• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.25-35
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• 2001

In 1990, Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 10 pg TCDD/kg/day for dioxins based on carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity was determined by WHO/EURO, that resulted in the establishment of TDIs in other countries. In Japan, Ministry of Health and Welfare and Environment Agency, respectively established the TDI of 10 pg TCDD/kg/day and Health Risk Assessment Index of 5 pg TCDD/kg/day in 1996. Accumulation of new scientific data, especially by molecular toxicology since 1990, resulted in the reevaluation of TDI by WHO-ECEH and IPCS in May, 1998. At this meeting, it was stressed that \circled1 toxic effects of dioxin is mediated through Ah-receptor in both animals and humans, \circled2 use of ebody burdeni concept is better than the use of traditional NOAEL/UF approach, \circled3 inclusion of coplanar PCBs in the TDI by the use of new WHO-TEF. LOAELs (0.16~200 ng TCDD/kg/day) obtained from reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity in rats, and neurobehavioral toxicity and induction of endometriosis in rhesus monkeys are calculated to be the body burden of 10~50 ng TCDD/kg that is 14~37 pg TEQ/kg/day as human daily intake. Finally TDI of 1~4 pg TEQ/kg/day was established by applying the UF of 10. In Japan, reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity in rats were used to obtain LOAELs (100~200 ng TCDD/kg/day). Finally TDI of 4 pg TEQ/kg/day was established in June 1999 by applying the UF of 10 to human daily intake of 43.6 pg TEQ/kg/day which corresponds to the body burden of 86 ng TCDD/kg.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2009

Purpose : To grasp the mental burden for legal responsibility that rescue members have in the performance of job. Method : Questionnaire was presented to rescue members serving in 2 direct control safety centers of fire station located in Seoul, Daejon, Incheon, Kwangju, Busan, Daegu and Ulsan. Results : 1. Questioned whether they have mental burden for legal responsibility while performing job on the site, the rescue members responded : very burdensome in 38.0%, burdensome in 56.0%, moderate in 4.5%, not burdensome in 1.0%, no burden at all in 0.5%. 2. Questioned on the first aid treat for which they have the most mental burden, the rescue members responded : intubation into trachea laryngeal mask airway(LMA) in 40.4%, automatic external defibrillator in 16.3%, securing vein providing sap(medicine) in 10.8%, basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 7.2%, eliminating foreign matters inserted into body in 5.4%, stanching external bleeding and treating injury in 5.4%, fixing extremities and spine by using splint in 1.8%, measuring the symptom of vitality in 1.2%, providing oxygen in 0.0%. 3. Questioned whether experiencing legal problem or firm petition(complaint) raised by patient while serving as rescue members, they responded : experiencing a complaint in 41.6%, experiencing no complaint in 58.4%. Asked to indicate the stress level in the scale of which they suffered when lawsuit or firm petition was raised, 0(weak)-10(strong), they answered 8.8 in average. 4. Questioned whether 119 rescue members put the legal responsibility in case that they cause damage to patients intentionally in performing, they responded to the inquiry 3.66 in average(of 5.00). It represented meaningful differences (F=2.874, p=.024) whether they had license or not. 5. In future, legal action will raise against the rescue member by 99% because of people's rights improvement(63.1%), high expectations for the rescue system(29.5%), non-licensed rescue members(5.1%). Conclusion : It was found that the rescue members had severe mental burden for advanced life support which was investigated to have low enforcement rate in the preceding research, for instance, intubation into trachea securing vein management by using automatic external defibrillator. To improve the qualitative level of rescue service in the fire fighting, it may be required to construct the environment that eliminates the mental burden of rescue members for legal responsibility.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.185-196
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• 1994

The prevalence of obesity by measuring the amount of body fat and its related factors were investigated in 315 high school girls living in Seoul. Average body fat amount and body fat percentage measured by the body impedance analysis were 14.2$\pm$5.2kg and 25.9$\pm$7.0% respectively. Mean body mass index(BMI) was 2.1$\pm$2.7kg/m2 and 6.7% of the subjects showed over 25kg/m2 Correlative analysis reveal that the body fat percentage was significantly correlated to both relative body weight and BMI(r=0.66, P<0.01, r=0.68, P<0.01) Relative body weight of the subjects showed positive correlation to those of their mother and father. It was shown that many students skipped breakfast often and did not have a pleasant meal with enough time. There was no relationship between adiposity and dietary nutrient or energy intake. When subgroups of the subjects attending a non-vocational high school and those attending a vocational or technical school were compared obesity was more prevalent in the former. Therefore the burden caused by preparing the university entrance examination seems to play an important role in fat deposition.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 1995

The use of chlorinated water in swimming pools produces elevated chloroform levels in the water and air of the pools which can cause chloroform body burden of swimming individuals. Present study confirmed the chloroform body burdens from a 40-min swimming and evaluated the decay of chloroform breath concentration after the cessation of a 60-min swimming. Air and water concentrations were measured in the pools. The water and air chloroform concentrations ranged from 18.1 to 25.3 ${mu}g/l$ and from 30.9 to 60.7 ${\mu}g/m3$ for the confirmation study, respectively. The breath level after 40-min swimming was about 64 to 266 folds higher than the corresponding background breath. The breath concentration after the 40-min swimming ranged from 10.5 to 21.3 ${\mu}g/m3$, while that prior to the corresponding swimming ranged from 0.07 to 0.19 ${\mu}g/m3$. In addition, the post-exposure breath level varied with the subjects who swam in the pool on the same visiting day. Breath concentration increased gradually during 60-min swimming, then decreased rapidly within 5 minutes after the cessation of exposure, after that, decreased slowly, and finally approached to a background breath level at 1-2 hr after exposure.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.76-86
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• 2024

