• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.659-663
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• 1998

Portal bood flow was measured with pulsed Doppler ultrasound in twenty anesthetized dogs. In anesthetized dogs with xylazine HCl, the average of portal blood flow velocity was reduced($11.68{\pm}1.55cm/sec$ vs. normal $16.67{\pm}1.77cm/sec$). Average portal blood flow was also decreased compared to normal($28.36{\pm}11.61ml/min/kg$ vs. normal $43.12{\pm}14.46 ml/min/kg$). And congestion index was increased($0.0368{\pm}0.0117cm{\cdot}sec$) vs. normal $0.0297{\pm}0.0062cm{\cdot}sec$). In anesthetized dogs with ketamine HCl, portal blood flow velocity was slightly increased ($22.62{\pm}2.53cm/sec$ vs. normal $16.67{\pm}1.77cm/sec$. Also mean portal blood flow was slightly increased($43.12{\pm}14.46ml/min/kg$ vs. normal $55.32{\pm}19.99ml/min/kg$). In anesthetized dogs with tiletamine and zolazepam, portal blood flow velocity and portal blood flow were unchanged.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 1996

Stellate ganglion block(SGB) improves cutaneous blood flow of the head and neck region and upper extremity. For this reason, SGB has been performed in neural and circulatory disorders. But there is controversy on the cerebral blood flow regulation by sympathetic innervation. We investigated the hypothesis that cerebral blood flow could be affected by blocking ipsilateral sympathetic innervation of cerebral blood flow could be affected by blocking ipsilateral sympathetic innervation of cerebral vasculature. In 10 volunteers, the blood flow velocity and pulsatility index(PI) of middle cerebral artery(MCA) was measured using Transcranial Doppler Flowmeter, before and 15 minutes after SGB, at block side and opposite side. The blood flow velocity of MCA at block side was increased from $62.60{\pm}7.60$ cm/s to $72.80{\pm}8.01$ cm/s(P<0.01) and the PI at block side decreased from $0.75{\pm}0.12$ to $0.60{\pm}0.11$(P<0.05). But the blood flow velocity and PI at opposite side did not change. This study demonstrated that the cerebral blood flow could be increased by SGB, the preganglionic nerve fibers of which synapse with other cervical sympathetic ganglions.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.716-723
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in blood velocity(mm/sec) when compression and/or heat were applied to the knee joint for the elderly who has both normal and painful legs with osteoarthritis(OA). Experimental compression knee band was prepared from the 3D knee data of the average women in 60's. 3D replica of knee was reduced by 7, 10, and 13% from the nude pattern in course direction. Clothing pressure was measured at the front and back of each healthy and painful knee of elderly women for one minute while standing and sitting on the chair. Blood velocity was measured at 13 cm upper from the mid-patella for 15 minutes. Results are as follows: first, compression or heating treatment itself did not change blood velocity of both legs; second, combination treatment with heating and compression was effective to increase blood velocity. In details, for healthy legs, combination treatments with compression by 10% reduced pattern(about 1.3kPa) and heating($43^{\circ}C$) induced the maximal blood velocity, however, for knees with OA, 7% reduced pattern(about 1.0kPa) with simultaneous heating($43^{\circ}C$) was more effective than other cases. These results indicated that pain and spasticity of knee joint with OA could be reduced by applying heat and compression therapy, where the compression level of painful knee should be slightly lower than of healthy leg.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible role for cranial artery velocity in cervicogenic headache. Methods: We studied 13 patients with cervicogenic headaches (M=9, F=4, age=$24.50{\pm}3.50\;y$) these were compared to 20 normal subjects (M=10, F=10, age=$23.30{\pm}2.90\;y$). Cervicogenic headache patients were divided into two groups (a myofascial relaxation group, a placebo group). Pain levels were measured using a visual analog scale (VAS). Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound recordings were used to measure blood flow velocity in the cranial artery. Results: Cervicogenic headache patients exhibited a significantly lower blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery. The patients who received an intervention had a significantly higher blood flow velocity in the left middle cerebral artery, right vertebral artery and basilar artery. Compared to the placebo group, the myofascial relaxation group exhibited a significantly decreased level of pain. Conclusion: Cervicogenic headache is pain referred to the head from a source in the cervical spine. Manual therapy affect to cervical spine and soft tissue as well as the passage of these vessels and nerves to recover because it is thought to be able to help.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2003

