• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.183-196
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• 1997

An experimental study was performed to investigate. The subjects drank (0.5g/kg ethanol and performed 7 items of SPES(simple reaction time, color word stress, digit classification, finger tapping speed, numerical ability, symbol digit coding, memory digit span). 20 students of medical college participated in the study during August, 1996. After ethanol intake, performance of 4 items(simple reaction time, digit classification, finger tapping speed, symbol digit coding) significantly showed to be decreased. The function of perception-response speed and steady movement were found to be more sensitive to ethanol than that of short-term memory, numerical ability and specification of color. No significant association were found between smoking, alcohol drinking, BMI(body mass index) and the effects of ethanol on neurobehavioral performance.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2007

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the association between health risk factors and mortality in Juam cohort. Methods: The subjects were 1,447 males and 1,889 females who had been followed up for 68.5 months to 1 January 2001. Whether they were alive or not was confirmed by the mortality data of the National Statistical Office. A total of 289 persons among them died during the follow-up period. The Cox's proportional hazard regression model was used for survival analysis. Results: Age, type of medical insurance, self cognitive health level, habit of alcohol drinking, smoking, exercise and BMI level were included in Cox's proportional hazard model by gender. The hazard ratio of age was 1.07(95% CI: 1.05-1.10) in men, 1.09(95% CI: 1.06-1.12) in women. The hazard ratio of medical aid(lower socioeconomic state) was 1.43(95% CI 1.02-2.19) in women. The hazard ratios of current alcohol drinking and current smoking were respectively 1.69(95% CI: 1.01-2.98), 1.52(95% CI: 1.02-2.28) in women. The hazard ratio of underweight was 1.56(95% CI 1.08-2.47) in men. The hazard ratios of underweight, normoweight, overweight, and obesity were respectively 1.63(95% CI: 1.02-2.67), 1.0(referent), 0.62(95% CI: 0.32-1.63), 1.27(95% CI: 0.65-3.06), which supported the U-shaped relationship between body mass index and mortality among the men over 65. Conclusions: The health risk factors increasing mortality were age, underweight in male, age, lower socioeconomic state, current alcohol drinking, current smoking in female. To evaluate long-term association between health risk factors and mortality, further studies need to be carried out.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.4681-4688
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• 2016