Objectives: This retrospective study attempted to determine whether the treatment effect improves as the longer the medication for obese patients, also, analyzed whether the long medication increases the burden on liver function. Methods: The subjects were 278 overweight and obese female patients who took the herbal medicine Jibangsayak (JBSY) for more than 15 days. The correlation between the duration of medication and the treatment effect was confirmed, and the correlation with the safety was also analyzed. Results: JBSY significantly reduced all obesity-related measures after treatment. All these valuables before treatment were not factors in determining the duration of medication. As the duration increased, the body mass index (BMI) improvement decreased and lean body and muscle mass increased. As the duration was closer to 60 days, BMI improvement increased, and in more than 90 days group, the BMI and body fat percentage improvement stagnated as the duration longer. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase decreased after treatment. Additionally, AST decreased as the duration increased. Conclusions: This result suggests that not only the high obesity-related measures at first visit not lengthen the duration of JBSY medication. And liver function levels did not worsen as the duration increased. This result is different from the general perception that the longer the duration of medication, the greater the burden on patient's drug metabolism. However, the fact that other factors that could affect liver function could not be excluded and that kidney function evaluation should have been performed simultaneously are limitations of this study and require more detailed research in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 1999

The effective construction for ready-made clothes is one of the central concerns of both consumers and manufactures in today's apparel industry. So in order to reduce the burden of stocks and increase clothing fitness, systematic information on typical body size and somatotypes is essential. This study was performed to provide fundamental data on junior high school girls' somatotype by classifying the lower body somatotype and analyzing the characteristics of each somatotype. The subject were 234 Korean Junior High School Girls. The subjects were directly measured anthropometrically and indirectly analyzed photographically. The result of factor analysis indicated that 6 factors were extracted through factor analysis and those factors comprise 70.2% of total variance. Using factor scores cluster analysis was carried out and the subject were classified into 3 cluster as their lower boby front and side silhouette.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.07d
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• pp.2328-2330
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• 2002

Electricity living body formation operation appliance is using most imports until present. And, because electricity living body formation operation appliance is too expensive, it becomes burden to buy in small scale hospital. Also, problem that economical damage by income is added follows. Therefore this treatise developed electricity living body formation operation appliance by home production. Ultra high frequency eruption circuit used LC circuit, and output frequency is possible to 8 [MHz], and output voltage amplified maximum 800 [V]. This operation appliance could display size of fixed current.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.153-157
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• 2002

Electricity living body formation operation appliance is using most imports until present. And, because electricity living body formation operation appliance is too expensive, it becomes burden to buy in small scale hospital. Also, problem that economical damage by income is added follows, Therefore, this treatise developed electricity living body formation operation appliance by home production, Ultra high frequency eruption circuit used LC circuit, and output frequency is possible to 8 [MHz], and output voltage amplified maximum 800 [V]. This operation appliance could display size of fixed current. This developed product could microscopic operation fewer than 1 [mm]. This development technology is considered by do metallic surface heat treatment, melting, welding, induction heating device and that can apply to domestic animals surgical operation and so on.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.127-132
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• 2002

Electricity living body formation operation appliance is using most imports until present. And, because electricity living body formation operation appliance is too expensive, it becomes burden to buy in small scale hospital. Also, problem that economical damage by income is added follows. Therefore, this treatise developed electricity living body formation operation appliance by home production. Ultra high frequency eruption circuit used LC circuit. and output frequency is possible to 8 [MHz], and output voltage amplified maximum 800 [V]. This operation appliance could display size of fixed current. This developed product could microscopic operation fewer than 1 [mm]. This development technology is considered by do metallic surface heat treatment, melting, welding, induction heating device and that can apply to domestic animals surgical operation and so on.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to analyze the relationship the physical disability, cognitive disorder and body image. Method: The research was a descriptive relationship study. A sample is composed of 101 hospitalized stroke patients. Data were collected from November, 2005 to December, 2005. The survey instruments used in the study Sharon and Glen's physical disability scale, Lim's cognitive disorder scale and Osgood's body image scale. The collected data were analyzed frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, Duncan test, Pearsons' correlation coefficients. Result: The level of physical disability the score was 2.26, cognitive disorder 1.84 and body image 3.54. and they were relation to significant correlation. The body image showed significant negative correlation with physical disability, cognitive disorder. Physical disability showed significant positive correlation with cognitive disorder(r=.639, p=.000), and significant negative correlation with body image(r=-.420, p=.000). Cognitive disorder showed significant negative correlation with body image(r=-.620, p=.000). There were significant differences of body image by general characteristics as follows: age(p=.000), occupation(p=.004), education(p=.008), disease(p=.007). monthly income(p=.006), burden of medical expenses(p=.001), duration of stroke(p=.008). Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between physical disability, cognitive disorder and body image. there will be considered useful nursing intervention effect to physical disability, cognitive disorder and body image of stroke patients.