• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.330-337
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• 2003

Background : Low spirometric forced vital capacity(FVC) in conjunction with a normal or high ratio of the forced expiratory volume at 1 second to the forced vital capacity($FEV_1$/FVC%) has traditionally been classified as a restrictive abnormality. However, the gold-standard diagnosis of a restrictive pulmonary impairment requires a measurement of the total lung capacity (TLC). This study was performed to determine the predictive value of spirometric measurements of the FVC for diagnosing a restrictive pulmonary abnormality. Methods : Test results from 1,371 adult patients who undertook both spirometry and lung volume measurements on the same visit from January 1999 to December 2000 were enrolled in this study. The test values for the FVC, the TLC that was below 80% of predicted value, and a $FEV_1$/FVC% that was below 70%, were classified as being abnormal. Results : Of the 1,371 patients, 353 patients had a reduced a FVC. Of these patients, 186 patients had a reduced TLC. Therefore, the positive predictive value was 52.7%. Of the 196 patients with a normal $FEV_1$/FVC% and a reduced FVC, 148(75.5%) patients had a lower TLC. Thirty eight (24.2%) patients out of 157 patients with a low $FEV_1$/FVC% and a low FVC showed a restrictive defect. Conclusion : Spirometry is useful to rule out a restrictive pulmonary abnormality, but a restrictive pattern on the spirometry dose not mean there is a true restrictive disease. For the patients with a low FVC, TLC measurements are essential for diagnosing a restrictive pulmonary impairment.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 1996

Alcoholics increased susceptibility to microbial infection that is associated with decreased immunity. but there has been little experimental evidence to support alcoholics-induced increase of microbial infection directly in non-specific immunity. Therefore, we were used the method of phagocytic-plaque including all the stimulating factors for the phagocytosis, subtypes of lymphocytes and T-lymphocyte proliferation. The experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: (1) alcoholics who were hospitalized less than 1 week (newly hospitalized alcoholics), (2) alcoholics who were hospitalized more than 2 weeks (old hospitalized alcoholics), (3) healthy blood donors. We have studied 98 alcoholics and 35 healthy blood donors and control groups. A physician has checked the biological markers and diagnosed the body-condition alcoholics. The immunity and non-specific immunity on the alcoholics were analyzed by using the simultest kit and flow cytometry. Proliferation of the lymphocytes was analyzed by the phytohemmagglutinine mitogen. Phagocytosis and migration properties of leukocytes were identified on the layer formed by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain. Biological markers of alcoholics and control groups, by such as blood glucose, ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase and mean corpuscular volumes of red blood cells, were determined by biochemical and hematological methods. Compared with control groups, cluster of differentiation (CD)3+, CD8+ and CD19+ in alcoholic were more decreased except CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Proliferation of the T-lymphocytes, phagocytosis and migration properties of the leukocytes in alcoholics were decreased compared with those of control groups. According to the results observed in our experiment, they can be summerized as follows: 1, Cellular, humoral and non-specific immunities, are markedly decreased in alcoholics than those in control groups. 2. It is inferred that Phagocytic plaque formation is a very useful method to evaluate phagocytosis and migration properties of the alcoholic leukocytes 3. It is thought that the subtypes of lymphocytes, especially CD4+/CD8+ ratio, are essential methods to analyzed the alcoholic immunity. 4. Specific and non-specific immunity on the old hospitalized alcoholics was slightly increased, which depends upon the alcoholic medication.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.36
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• pp.183-203
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• 1998

The wave of Avant-garde swept away all in the unique social background so called 'October Revolution' and the early 1900 Russian society which was able to absorb and accept anything. The Russian avant-garde has been affected by the Cubism and the Futurism those had peculiarly appeared in the early twentieth century, spreaded out to three spheres: the Suprematism, the Rayonism and the Constructivism. The Russian Constructivism has appeared in this background, concretely and ideally ex-pressed the ideology of the revolution into the artistic form and made an huge influence to the whole Russian society. The Constructivist like Tatlin, naum Gabo, Pevaner, Rodchenko, Stepanova, Popova and Exter gave great effect on the Soviet Constructive fashion design in 1920's after the Revolution. The Soviet costume in 1920s hold in common the characteristicss of the Constructive graphic as it is, geometrical and abstractive form, energetic and motility. In fashion design, these