• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.860-865
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• 2006

본 연구는 주정과 구연산을 처리한 대멸분말과 함께 식이성 칼슘소재가 SD계 흰쥐의 칼슘대사에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실험식이는 대델분말의 칼슘함량을 고려하여 식이중의 칼슘함량이 0.1%가 되도록 semi-purified diet(AIN-diet, 1977)에 건조대별분말을 첨가한 대조군(C), 주정-구연산처 리군(EC), 주정-구연산+CPPS처리군(ECC), 젖산칼슘첨가군(CL) 및 인산칼슘침가군(CP)으로처리하여 5주동안 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 증체랑은 EC군이 ECC군과 일반적인 칼슘소재로 이용되는 젖산칼슘군(CL)과 인산칼슘군(CP)에 비해 유의하게 높았고(p<0.05), 식이효율(FER)은 차이가 없었다. 생체내외(in vitro 을 in vivo) 칼슘흡수율은 CPP를 처리한 ECC군이 각각 20.4%,28.4%로 실험군중 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 혈당치는 CL군(105.7 mg/dL)이 대조군(89.5 mg/dL)보다 유의하게 높았고 (p<0.05), TC농도는 EC군(75.1 mg/dL)이 CP군(65.6 mg/dL)보다 높았으며, TG농도는 CP군(33.5 mg/dL)이 통계적으로 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). ALP활성과 057농토는 실험군간 차이가 없이 CL군이 대조군보다 다소 높았다. 혈중 Ca농토는 칼슘흡수율이 가장 낮은 대조군(C)이 10.82 mg/dL로 유의하게 낮았고, EC군과 ECC군이 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 대퇴골무게는 CP군이 가장 낮았고(p<0.05),길이는ECC군이 가장 길었다(P<0.05). 골밀도는 CP군$(0.1116\;g/cm^2)$이 가장 낮았던 반면, ECC군$(0.1149\;g/cm^2)$이 가장 높았다. 이상의 결과에서 CPPs를 첨가한 ECC군이 생체내의 칼슘흡수율과 혈중 Ca농도 및 대퇴골의 길이와 밀도 등에 유의한 상승효과를 미친 것으로 나타났다. 향추 본 연구결과는 칼슘흡수율을 높이고 색택의 개선 및 관능이 향상된 기능성제품 개발의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.255-258
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• 2015

위확대염전 (gastric dilatation and volvulus; GDV)는 위급하고 생명을 위협하는 질병으로 보통 대형견에서 호발한다. 하지만 17살 Shih-tzu (4 kg, 중성화 암컷)가 급성 위확대염전으로 응급내원한 경우가 있었다. 내원했을 당시 지속적인 헛구역질, 무기력, 그리고 과도하게 확장된 복부가 관찰되었다. 신체검사상 환자는 저체온증 ($36.5^{\circ}C$), 심박수 항진 (240 bpm), 느려진 모세혈관 재충만 시간 (> 2초)였고 점막은 창백한 색이었다. 폐음은 정상적이었지만 3단계의 murmur를 청진상 확인하였다. 복부타진을 통해서 복부 양쪽으로 공명하는 부위의 존재가 확인되었다. 수축기혈압은 220에서 시작해서 40 mmHg까지 4시간동안 점진적으로 감소하였다. 혈액검사상, blood urea nitrogen (BUN; 29.1 mg/dl)과creatinine (1.6 mg/dl)의 값을 토대로 미약한 질소혈증 상태였다. 혈중 젖산 농도는 (8.13 mmol/l)로 심각하게 증가해있었다. 추가적인 방사선 검사를 통해서 위확대염전을 확인하였다. 위내 압력을 줄이기 위해, 위천공과 비위삽관을 통한 기체와 액체 제거를 실시하는 동안 보조적으로 산소, 열, 수액, 그리고 약물들을 처치하였다. 또한 dobutamine의 정맥내투여에도 불구하고 수축기혈압이 일정하게 유지되지 않았고, 이에 따라 혼수상태에 빠지고 말았다. 환자의 나이와 복지를 고려하여 안락사가 결정되어 생을 마감하였다. 이번 경우는 최종적으로 위확대염전으로 진단되었으며, 이는 Shih-tzu와 같은 소형견에서 보고되는 첫 위확대염전 case라는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.239-253
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• 2017

