵거대 세포는 47.3%, 봉입체는 10.9%, 초자질 섬유화는 34.5%, 괴사 9.1%, reticulin fibrils network 20%, lymphangitic distribution of granuloma 1.8%에서 관찰되었다. 결론 : 유육종 전국 실태조사에 따른 영상소견, 검사실소견, 방사선소견, 병리소견을 분석해 본 결과, 우리나라 유육종 환자들도 다소 차이는 있었지만 외국의 보고들과 유사한 소견들을 나타냈으며, 향후로는 이들에 대한 결과들을 추가분석하여, 유육종 진단에 도움을 줄 수 있고, 임상적 지표로 이용될 수 있는 검사항목을 찾아내는 것이 과제라 할 수 있겠다. 유육종증에 대한 자료는 대한 결핵 맺 호흡기학회에 보관이 되어 있음을 알려드립니다.

• 심성연구
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-44
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• 2023

수지비괘(水地比 ䷇ 8)는 하나의 양효와 다섯 음효의 구성으로 이루어진 일양오음괘 중의 하나이다. 그리고 일양오음괘는 하나의 양을 의미하는 의식과 다섯 음으로 나타나는 무의식의 관계와 역동을 상징한다. 일양오음괘는 초효에서 시작하여 상효에 이르기까지 그 양효의 위치에 따라 여섯 개의 다른 괘의 모습을 갖는다. 심리적인 측면에서 이것은 의식의 자리에 따라 정신의 내용이 정해진다는 것을 의미한다. 더불어 양효의 움직이는 그 진행 과정을 통해 정신적 에너지의 흐름도 살펴볼 수 있다. 즉, 일양오음괘의 시작인 첫 번째 지뢰복괘(地雷復 ䷗ 24)의 정신적 내용이 순차적으로 진행하다가 그 최적의 자리인 다섯 번째 수지비괘(水地比 ䷇ 8)를 거쳐 마지막 여섯 번째인 산지박괘(山地剝 ䷖ 23)의 과정을 거쳐 가게 된다. 다시 말해 양효 하나의 위치에 따라 결정되는 괘와 해당 효사의 내용은 일정한 정신적인 흐름을 보여준다고 할 수 있다. 그 결과 회복하여 처음 시작하는 복괘는 의식의 시작이며, 이후 이효, 삼효, 사효 등으로 진행되는 과정은 의식의 흐름을 나타낸다고 여겨진다. 그리고 다섯 번째 자리인 비괘 오효에서는 그 정점에 이르게 되어 의식의 최적 상태에 놓이게 된다. 자연과 동일하게 정신도 최고의 상태에서 점차 하락의 길로 들어서는데 그것이 마지막 여섯 번째인 박괘 상효에 이른다. 그런데 모든 것이 떨어져나가는 박괘의 상효는 효사에 다시 시작하는 내용을 담고 있다. 이것을 이어받는 것이 복괘의 초효이다. 이것은 심리적으로 힘든 우울의 상태에서 회복의 단계로 바뀌는 정신의 순환(circumambulation)을 의미한다. 이런 순환 과정에서 지나가야하는 단계가 있는데 그것이 중지곤괘(重地坤 ䷁ 2)이다. 절기상 음력 9월인 박괘와 11월인 복괘 사이에 10월의 곤괘가 놓여있다. 이것은 회복과 치유의 흐름에는 반드시 곤괘의 모성적 과정을 거쳐야함을 뜻한다. 정신의 재생에 심리적 자궁으로의 후퇴는 필연적인데 박괘, 곤괘, 복괘로 이어지는 흐름이 그것을 보여주는데 곤괘가 절대적인 역할을 한다. 더불어 비괘를 비롯한 일양오음괘는 그 본체 역시 여섯 음효로 이루어진 곤괘이다. 즉, 여섯 개의 일양오음괘는 모두 곤괘와 일정한 관계를 맺고 있는데, 일양오음괘 양효들과 그에 상응하는 곤괘 음효와의 상관성을 살펴봄이 의미가 있을 것이다. 이것은 여섯 개의 모습으로 나타나는 의식의 상태와 연결되는 모성적 무의식의 역동이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 일양오음괘는 각각 모성 원형과 의식의 통합에 대한 표현을 상징한다. 이것을 잘 드러내는 것이 일양오음괘의 괘상의 의미이다. 그것의 괘상은 어머니를 상징하는 곤(坤 ☷)과 아들을 의미하는 장남의 뇌(雷 ☳), 중남의 감(坎 ☵), 차남의 간(艮 ☶)의 결합으로 이루어진다. 그 결과 양효의 차례대로 순차적으로 지뢰복(䷗), 지수사(䷆), 지산겸(䷠), 뇌지예(䷏), 수지비(䷇), 산지박(䷖)이 만들어진다. 이것은 상징적으로 의식의 진화 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 이렇게 어머니와 아들의 결합을 의미하는 일양오음괘들은 모성적 무의식과 의식의 진전되는 관계를 표상한다. 또한 아들의 위치에 따른 어머니와의 관계는 의식의 태도에 대한 모성의 역동과 연관이 된다. 이런 일양오음괘 여섯 괘의 흐름에서 심리적인 의미를 연역해낼 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 그 의식의 활성화가 가장 정점인 상태가 비괘 오효에 해당하고 마땅히 이에 상응하는 곤괘 오효의 내용을 비교하면 의식과 모성적 무의식의 통합의 상태와 의미를 찾을 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 이러한 흐름 전체가 개성화 과정에 비유될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.