Objective: Our aim was to estimate whether diabetes mellitus (DM) may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality in Japan. Methods: The Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study is a nationwide prospective study, initiated in 1988, which involves 110,585 subjects (age range: from 40 to 79 years; 46,395 males and 64,190 females). Our present analysis population comprised 96,081 (40,510 men and 55,571 women) who provided details on DM history. The questionnaire also included age, sex, weight, height, family history of CRC, smoking, drinking and exercise habits, and education. Cox proportional-hazard regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR). We used SPSS 21 software to analyze all data. Results: Among the participants with DM, we followed up for 71,174 person-years and 640. deaths from CRC were confirmed; and, among the non-diabetic participants, 785 CRC deaths were identified during 1,499,324 person-years. After adjusting for multivariate confounding factors, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), family history of colorectal cancer, smoking habit, drinking habit, physical activity (sports and walking) and education, DM was associated with an increased risk of CRC death (HR 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-2.0). Diabetic women, but not diabetic men, experienced increased mortality from CRC (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.0). Conclusion: The risk of CRC mortality is significantly increased in both sexes and women with diabetes, but no significant increase was seen for diabetic men among Japanese.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to assess dietary fiber intake and the relationship between dietary fiber intake and nutrient intakes of elementary school students. Food consumption of 200 elementary school students (100 boys, 100 girls) in the 6th grade in Gimhae was assessed by 2-day estimated food records. Nutrient intakes were calculated using CAN-pro and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake using the TDF tables of the common Korean foods. The mean height and weight of the boys were 147.7 cm and 42.1 kg. The mean height and weight of the girls were 149.1 cm and 41.1 kg. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the boys (19.3 $kg/m^2$) was significantly higher than that of the girls (18.4 $kg/m^2$, p < 0.05). Average daily intake of energy of the boys and girls was 1733 and 1778 kcal, respectively. Intakes of protein, P, and niacin of the boys and girls exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA. Intakes of Fe, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were similar to RDA. Intake of vitamin $B_1$ exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA and intakes of Fe and vitamin A were similar to RDA among the girls. Ca intake of the boys and girls was $74.2\%$ and $60.1\%$ of RDA, respectively. Vitamin C intake of the boys and girls were $63.6\%$ and $71.7\%$ of RDA, respectively. Intakes of fat, Ca, P, and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were significantly higher than the girls. Intakes of Fe and vitamin A of the boys were significantly lower than the girls. Average daily intakes of TDF of the boys and girls were 11.2 g and 11.1 g, respectively. TDF intake of the children at the 6th grade of elementary school was about $70\%$ of 'age (yr) + 5 g', a recommended level for American children. Major food groups to supply dietary fiber were vegetables, grains, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Major sources of dietary fiber were Kimchi, rice, and red pepper powder which supplied $17.85\%$. $15.71\%$, and $5.18\%$ of TDF among the boys and $18.02\%$, $16.22\%$, and $6.58\%$ among the girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, Ca, P, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C among both the boys and girls. From the results of this study we could conclude that it is recommended to increase dietary fiber intake in elementary school students at upper level.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1384-1389
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of aerobic training plus diet on blood lipids and apolipoproteins (Apo) in obese children. Sixteen healthy obese boys (ages 10.9; body mass index (BMI) $\geq$95th percentiles for age and sex) participated in this study. The aerobic training program consisted of 40 minutes hiking on a mountain, 60 minute of basketball and football dribbling at an intensity of 60-70% of HRmax, and was performed 5 days a week for 9 weeks. The diet prescription was 2,100 kal/day according to the recommended dietary allowance for 10-12 year old Koreans. All subjects stayed in a training camp for 9 weeks. The results of this study were as follows; Blood lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C ratio were significantly improved after the 9 week program, but there was no significant change in low density lipoprotein (LDL-C). Apolipoprotein profiles, Apo AI, AII, B, CII and CⅢ were all significantly decreased after the 9 week program, but there were no significant difference in Apo AI/AII ratio and Apo B/AI ratio. These results indicate that aerobic training together with a healthy diet can induce positive changes on blood lipid profiles, Apo AII, B and CII in obese children.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of a 12-week aerobic exercise plus lifestyle modification on obese-induced metabolic syndrome in obese adolescent girls. A total of 52 obese adolescent girls (13-14 years old; body mass index (BMI) ${\geq}$95th percentiles for age and sex) purposely assigned to aerobic exercise group (AEG, n=15), aerobic exercise plus lifestyle modification group (ALG, n=18), or control group (CG, n=19). The AEG completed 12 weeks of walking exercise (30-60 min/day, 65-75% HRmax, 6 days/week), the ALG completed 12 weeks of walking exercise (30-60 min/day, 65-75% HRmax, 6 days/week) and behavior modification (60 min/day, 1 day/week), and the CG continued their normal life. The presence of the metabolic syndrome and component risk factors were determined before and after 12-week programs. The total prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 48.1% in this sample (25/52) of participants at baseline. After the programs the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was improved in the AEG and ALG 33.3, 27.8%, respectively. Group analyses showed significant difference in risk factors of the metabolic syndrome such that the AEG and ALG had significantly greater improvements in waist circumference, triglycerides, blood glucose and systolic blood pressure than the CG, while there were no significant difference in HDL cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure. Also there was no group difference between AEG and ALG in all measured metabolic risk factors after the programs. These results indicate that the positive changes of the ALG were not associated with lifestyle modification (behavior modification) but associated with aerobic exercise. However, long-term follow up studies are necessary to clarify the additive effect of the behavior modification on the metabolic syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.318-323
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to assess the association of metabolic syndrome and Vitamin D in Korean adults. The study subjects were Korean menopausal woman (n=4,340) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2012. After adjusting for factors such as age, body mass index, total cholesterol, smoking, and regular exercise, the mean 25(OH)D levels ($M{\pm}SE$) decreased with increasing metabolic syndrome score (MSS) (MSS 0, $18.18{\pm}0.29ng/Ml$; MSS 1, $18.09{\pm}0.21ng/mL$; MSS 2, $18.07{\pm}0.19ng/mL$; MSS 3, $18.04{\pm}0.21ng/mL$; MSS ${\geq}4$, $17.27{\pm}0.23ng/mL$), and the mean 25(OH)D level ($M{\pm}SE$) for metabolic syndrome ($17.66{\pm}0.16ng/mL$) decreased in comparison to non-metabolic syndrome ($18.11{\pm}0.14ng/mL$). In conclusion, our results suggest that an increase in metabolic syndrome score or metabolic syndrome are inversely associated with the vitamin D levels.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and total mortality, cancer mortality and other disease mortalities in Korean adults. Methods: A total of 14 161 subjects of the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort who were over 40 years of age and who were cancer-free at baseline enrollment reported their lifestyle factors, including the smoking status. The median follow-up time was 6.6 years. During the follow-up period from 1993 to 2005, we identified 1159 cases of mortality, including 260 cancer mortality cases with a total of 91 987 person-years, by the national death certificate. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of cigarette smoking for total mortality, cancer mortality and disease-specific mortality, as adjusted for age, gender, the geographic area and year of enrollment, the alcohol consumption status, the education level and the body mass index (BMI). Results: Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk of total mortality, all-cancer mortality and lung cancer mortality (p-trend, < 0.01, <0.01, <0.01, respectively). Compared to non-smoking, current smokers were at a higher risk for mortality [HR (95% CI)=1.3 (1.1 - 1.5) for total mortality; HR (95% CI)=1.6 (1.1 -2.2) for all-cancer mortality; HR (95% CI)=3.9 (1.9-7.7) for lung cancer mortality]. Conclusions: This study's results suggest that cigarette smoking might be associated with total mortality, all-cancer mortality and especially lung cancer mortality among Korean adults.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2001