Neodymium is a future-oriented material due to its unique properties, and its use is increasing in various industrial fields worldwide. However, the toxicity caused by repeated exposure to this metal has not been studied in detail thus far. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential inhalation toxicity of nano-sized neodymium oxide ($Nd_2O_3$) following a 28-day repeated inhalation exposure in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats were exposed to nano-sized $Nd_2O_3-containing$ aerosols via a nose-only inhalation system at doses of $0mg/m^3$, $0.5mg/m^3$, $2.5mg/m^3$, and $10mg/m^3$ for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week over a 28-day period, followed by a 28-day recovery period. During the experimental period, clinical signs, body weight, hematologic parameters, serum biochemical parameters, necropsy findings, organ weight, and histopathological findings were examined; neodymium distribution in the major organs and blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and oxidative stress in lung tissues were analyzed. Most of the neodymium was found to be deposited in lung tissues, showing a dose-dependent relationship. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) were the main observations of lung histopathology. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed in the $2.5mg/m^3$ and higher dose treatment groups. PAP was observed in all treatment groups accompanied by an increase in lung weight, but was observed to a lesser extent in the $0.5mg/m^3$ treatment group. In BALF analysis, total cell counts, including macrophages and neutrophils, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, increased significantly in all treatment groups. After a 4-week recovery period, these changes were generally reversed in the $0.5mg/m^3$ group, but were exacerbated in the $10mg/m^3$ group. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration of nano-sized $Nd_2O_3$ was determined to be $0.5mg/m^3$, and the target organ was determined to be the lung, under the present experimental conditions in male rats.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2007

The purpose of the clinically reportable range (CRR) in clinical chemistry is to estimate linearity in working range. The reportable range includes all results that may be reliably reported, and embraces two types of ranges: the analytical measurement range (AMR) is the range of analyte values that a method can directly measure on the specimen without any dilution, concentration, or other pretreatment not part of the usual assay process. CAP and JCAHO require linearity on analyzers every six months. The clinically reportable range is the range of analyte values that a method can measure, allowing for specimen dilution, concentration, or other pretreatment used to extend the direct analytical measurement range. The AMR cannot exceed the manufacturer's limits. Establishing AMR is easily accomplished with Calibration Verification Assessment and experimental Linearity. For example: The manufacturer states that the limits of the AST on their instrument are 0-1100. The lowest level that could be verified is 2. The upper level is 1241. The verified AMR of the instrument is 2-1241. The lower limit of the range is 2, because that is the lowest level that could be verified by the laboratory. The laboratory could not use the manufacturer's lower limit of 2 because they have not proven that the instrument values below 2 are valid. The upper limit of the range is 1241, because although the lab has shown that the instrument is linear to 1241, the manufacturer does not make that claim. The laboratory needs to demonstrate the accuracy and precision of the analyzer, as well the validation of the patient AMR. Linearity requirements have been eliminated from the CLIA regulations and from the CAP inspection criteria, however, many inspectors continue to feel that linearity studies are a part of good lab practice and should be encouraged. If a lab chooses to continue linearity studies, these studies must fully comply with the calibration/calibration verification requirements of CLIA and/or CAP. The results of lower limit and upper limit of clinically reportable range were total protein (2.1 - 79.9), albumin (1.3 - 39), total bilirubin (0.2 - 106.2), alkaline phosphatase (13 - 6928.2), aspartate aminotransferase (24 - 7446), alanine aminotransferase (13 - 6724.2), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (16.64 - 9904.2), creatine kinase (15.26 - 4723.8), lactate dehydrogenase (127.66 - 13231.8), creatinine (0.4 - 129.6), blood urea nitrogen (8.67 - 925.8), uric acid (1.6 - 151.2), total cholesterol (48.52 - 3162), triglycerides (36.91 - 3367.8), glucose (31 - 4218), amylase (21 - 6694.2), calcium (3.1 - 118.2), inorganic phosphorus (1.11 - 108), HDL (11.74 - 666), NA (58.3 - 1800), K (1.0 - 69.6), CL (38 - 1230).