graphic qualities have been showed as the application of geometrical form and architectural image, physical distortion and transformation. And in textile design, the simple, dynamical presentation has been appeared. We can classify the Soviet costume at this time into three occasions. The first term is from late 1910 th mid 1920, and it is altered from folk costume design to modern one. With Lamanova as the first on the list, using the folk mitif, the Constructive expression of simple form has been gradually revealed in design. Designers like Makarova, Pribylskaia and Mukhina produced the plane, simple chemise style with the decoration of the Russian traditional motif. From early to late 1920 is the second term, and it is at the pick of the most active processing of the Constructive design. Not only at the costume in daily life but also at the theatrical costume and textile, the con-structive design has been represented all avail-able fields. Many Constructivists including Stepanova, Popova, Exter and Rodchenko took part in the textile design and costume design so as to evlvo their aesthetic concept. The third term is from late 1920 to early 1930. The socialistic realism has dominated over the whole culture and art, the revolutionary dynamic motif has been presented also in textile design. The formative features of Soviet Constructive fashion design are; silhouette, from, motif, color and fabric. The first, the silhouette : a straight rectangular silhouetted has been expressed through the whole period and a volumed one with distorted human body shape has introduced in the theatrical costume design. The second, the form: many lengthened rectangular forms have been made at beginnings, but to the middle period, geometrical, architectural forms have been more showed and there are energy and movement in design. At the last period, only a partial feature-division has been seen. The third, the motif; no pattern or ethnic motif has been partly used at beginnings, a figure like circle, tri-angle has gradually appeared in textile design. At latter period, a real-existent motif like an airplane has been represented with graphing and simplicity. The fourth, the color ; because of insufficient dyeing, neutral color like black or grey color has been mainly covered, but after middle term, a primary color or pastel tone has been seen, contrast of the fabric; without much development of textile industry after the Revolution, thick and durable fabrics have been the main stream, but as time had going to the last period, fabrics such as linen, cotton, velvet and silk have been varously choesn. At the theatrical costume, new materials like plastics and metals that were able to accentuate the form. The pursuit of popularity, simplicity and functionalism that the basic concept of Constructive fashion is one of the "beauty" which has been searching in modern fashion. And now we can appreciate how innovative and epochal this Soviet Constructive fashion movement was.ement was.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.675-683
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological properties of various parts of skate body after fermentation by measuring compositional properties including pH and $NH_4^+$. Other functional properties, such as antibacterial activities, antioxidative activities and anticancer activities were measured. Effects of fermentation temperature (4, 10, $20^{\circ}C$) did not affect compositional properties of fermented skate. The pH of fermented skate extract at 4$^{\circ}C$ did not increase as much as that at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$, Particularly at $10^{\circ}C$, the pH increased rapidly after Day 1 and remained unchanged until another increase at Day 5. At 2$0^{\circ}C$, the pH increased rather rapidly at early stage of fermentation and reached 8.9 at Day 4. The pattern of $NH_4^+$ concentration of fermented skate extract was similar to that of pH. Particularly at $4^{\circ}C$ fermentation, $NH_4^+$ concentration was not affected by fermentation time. The concentration of $NH_4^+$. reached approximately $10.2\mug/mL$at $10^{\circ}C$ for Day 5 and $20^{\circ}C$ for Day 4-5, indicating the early stage of fermentation. According to physiological activities of hot water extracts of skate fillet and viscera as affected by fermentation time, antibacterial activity of 2% viscera extract concentration was 43.3% at Day 8, while there was no antibacterial activity from fillet extract. As for the antioxidative activity, fillet extract and viscera extract both at 2% concentration at Day 0 showed 61.2% and 54.4%, respectively. Anticancer activities were highest (52.7% for fillet extract and 58.3% for viscera extract) at $1,000 \mug/mL$ concentration at Day 8. Antibacterial activities and anticancer effects were relatively high as fermentation was progressed, while antioxidative activities were highest before fermentation started. As for the physiological activities of hot water extract from brain and cartilage, antibacterial activities were observed at 41.0% when 2% brain extract was added at 4 hours of incubation, while 35.8% with 2% cartilage extract at 14 hours of incubation. Antioxidative activities were not found in brain extract, but cartilage extract at 2% showed 25.0% of antioxidative activity, which was lower than fillet and viscera extract.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.169-181
