• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 1975

Photoelectric observations were made of four N stars (HD 51208, HD 75021, V 1942 Sgr, and RU Vir) at careful1y chosen discrete wavelengths between $7000{\AA}\;and\;11000{\AA}$ with $30{\AA}$ bandpass width. Their effective temperatures have been derived by fitting the black-body radiation curve to the observed continuum intensities at $7800{\AA},\;9000{\AA}\;and\;10800{\AA}$. The resulting temperature ranges from $2500^{\circ}K\;to\;2900^{\circ}K.$. It is probable that almost all the N stars belong to this range of temperature. However, the temperatures of very red N stars can not be well determined due to large variability and redistribution of their radiation energy arising from the graphite shells around them.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 1983

Characteristics of the lung inflation and deflation reflexes were measured at various temperatures on the cervical vagi in five anesthetized mongrel dogs. Nerve temperature was maintained at the body temperature, and 2-14˚C with 2˚C apart using a specially designed automated vagal cooling apparatus with an accuracy to within $\pm$ 0.1˚c at each temperature. The inflation reflex was blocked abruptly at 8-10˚C. The deflation reflex started weakened at 14˚C, thereafter showed a gradual blockade with the temperature decreased with a substantial variance among the animals.It was approximately 75% blocked at 2-5˚C. These differences in temperature characteristics made it hard to differentiate the deflation reflex from the inflation reflex. In one animal, however, the inflation reflex was completely blocked with the deflation reflex almost alive at 6-8˚C. This suggests that differential cold blockade of the vagal reflexes can be done only in selected subjects. Furthermore, the fact that these two reflexes were blocked at different temperatures may be due to the differences in the nerve fiber size and the changes in the conduction velocity with temperature.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.683-697
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• 2023

The threat posed by increased surface temperatures worldwide has attracted the attention of researchers to the reaction of animals to heat stress. Spermatogenesis in animals such as stallions is a temperature-dependent process, ideally occurring at temperatures slightly below the core body temperature. Thus, proper thermoregulation is essential, especially because stallion spermatogenesis and the resulting spermatozoa are negatively affected by increased testicular temperature. Consequently, the failure of thermoregulation resulting in heat stress may diminish sperm quality and increase the likelihood of stallion infertility. In this review, we emphasize upon the impact of heat stress on spermatogenesis and the somatic and germ cells and describe the subsequent testicular alterations. In addition, we explore the functions and molecular responses of heat shock proteins, including HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP105, in heat-induced stress conditions. Finally, we discuss the use of various therapies to alleviate heat stress-induced reproductive harm by modulating distinct signaling pathways.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 1974

The Purpose of this study was to observe the body temperature changes of newborn infants in general crib and electric heat crib after birth for the period required to reach the optimum body temperature. Forty-seven newborn infants who were delivered at Seoul National University Hospital during the period from June 12 to September 13, 1973 were chosen as Subjects for this study. The criteria for the choice of subjects were the babies with normal spontaneous delivery; body weight 2.5kg and over at birth; Apgar so ore seven and over and gestation period over thirty-six weeks. Of these subjects, by random sampling thirty-one newborn infants were placed in the general crib and sixteen in the electric-heat crib. The rectal body temperature of these newborn infants were taken and recorded at fifteen-minute interval for the first one hour period after birth, at thirty minute interval for the next two hours and at one hour interval for the remaining period up to eight hours. The results of the study were as follows: 1. The mean body temperature of the newborn infants on admission to nursery ranged from 98.7℉. to 99℉. irrespective of the body weight and the room temperature. 2. There was a significant difference in the body temperature changes of the newborn infants as a total between the general crib and the electric-heat crib from three to eight hours after birth. It was found that the body temperature of the newborn infants in the electric-heat crib was significantly higher than that of the newborn infants in the general crib. 3. In comparison with the body temperature changes of the newborn infants in the general crib, the newborn infants in the electric- heat crib exhibited significantly higher body temperatures in all three body weight groups; from four to eight hours after birth in the 2.5-2.9kg body weight group; from three to seven hours after birth in the 3.0-3.4kg body weight group; from two and half to six hours after birth in the group with body weight over 3.5kg. 4. Time required to reach 98℉. of body temperature was four hours in the 3.5-2.9kg body weight group, three hours in the 3.0-3.4kg. body weight group and two and half hours in the group with body weight over 3.5kg in the electric- heat crib. In the general crib, it took over eight hours in the 2.5-2.9kg body weight group and five hors in both the 3.0-3.4kg and over 3.5kg body weight group to reach 98℉ of body temperature. 5. The lowest mean body temperature of newborn infants in both general and electric- heat crib appeared in forty-five minute after birth and the temperature ranged from 96.4℉ to 96.5℉. 6. The mean body temperature of the newborn infants in the general crib was increased as the room temperature. 7. The body weight, the room temperature and the time elapsed after birth fore proved to be significant factors influencing the body temperature changes of newborn infants. From tile above results, the three hypotheses were positively accepted.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.886-894
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• 2014

