• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.557-561
• /
• 2014

In this work, Altair Engineering's vibroacoustic modeling approach is used to simulate the acoustic signature of a simplified automobile in a wind tunnel. The modeling approach relies on a two step procedure involving simulation and extraction of acoustic sources using a high fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation followed by propagation of the acoustic energy within the structure and passenger compartment using a structural dynamics solver. The tools necessary to complete this process are contained within Altair's HyperWorks CAE software suite. The CFD simulations are performed using AcuSolve and the structural simulations are performed using OptiStruct. This vibroacoustics simulation methodology relies on calculation of the acoustic sources from the flow solution computed by AcuSolve. The sources are based on Lighthill's analogy and are sampled directly on the acoustic mesh. Once the acoustic sources have been computed, they are transformed into the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with advanced sampling and are subsequently used in the structural acoustics model. Although this approach does require the CFD solver to have knowledge of the acoustic simulation domain a priori, it avoids modeling errors introduced by evaluation of the acoustic source terms using dissimilar meshes and numerical methods. The aforementioned modeling approach is demonstrated on the Hyundai Simplified Model (HSM) geometry in this work. This geometry contains flow features that are representative of the dominant noise sources in a typical automobile design; namely vortex shedding from the passenger compartment A-pillar and bluff body shedding from the side view mirrors. The geometry also contains a thick poroelastic material on the interior that acts to reduce the acoustic noise. This material is modeled using a Biot material formulation during the structural acoustic simulation. Successful prediction of the acoustic noise within the HSM geometry serves to validate the vibroacoustic modeling approach for automotive applications.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.211-234
• /
• 2016

Super long-span bridges provide people with great convenience, but they also bring traffic safety problems caused by strong wind owing to their high decks. In this paper, the large eddy simulation together with dynamic mesh technology in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to explore the mechanism of a moving vehicle's transient aerodynamic force in crosswind, the regularity and mechanism of the vehicle's aerodynamic forces when it passes through a bridge tower's wake zone in crosswind. By comparing the calculated results and those from wind tunnel tests, the reliability of the methods used in the paper is verified on a moving vehicle's aerodynamic forces in a bridge tower's wake region. A vehicle's aerodynamic force coefficient decreases sharply when it enters into the wake region, and reaches its minimum on the leeward of the bridge tower where exists a backflow region. When a vehicle moves on the outermost lane on the windward direction and just passes through the backflow region, it will suffer from negative lateral aerodynamic force and yaw moment in the bridge tower's wake zone. And the vehicle's passing ruins the original vortex structure there, resulting in that the lateral wind on the right side of the bridge tower does not change its direction but directly impact on the vehicle's windward. So when the vehicle leaves from the backflow region, it will suffer stronger aerodynamic than that borne by the vehicle when it just enters into the region. Other cases of vehicle moving on different lane and different directions were also discussed thoroughly. The results show that the vehicle's pneumatic safety performance is evidently better than that of a vehicle on the outermost lane on the windward.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.116-138
• /
• 2012

As in the other fields of mechanics, analytical methods represent an important analysis tool in marine hydrodynamics. The analytical approach is interesting for different reasons : it gives reference results for numerical codes verification, it gives physical insight into some complicated problems, it can be used as a simplified predesign tool, etc. This approach is of course limited to some simplified geometries (cylinders, spheres, ...), and only the case of one or more cylinders, truncated or not, will be considered here. Presented methods are basically eigenfunction expansions whose complexity depends on the boundary conditions. The hydrodynamic boundary value problem (BVP) is formulated within the usual assumptions of potential flow and is additionally simplified by the perturbation method. By using this approach, the highly nonlinear problem decomposes into its linear part and the higher order (second, third, ...) corrections. Also, periodicity is assumed so that the time dependence can be factorized i.e. the frequency domain formulation is adopted. As far as free surface flows are concerned, only cases without or with small forward speed are sufficiently simple to be solved semi-analytically. The problem of the floating body advancing in waves with arbitrary forward speed is far more complicated. These remarks are also valid for the general numerical methods where the case of arbitrary forward speed, even linearized, is still too difficult from numerical point of view, and "it is fair to say that there exists at present no general practical numerical method for the wave resistance problem" [9], and even less for the general seakeeping problem. We note also that, in the case of bluff bodies like cylinders, the assumptions of the potential flow are justified only if the forward speed is less than the product of wave amplitude with wave frequency.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.255-274
• /
• 2023

The aim of this paper is to enhance the accuracy of predicting time-averaged external surface pressures on low-rise buildings by utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. To achieve this, benchmark studies of the Silsoe cube and the Texas Tech University (TTU) experimental building are employed for comparison with simulation results. The paper is structured into three main sections. In the initial part, an appropriate domain size is selected based on the precision of mean pressure coefficients on the windward face of the cube, utilizing Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models. Subsequently, recommendations regarding the optimal computational domain size for an isolated building are provided based on revised findings. Moving on to the second part, the Silsoe cube model is examined within a horizontally homogeneous computational domain using more accurate turbulence models, such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and hybrid RANS-LES models. For computational efficiency, transient simulation settings are employed, building upon previous studies by the authors at the Windstorm Impact, Science, and Engineering (WISE) Lab, Louisiana State University (LSU). An optimal meshing strategy is determined for LES based on a grid convergence study. Three hybrid RANS-LES cases are investigated to achieve desired enhancements in the distribution of mean pressure coefficients on the Silsoe cube. In the final part, a 1:10 scale model of the TTU building is studied, incorporating the insights gained from the second part. The generated flow characteristics, including vertical profiles of mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and velocity spectra (small and large eddies), exhibit good agreement with full-scale (TTU) measurements. The results indicate promising roof pressures achieved through the careful consideration of meshing strategy, time step, domain size, inflow turbulence, near-wall treatment, and turbulence models. Moreover, this paper demonstrates an improvement in mean roof pressures compared to other state-of-the-art studies, thus highlighting the significance of CFD simulations in building aerodynamics.