This study was designed to assess the iron nutritional status and anemia of high school students. 383 female subjects in Ulsan Metropolitan city were evaluated using a questionnaire, and a measurement of hematological indices. The average height and weight of the respondents were 161.24$\pm$4.90 cm and 53.12$\pm$6.37kg, repectively. The average BMI(body mass index) was 20.43$\pm$2.26 which was in the normal ramge. The average hemoglobin(Hb) concentration of the subjects was 13.14$\pm$0.97g/dl, and the average hematocrit(Hct) level was 40.84$\pm$17.40%. Transferrin saturation{TS(%)} was 20.86$\pm$10.32%, and the ferritin by Hct(＜36%), 27.2%by TS(＜14%),26.6% by ferritin(＜12 ng/ml). As for clinical symptoms, the greatest number of respondents reported that they experienced ‘decreased ability to concectrate’. Mean daily intakes of iron were 14.89$\pm$4.48 mg and heme iron intakes were 5.04$\pm$2.13 mg, which was 29.6% of total iron intake. The total iron binding capacity(TIBC) was negatively correlated with Hb concentration(r= -0.222, p＜0.01). Serum ferritin was positively correlated with Hb concentration(r= - 0.323, p＜0.05) and negatively correlated with TIBC(r= -0.367, p＜0.01). TS(%) was positively correlated with Hb concentration(r= 0.402, p＜0.01) and positively correlated with serum ferritin(r=0.413, p＜0.01). As for the correlation between blood biochemistry and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the Hb concentration was negatively correlated with ‘shortening of breath when going upstairs(p＞0.05)’ and ‘cold hands and feet’ significantly(r= -0.109, p＜0.05). The level of Mean corpuscular volume(MCV) was negatively correlated with ‘feel dizzy when standing up’,‘tired out easily’, and ‘decrease ability to concentrate’ significantly(p＜0.05). In particular, the level of Fe was negatively correlated with ‘shortening of breath when going upstairs’ and ‘feeling blue’ significantly(p＜0.01). These results suggest That the prevalence of iron deficiency of female high school students is very high, therefore guidelines for diet supports and nutrition education to improve their iron status should be provided.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.304-311
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• 2016

The study was performed to examine the metabolic syndrome risk factors in accordance with the obesity types based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference cutoffs. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome closely adhered to the NCEP-ATP III criteria, and obesity was defined using the WHO Asian-Pacific criteria. We used the data from 591 elderly women, all aged over 65 years. They were divided into four groups: The normal group (n=272), the obesity group (n=124), abdominal obesity group (n=19), and obesity-abdominal obesity group (n=176). The obesity-abdominal obesity group was the most prevalent group of low HDL-cholesterol (p=0.009), hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.025), abdominal obesity (p<0.001), and metabolic syndrome (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the obesity-abdominal obesity group had the highest odds ratio in predicting metabolic syndrome (OR: 10.638, 95% CI: 6.053~18.697). Therefore, the obesity-abdominal obesity group was the strongest predictive factor of metabolic syndrome risk in Korean elderly women.