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• 1990

The development of eggs and larvae, and minute scale-like tubercles on the skin surface of larval Acantlaorhodeus gracilis from Korea were observed. They spawned from late March through the middle of June. A fish spawned at least 5 times and the number of eggs averaged 304 per oviposition. Unfertilized eggs are nearly ovoid-shaped(mean$\pm$SD=$2.09{\pm}0.04\;mm$ in length with range of 2.05 to 2.13 mm and mean$\pm$SD=$1.26{\pm}0.02\;mm$ in breadth with range of 1.24 to 1.30 mm measured for the 50 eggs) and opaque yellow color. The tip of egg membrane at the animal pole side swelled and formed a few hilly projections. The shape of the eggs was just like a loquat. Most of embryos began to hatch out in thirty-eight hours after insemination at $22{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. As regards the morphological characters of the eggs and larval development, Acan. gracilis was similar to Acan. asmussi, Acheilognathus rhombeus, A. longipinnis and Pseudoperilampus typus. The larvae of this species is unique particularly in the following two characters, i.e., 1) scale-like tubercles ellipsoided in a diagonal cross section on the whole body and 2) incessant wiggly movement pattern as that of fly maggot, with the larvae of the above mentioned species. These characters seem to reflect the phylogenetic relationships among acheilognathine fishes. On the other hand, this species and Acan. asmussi are spring-summer spawning bitterlings. And also these species never retard the larval growth in such larval stage as the duration from Stage B to Stage D.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between coronary artery calcification and risk factors of cardiovascular disease with multidetector computed tomography. Methods: Data were collected from 5,899 males between 30 and 59 years old by interview, survey, physical examination, blood test, and multidetector computed tomography in the university hospital from January 2010 to December 2011. We confirmed the coronary artery calcium scores of subjects by multidetector computed tomography and identified risk factors of cardiovascular disorders. We investigated the relationship between coronary artery calcification and risk factors of cardiovascular disorders. Results: Mean calcium score of the coronary arteries in 5,899 participants was 8.20, and 773 participants (13.1%) exhibited coronary artery calcification. The presence of coronary artery calcification was correlated to risk factors of cardiovascular disease (age, blood pressure, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose, Apolipoprotein A-1, Apolipoprotein B, body mass index, waist circumference) and risk assessment tools of cardiovascular disorders. Significant predicted factors of coronary artery calcification had different patterns in each age group (30-39, 40-49, 50-59 years old). Conclusions: We confirmed the relationship between coronary artery calcification and either typical risk factors of cardiovascular disease or risk assessment tools of cardiovascular disease. In addition, we also observed that the pattern of these factors varied according to age. Therefore, age-related variation needs to be considered in management strategies to prevent cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.28-41
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• 2014

The distinctive physiological effect of dietary fiber in the body were studied according to contents and characteristics of each fiber component. In the present study, the composition of fiber in vegetables was investigated, and the effect of heat treatments on fiber content was studied. Contents of total pectin were 0.89~2.75 g/100 g on dry weight basis, with most contents from 1~2 g/100 g. The hot water soluble pectin (HWSP) content of vegetables ranged from 0.33~0.98 g/100 g, sodium hexametaphosphate soluble pectin (HXSP), from 0.29~0.81 g/100 g and HCl soluble pectin(HCLSP), from 0.30~1.40 g/100 g. HCLSP showed the greatest variation according to the type of vegetables. Every vegetable types showed similar contents of these three pectic fractions. Fiber contents of vegetables ranged from 8.8~23.8% for cellulose, 0.6~10.6% for hemicellulose, 1.0~5.2% for lignin, 10.9~25.4% for acid detergent fiber (ADF) and 11.8~31.9% for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on dry weight basis. Especially, peppers showed higher contents of NDF than the other vegetables. It was found that a great portion of NDF, which is total insoluble dietary fiber, was composed of cellulose since cellulose constituted 63% of NDF. Heat treatment reduced total pectin content in all vegetables regardless of the heating methods and the greatest reduction was observed upon boiling. HWSP content increased, whereas HXSP and HCLSP contents decreased. Heat treatment increased the NDF, ADF and cellulose contents, and most changes were due to changes in cellulose content. The values of hemicellulose and lignin showed irregular pattern upon heating. Contents of total dietary fiber (TDF) were 1.20~7.11% on fresh weight basis. Garlic, edible burdock and pepper leaf showed higher contents of TDF than other vegetables. It was found that a great portion of TDF was composed of insoluble dietary fiber.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.57-81