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제44권7호
• /
• pp.585-592
• /
• 2016

하이브리드 로켓의 연소실험에서 관찰된 500 Hz 대역의 연소압력과 연소반응 변동이 안정한 연소에서 발생하는 원인과 LFI로 발전하는 과정을 분석하기 위하여 $CH^*$ 화학발광 이미지와 PMT(photomultiplier tube)에 의한 광자방출 측정으로 연소반응 변화를 가시화하였다. 안정한 연소에서는 500 Hz 대역의 연소압력과 연소반응 변동의 위상차이가 180 도 정도를 이루며 전단층 유동을 따라서 정상적인 연소가 발생하였다. 그러나 불안정 연소가 발생하면, 500 Hz 주파수의 두 변동의 위상차는 60~70 도로 양의 관계(positive coupling)를 이루며 상하 대칭의 와류 발생과 국부적 소염이 나타나는 주기적 변화를 반복한다. 또한 천이구간에서는 매우 불규칙적인 와류와 상하 대칭의 전단층 유동 형상이 번갈아 관찰되고 있다. 이것은 연소의 영향으로 와류가 발생하는 것으로 보염기 후류에서 발생한 BVK 유동불안정과 유사한 특성을 보여준다, 따라서 하이브리드 로켓 연소의 저주파수 연소불안정은 500 Hz 대역의 연소반응 변동에 의한 와류의 발생과 이로 인한 국부적인 소염이 점진적으로 발전하여 완전한 주기적 소염으로 이어졌고, 20 Hz의 연소불안정으로 발전하는 것으로 판단하였다.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제7권5호
• /
• pp.317-332
• /
• 2004

Wind tunnel experiments were conducted under highly turbulent and disturbed flow conditions over a solid/perforated plate with a long splitter plate in its plane of symmetry. The effect of varied level of perforation of the normal plate on fluctuating velocities and fluctuating pressures measured across and along the separation bubble was studied. The different perforation levels of the normal plate; that is 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% are studied. The Reynolds number based on step height was varied from $4{\times}10^3$ to $1.2{\times}10^4$. The shape and size of the bubble vary with different perforation level of the normal plate that is to say the bubble is reduced both in height and length up to 30% perforation level. For higher perforation of the normal plate, bubble is completely swept out. The peak turbulence value occurs around 0.7 to 0.8 times the reattachment length. The turbulence intensity values are highest for the case of solid normal plate (bleed air is absent) and are lowest for the case of 50% perforation of the normal plate (bleed air is maximum in the present study). From the analysis of data it is observed that $\sqrt{\overline{u^{{\prime}2}}}/(\sqrt{\overline{u^{{\prime}2}}})_{max}$, (the ratio of RMS velocity fluctuation to maximum RMS velocity fluctuation), is uniquely related with dimensionless distance y/Y', (the ratio of distance normal to splitter plate to the distance where RMS velocity fluctuation is half its maximum value) for all the perforated normal plates. It is interesting to note that for 50% perforation of the normal plate, the RMS pressure fluctuation in the flow field gets reduced to around 60% as compared to that for solid normal plate. Analysis of the results show that the ratio [$C^{\prime}_p$ max/$-C_{pb}(1-{\eta})$], where $C^{\prime}_p$ max is the maximum coefficient of fluctuating pressure, $C_{pb}$ is the coefficient of base pressure and ${\eta}$ is the perforation level (ratio of open to total area), for surface RMS pressure fluctuation levels seems to be constant and has value of about 0.22. Similar analysis show that the ratio $[C^{\prime}_p$ max/$-C_{pb}(1-{\eta})]$ for flow field RMS pressure fluctuation levels seems to be constant and has a value of about 0.32.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.127-136
• /
• 2022

In this work a multi-fidelity non-intrusive polynomial chaos (MF-NIPC) has been applied to a structural wind engineering problem in architectural design for the first time. In architectural design it is important to design structures that are safe in a range of wind directions and speeds. For this reason, the computational models used to design buildings and bridges must account for the uncertainties associated with the interaction between the structure and wind. In order to use the numerical simulations for the design, the numerical models must be validated by experi-mental data, and uncertainties contained in the experiments should also be taken into account. Uncertainty Quantifi-cation has been increasingly used for CFD simulations to consider such uncertainties. Typically, CFD simulations are computationally expensive, motivating the increased interest in multi-fidelity methods due to their ability to lev-erage limited data sets of high-fidelity data with evaluations of more computationally inexpensive models. Previous-ly, the multi-fidelity framework has been applied to CFD simulations for the purposes of optimization, rather than for the statistical assessment of candidate design. In this paper MF-NIPC method is applied to flow around a rectan-gular 5:1 cylinder, which has been thoroughly investigated for architectural design. The purpose of UQ is validation of numerical simulation results with experimental data, therefore the radius of curvature of the rectangular cylinder corners and the angle of attack are considered to be random variables, which are known to contain uncertainties when wind tunnel tests are carried out. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are solved by a solver that employs the Finite Element Method (FEM) for two turbulence modeling approaches of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations: Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) and the Large Eddy simulation (LES). The results of the uncertainty analysis with CFD are compared to experimental data in terms of time-averaged pressure coefficients and bulk parameters. In addition, the accuracy and efficiency of the multi-fidelity framework is demonstrated through a comparison with the results of the high-fidelity model.