As endothelial cells are subject to flow shear stress, it is important to determine the detailed velocity distribution in microvessels in the study of mechanical interactions between blood and endothelium. This paper describes a velocity field of the arteriole in the rat mesentery using an intravital microscope and high-speed digital video system obtained by a highly accurate PIV technique. Red blood cells (RBCs) velocity distributions with spatial resolutions of $0.8{\times}0.8{\mu}m$ were obtained even near the wall in the center plane of the arteriole. By making ensemble-averaged time-series of velocity distributions, velocity profiles over different cross-sections were calculated for comparison. The shear rate at the vascular wall also evaluated on the basis of the ensemble-averaged profiles. It was shown that the velocity profiles were blunt in the center region of the vessel cross-section while they were steep in the near wall region. The wall shear rates were significantly small, compared with those estimated from the Poiseuille profiles.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect given to the variable details which disturb the flow of blood in brain artery disease through Aerobic exercises. It chose the subjects of study : 5 persons in an exercise group and 5 persons in a non-exercise group. Peak brain blood velocity, mean velocity, and resistance & artery stricture ratio were measured with TCD, measure machine for brain artery blood flow. The conclusion of the study was as follows: 1. At pre-test of an exercises group and a non-exercise group, PBV, MBV, BRI, ASI of a non-exercise group were showed much lower in the variation of left common carotid artery(LCCA). 2. At post-test of an aerobic exercises group and a non-exercise group, PBV, MBV, BRI, ASI of a non-exercise group were showed just a little decrease ratio but were not significant different in the variation of left common carotid artery(LCCA). Viewing on the base of these result, continuing exercises promote the functional improvement of the heart blood system and were showed the positive variation of artery stricture ratio according to brain blood flow velocity, the pulse and resistance or blood velocity. Therefore programs for prescriptions through aerobic exercises must be developed in many ways.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.516-519
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• 2001

To diagnose a patient's blood vessel disease, apoplexy, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, the blood velocity is very important. Determining the blood velocity methods using ultrasound are Continuous Doppler System and Pulse Doppler System. In using the Pulse Doppler System, we can obtain the position of blood velocity. But it is more complex hardware than Continuous Doppler System and it has low SNR(signal-noise ratio). So in this study, to obtain a believable information we use the Continuous Pulse Doppler System. Thus system have analog part and digital part. In analog part is composed of ultrasound generating part, the amplifying part to amplify the received signal from ultrasound sensor, the demodulation part to detect blood velocity and the filtering part to remove the noise. In digital part is composed of the A/D conversion part, digital signal processing part, and the communication part to communicate the PC. In this study to implement efficient ultrasound blood velocity measurement system, we can get the patient's blood velocity information in realtime. Thus, It is a useful in the accurate diagnosis with C.T(computered tomography), M.R.I(magnetic resonance imaging).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.37-42
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine whether percutaneous interferential current stimulation on thoracic sympathetic ganglia with amplitude modulated frequency (AMF) $90\~100$ bps and subthreshold of muscle contraction for 10 minutes on peripheral blood flow velocity in healthy subjects. Thirty-seven healthy volunteers were assigned randomly into an experimental group (n=25) and a control group (n=12). the experimental group received interferential current stimulation with subthreshold of the muscle contraction of current at AMF $90\~100$ bps on $1st\~5th$ thoracic sympathetic ganglial region for 10 minutes. The control group received same handling and electode placement, but no current was applied. Using a Doppler blood flow meter, the radial arterial blood flow velocities and the pulse raters were determined for two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures on time and group. There were no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the changes in arterial blood flow velocity and pulse rate over the four measurement times. Interferential current stimulation did not change in mean blood flow velocity and pulse rate. We conclude that interferential current stimulation on the thoracic sympathetic ganglia, as used in this study, did not dilate peripheral artery. This results suggests that interferential current stimulation dose not alter the activtiy of sympathetic nerve.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.29 no.11 s.242
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• pp.1182-1188
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• 2005

An x-ray PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique was developed to measure quantitative information on flows inside opaque conduits and on opaque-fluid flows. At first, the developed x-ray PIV technique was applied to flow in an opaque Teflon tube. To acquire x-ray images suitable for PIV velocity field measurements, refraction-based edge enhancement mechanism was employed using detectable tracer particles. The optimal distance between with the sample and detector was experimentally determined. The resulting amassed velocity field data were in reasonable agreement with the theoretical prediction. The x-ray PIV technique was also applied to blood flow in a microchannel. The flow pattern of blood was visualifed by enhancing the diffraction/interference -bas ed characteristic s of blood cells on synchrotron x-rays without any contrast agent or tracer particles. That is, the flow-pattern image of blood was achieved by optimizing the sample (blood) to detector distance and the sample thickness. Quantitative velocity field information was obtained by applying PIV algorithm to the enhanced x-ray flow images. The measured velocity field data show a typical flow structure of flow in a macro-scale channel.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2015

In this study, regressive models were employed to predict the blood velocity by using independent variables which measured by 3 sensors, such as electrocardiogram (ECG), photo-plethysmogram (PPG), pulse diagnosis sensor, without ultrasound device at high cost. In experiment, the high predictable model was induced to estimate the blood velocity correctly by comparing correlation values and significance probabilities between independent variables and blood velocities. Results showed that the model induced by two or three independent variables had a higher predictability than those by a single independent variable.