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• 2001

In the amphibolites of the Hwanggangri area, three metamorphic zones are established like hornblende-actinolite zone (H-AZ), hornblende zone (HZ) and diopside zone (DZ) by the main mineral assemblages. Hornblende zone and hornblende-actinolite zone develope away from the diopside zone that experienced the highest thermal effect. Thus, this pattern identifies the decreasing metamorphic grade of the contact metamorphism with increasing distance from the granitic pluton. The mineral assemblages of this rock are classified into six representative groups such as $\circled1$ actinolite+plagioclase+chlorite, $\circled2$ actinolite+hornblende+plagioclase+chlorite$\pm$epidote$\pm$biotite, $\circled3$ actinolite+hornblende+plagioclass$\pm$biotite$\pm$epidote, $\circled4$ hornblende+plagioclase$\pm$biotite$\pm$chlorite, $\circled5$ hornblende+plagioclase+diopside+actinolite$\pm$epidote$\pm$chlorite, $\circled6$hornblende+plagioclase+diopside$\pm$biotite$\pm$epidote. Two metamorphic events m recognized in the amphibolites of the study area that the first metamorphism is the regional metamorphism dominantly occurred in the whole Ogcheon metamorphic belt and it gave rise to the growth of actinolite at the core or center of the amphibole grains of coarse and medium size. Its metamorphic grade ranges from the greenschist facies to epidote-amphibolite facies. The second metamorphism overlapped is the contact metamorphism caused by the adjacent granitic pluton, and its metamorphic grade is thought to reach to the low pressure part of upper amphibolite facies. According to the calculation by TWEEQU thermobarometry and amphibole-plagioclase thermometry, the metamorphic temperature of initial regional metamorphism is $439-537^{\circ}C$ under pressure of 4.6-7.3 kb and its peak temperature and pressure are considered to reach to the range of 492-537 and 5.2-7.3 kb. And the temperature range of contact metamorphism occurred by intrusion of cretaceous granitic body, is $588-739^{\circ}C$ under pressure of 2.6-5.2 kb and its peak temperature and pressure are estimated as having the range of $697-739^{\circ}C$ and 3.8-5.2 kb that this amphibolites are estimated to pass through the metamorphic evolution of both the rise of temperature and the drop of pressure.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.267-276
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• 2008

The 25 healthy male volunteers aged from 20 to 50years old have been employed in this study. 2D-PC MRA was performed to measure the velocity of the blood flow in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular veins using 3.0T MRI Whole body (signa VH/i GE). ECTRICKS-CEMRA was performed to evaluate the pattern of blood circulation from internal carotid artery to internal jugular vein. Using 2D-PC MRA, the cross-section of the 4th and 5th cervical discs was scanned with 24cm FOV. Then the speed of blood flow was measured for internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein when the subject wears a necktie tightly and no tie. The average of maximum velocity of internal carotid arteries without a necktie was 72.13cm/sec in the right side and 74.96cm/sec in the left side(average 73.54cm/sec in both sides) while the average of maximum velocity of internal jugular veins without a necktie was -34.45cm/sec in the right side and -24.99cm/sec in the left side (-29.72cm/sec in both sides). However, when wearing a necktie tightly, the average of maximum velocity of internal carotid arteries was 61.35cm/sec in the right side and 65.19cm/sec in the left side(average 63.27cm/sec in both sides) while the average of maximum velocity of internal jugular veins was -22.14cm/sec in the right side and -17.93cm/sec in the left side(-20.03cm/sec in both sides). With the necktie tightly knotted, the average blood flow speed of both internal carotid arteries slightly decreased to 86% (63.27/73.54cm/sec) compared to no tie case in which both internal jugularveins significantly went down to 67% (-20.03/-29.72 cm/sec). Thus it is suggested that wearing a necktie affects the circulation of internal jugular veins(33% decrease in blood flow speed) more significantly than that of internal carotid artery(14% decrease in blood flow speed). Without a necktie, ECTRICKS-CEMRA showed natural blood circulation patterns of internal carotid arteries and internal jugular veins without any disturbances or compressions. However, when wearing a necktie tightly, ECTRICKS-CEMRA showed severe compression onto both internal jugular veins in all 25 volunteers. In conclusion, the result of the study showed that the tightly worn necktie instantly presses more internal jugular veins than internal carotid arteries, thereby significantly reducing the blood flow speed and leading to the temporary occlusion. Thus, the defecation or washing the face under the tightly tied necktie situations can cause the unexpected and temporary compression or occlusion of the internal jugular veins, subsequently leading to the occurrences of the stroke due to the secondary intracranial venous hypertension.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.121-136