Recently, domestic animal disease caused tremendous damage to farmhouses and the damage stretched in nationwide with the spread of epidemic disease. To prevent animal diseases from happening again, the system development to easily measure the temperature of sick animals and identify of them is needed, thereby quickly treat them, reducing losses of farmhouses. However, a lack of related equipment and human resource hampered its effort to minimize its losses. This study tries to develop diagnosis system as part of measures to curb these domestic animal diseases. This paper present the 센서 node based on IEEE 802.15.4 which can be attached to the animal body for real-time temperature measurement. We design and implement tiny chip-type that can be attached to the body of animals. Then, we use available power only when measuring temperatures in a long term-basis. In this paper, the 센서 node was applied to horse's neck. We measure the horse's body temperature between $32.2^{\circ}C{\sim}33.7^{\circ}C$ and analyze phenomenon data for 4 months.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.813-818
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• 2013

In order to understand the co-culture impact of the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi on the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, we examined the filtration rate of the sea squirt in relation of water temperature ($5-25^{\circ}C$) and body weight. The filtration rate increased in relation to body weight and water temperature, indicating a clear positive correlation with the two variables. Due to the clear positive correlation between filtration rates at each temperature groups for acceptable collinearity, each constants at regression equation was further analyzed for a unified model of filtration rate. Therefore the filtration rate of H. roretzi was estimated as: Fr (L/h/animal)=$(0.1956+0.0182T){\times}DW^{0.7978EXP(-0.0273T)}$ for water temperature in the range of $5-25^{\circ}C$. The estimated filtration rates of H. roretzi were higher than those of C. gigas in the winter season (water temperatures below $16^{\circ}C$) in condition of equal body weight. Our results indicate that H. roretzi may have an advantage over C. gigas in food competition during the winter season when the two species are co-cultured.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2012

Purpose: influence of benzodiazepine (midazolam)or cholinergic inhibitor (atropine or glycopyrrlate) on intra-operative body temperature remains unclear and controversial. This study compares intra-operative body temperature in 50 abdominal surgical patients under general anesthesia between the administration of midazolam and glycopyrrolate in combination, or glycopyrrolate alone. Methods: Patients who underwent abdominal surgery were recruited from September 2008 through October 2009 at Gachon University Gil hospital in incheon. Core body temperature was measured in the right ear using a tympanic membrane thermometer at induction of general anesthesia and at 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr after induction. Results: There were no differences in core body temperature at any measurement point between either patient group (F=1.08, $p$=.377). Core body temperature decreased throughout the 3 hr after induction in both groups (F=9.22, $p$ <.001). Specially, core temperatures at induction of general anesthesia (p<.001), 1 hr (p<.001), 2 hr ($p$ <.001), and 3 hr ($p$ <.001) after induction were lower than before administration of midazolam and glycopyrrolate, or glycopyrrolate alone. Conclusion: We conclude that a cholinergic inhibitor (glycopyrrolate, 0.1 mg) therefore seems not to affect intra-operative body temperature of patients given a benzodiazepine (midazolam, 0.04 mg $kg^{-1}$), and not to increase body temperature in patients not given a benzodiazepine during the 3 hr after the induction of general anesthesia. Intra-operative warming therefore is needed to prevent hypothermia in surgical patients who receive pre-operative administration of midazolam and/or glycopyrrolate.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.357-368
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• 2022

We investigated the developmental characteristics of super mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) at four different temperatures (25℃, 27℃, 30℃, and 33℃). The rearing conditions were 9L/15D, 65% RH, and 1,330 to 1,800 lux with wheat bran. The length of developmental period of 1 to 18 instars at each temperature showed that 30℃ was the shortest at 120.0±5.8 days, compared to that at 27℃ (132.6±10.7 days), 33℃ (136.5±9.2 days), and 25℃ (156.7±7.5 days). The larval developmental period was statistically significantly longer at 25℃, 27℃, and 30℃ compared to the length at 33℃. However, the death rate of larvae at 33℃ was 2.7-3.3 times higher than the rate at other temperatures. Body weight was heaviest at 30℃ followed by 27℃, 33℃, and 25℃. The patterns of head capsule, body capsule, and body length were similar to that of body weight. Regression analyses of developmental period, larval body weight, and length according to temperature revealed 29-30℃ as the most suitable temperature. The prepupa rate was 43.1% in 17 instars, 30.3% in 18 instars, 15.4% in 16 instars, 7.1% in 19 instars, 2.2% in 15 instars, and 1.9% in 20 instars, accounting for 88.8% in 16-18 instars. Prepupal period was longer at lower temperatures. For the average prepupal period of 15-18 instars, prepupa time was 18.8±1.9 days at 27℃, 18.8±2.3 days at 30℃, 23.0±2.4 days at 33℃, and 23.1±2.9 days at 25℃. The average pupal period of females and males was 11.1±2.2 and 11.6±2.4 days, respectively. The data indicate that the most suitable rearing temperature of super mealworm was 30℃.

• Journal of Korean Living Environment System
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2009

The present study was designed to observe the thermal dynamics of core and skin temperatures during sub-maximal treadmill exercise; to investigate the effect of regional body cooling during short rest after the treadmill exercise on the thermal dynamics. Three conditions (No cooling, Head/Hand cooling, Leg cooling) were simulated in a climatic chamber at 24±1℃ and 50±5%RH. Subjects performed two bouts of treadmill exercise at a rate of 80%HR_max followed by rest. Body cooling with a hood, long gloves, and a blanket that circulated water set at 15℃ was assigned during two bouts of rest. The results showed that (1) rectal temperature (T_re) did not show significant difference between three conditions; (2) Skin temperatures had specific features, depending on body regions. In particular, the initial fall phenomena of skin temperatures at the onset of exercise were noteworthy in the chest, thigh, calf, and finger tip. Of these, the most significant initial fall was found in finger temperature (T_fing). (3) During the period of the initial fall in skin temperatures, T_re gradually increased. (4) The magnitude of the fall of T_fing at the onset of 2^nd running was on average 4.8, 5.1 and 3.4℃ for Control, HH cooling, and Leg cooling, respectively (p<0.05). The initial drop of T_fing at the onset of running was maintained for an average of 8.1, 7.9 and 6.3 minutes for Control, HH cooling, and Leg cooling, with no significant differences. In conclusion, the initial fall phenomena at the onset of treadmill exercise reflected non-thermal factors, as opposed to internal thermal status. The magnitude of the initial fall in T_fing was affected by legs cooling. Therefore, the initial fall phenomenon should be considered when interpreting the thermal status of the shell during heavy works/exercises that assigned with intermittent regional body cooling.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2009

We have recently reported that the continuous exposure of rats to a concrete building environment under cool temperatures had adverse effects on general health parameters and embryo-fetal development. This study examined to compare the potential effects of concrete and wood building environments on pregnant dams and embryo-fetal development in rats. Groups of 10 mated females were exposed to polycarbonate (control), concrete, or wood cages from gestational days (GD) 0 to 20 under cool temperatures $(11.9\sim12.3^{\circ}C)$. All the females underwent a caesarean section on GD 20, and their fetuses were examined for any morphological abnormalities. The temperatures in the cages were similar in all groups but the relative humidity in the concrete and wood groups were higher than in the control group. The concentration of volatile organic compounds in the wood group was higher than in the control group. In the concrete group, maternal effects manifested as an increase in the incidence of clinical signs, a lower body weight, and a decrease in the thymus and ovary weights. Developmental effects included increased post-implantation loss and decreased litter size. Infrared thermal analysis showed that the skin temperature of the rats in the concrete group was lower than that in the control group. In contrast, there were no exposure-related adverse effects on the maternal and developmental parameters in the wood group. Overall, the exposure of pregnant rats to a concrete building environment under cool temperatures has adverse effects on the clinical signs, body weight, skin temperature, organ weight, and embryo-fetal development. On the other hand, exposure to a wood building environment does not have any adverse effects in rats.