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• 1986

Recently there have been some reports on human infections of Echinostoma hortense in Korea. It was found that a few species of freshwater fishes were playing the role of the second intermediate host of E. hortense. However, molluscan intermediate host has not been identified yet in Korea. The present study aimed to establish the life cycle of E. hortense in laboratory. Experimental studies such as egg production from the rat, development of the eggs in vitro, exposure of miracidia to freshwater snails, shedding pattern of cercariae from infected snails, morphology of cercariae, cercarial infection to the second intermediate host and infection of metacercariae to the definitive hosts were done. In addition, epidemiological surveys on the infection status in inhabitants and house rats, and on the natural infection of larval echinostomes in the snails and fishes were carried out along the South Hangang-river. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The eggs deposited from adults in physiological saline were cultivated at room temperature($20{\sim}24^{\circ}C$). The miracidia were firstly observed on 8 days after cultivation, and 85.5% of the eggs contained the mature miracidia on 11 days after cultivation. More than 90% formed the miracidia when cultivated at temperature $22{\sim}27^{\circ}C$. Hatching of the miracidia began on 12 days after cultivation and continued for a week. The size of the miracidia was $103.0{{\times}}51.4{\mu}m$ in average. The motility of the miracidia were active up to 8 hours after shedding, but they were all dead within 10 hours after shedding. 2. A freshwater snail, Radix auricularia coreana was cultivated in aquaria. A hatched $F_1$ snails from the egg masses were exposed to 20 miracidia respectively. Escape of cercariae started on 15 days after infecton. Radix auricularia coreana was experimentally identified as the first intermediate host of E. hortense in Korea. 3. Cercarial shedding started on $15{\sim}20$ days after infection by snail, continued for about 10 days (8.8 days in average). Infected snails were dead within 32 days after the miracidial infection. About 1,335 cercariae($328{\sim}1,994$) per snail were shed in its life, and 119 cercariae in average per snail per day were shed. The cercariae were motile for more than 24 hours, and then squirming at the bottom until death. The body and tail sizes of cercariae were $356{\times}186{\mu}m$ and $510{\times}68{\mu}m$ in average, respectively. The rediae parasitized in the snail hosts were found mainly around the pericardial regions, and their size was $1,575{\times}258{\mu}m$ in average. The numbers of developing cercariae in a mature redia were 14 in average ($7{\sim}20$ in range). The numbers of rediae in a snail were 102 in average on 15 days after miracidial infection and 221 in average on 28 days. 4. Three uninfected Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, less than 6.5cm long were used in for the cercarial infection. They were all exposed with 755 cercariae, and examined at 5-day intervals starting from 10 days after infection. All the fishes were infected with metacercariae of E. hortense and a total of 275 was found infected(36.4%). The metacercariae were fed to rats and the adult worms were obtained on 15 days after infection. 5. The infected rats began to deposit the eggs on 11 days after infection. The number of eggs deposited per day per worm (EPD/worm) was $400{\sim}500$ on 3 weeks after infection and was increased to $1,000{\sim}1,500$ on 4 to 17 weeks, then decreased to 800 on 21 weeks after infection. 6. A total of 745 stool specimens collected from 576 male and 169 female residents of 8 different villages along South Hangang basin was examined. Out of 745 specimens, the eggs of Echinostoma sp. were found in 2 cases (0.3%). Of 34 house rats one showed egg-positive (2.9%). 7. Total 971 Radix auricularia coreana collected from 7 sampling stations were examined for shedding of cercariae. Three snails (0.3%) shed the cercariae of E. hortense. A total of 119 out of 542 freshwater fishes (22.0%) had the metacercariae of E. hortense. The fishes parasitized with the metacercariae were 4 out of 14 examined species. The infection rates of 4 species were 34.1% (106 out of 311) in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, 30.4% (7 out of 23) in Misgurnus mizolepis, 4.3% (2 out of 46) in Moroco oxycephalus and 22.2% (4 out of 18) in Odontobutis obscura interrupta. In summarizing the above results, the first intermediate host of E. hortense was found as Radix auricularia coreana in Korea. Also, it took about 46 days for the shortest completion of a life cycle of E. hortense in summer; that is, 10 days for miracidial development in eggs, 15 days for cercarial development in the snail, about 10 days for metacercarial development in the second intermediate hosts, and 11 days for the maturation as the adults in the definitive hosts. The natural infection rates of E. hortense in the intermediate hosts were relatively high but those in the definitive hosts were low in the middle areas of South Hangang basin.