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.184-188
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• 2006

The purpose of the recovery experiment in clinical chemistry is performed to estimate proportional systematic error. We must know all measurements have some error margin in measuring analytical performance. Proportional systematic error is the type of error whose magnitude increases as the concentration of analyte increases. This error is often caused by a substance in the sample matrix that reacts with the sought for analyte and therefore competes with the analytical reagent. Recovery experiments, therefore, are used rather selectively and do not have a high priority when another analytical method is available for comparison purposes. They may still be useful to help understand the nature of any bias revealed in the comparison of kit experiments. Recovery should be expressed as a percentage because the experimental objective is to estimate proportional systematic error, which is a percentage type of error. Good recovery is 100.0%. The difference between 100 and the observed recovery(in percent) is the proportional systematic error. We calculated the amount of analyte added by multiplying the concentration of the analyte added solution by the dilution factor(mL standard)/(mL standard + mL specimen) and took the difference between the sample with addition and the sample with dilution. When making judgments on method performance, the observed that the errors should be compared to the defined allowable error. The average recovery needs to be converted to proportional error(100%/Recovery) and then compared to an analytical quality requirement expressed in percent. The results of recovery experiments were total protein(101.4%), albumin(97.4%), total bilirubin(104%), alkaline phosphatase(89.1%), aspartate aminotransferase(102.8), alanine aminotransferase(103.2), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase(97.6%), creatine kinase(105.4%), lactate dehydrogenase(95.9%), creatinine(103.1%), blood urea nitrogen(102.9%), uric acid(106.4%), total cholesterol(108.5), triglycerides(89.6%), glucose(93%), amylase(109.8), calcium(102.8), inorganic phosphorus(106.3%). We then compared the observed error to the amount of error allowable for the test. There were no items beyond the CLIA criterion for acceptable performance.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.735-741
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• 2004

개심술 시 심정지 유도를 위해 혈액 심정지액이 안정적인 심근보호 효과로 인해 널리 사용되어 왔으나, 최근에는 결정성 심정지액인 HTK 용액의 사용이 다시 주목받고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 냉혈 심정지액과 HTK 용액의 심근보호 효과에 대해 비교 분석하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 판막질환 또는 관상동맥질환을 가진 환자 40명을 대상으로 냉혈 심정지액(CBC group, n=20)과 HTK 용액(HTK group, n=20)을 이용하여 심정지를 유도하였다. 수술 전과 후의 심기능의 차이를 비교하기 위해 술전, 수술 직후, 술 후 1일째의 혈역학적 지표 및 술 후 임상경과를 비교하였다. 또한 심장 초음파를 이용하여 좌심실의 수축기능의 변화를 조사하였다. 허혈에 따른 심근손상 정도를 비교하기 위해 심정지전 그리고 재관류 직후의 관상정맥동과 요골동맥의 CK-MB의 차이(ΔCK-MB), Troponin I의 차이 (ΔTro-I), 젖산의 차이(ΔLac)를 측정하였으며, 그리고 술 후 6, 12, 24, 48시간째 CK-MB의 수치를 연속적으로 측정하였다. 결과: 술 전 환자의 임상적 특징은 두 군간에 차이가 없었으며 인공호흡기 제거 시간, 중환자실 재원기간 등의 술 후 임상경과 역시 두 군 모두 비슷하였다. 술 후 측정한 CBC group 및 HTK group의 ΔCK-MB (15.3$\pm$26.0 vs 19.3$\pm$14.3), ΔTro-I (2.4$\pm$4.9 vs 2.0$\pm$2.20), 리Lac (1.6 $\pm$1.0 vs 1.9$\pm$2.5)으로 심정지에 의한 심근 손상의 정도에 있어서는 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 술 후 연속적으로 측정한 CK-MB 역시 차이가 없었다. 혈역학적 지표로서 측정한 동맥 혈압, 폐 동맥압, 중심정맥압, 폐동맥 쐐기압, 전신혈관저항, 그리고 심박출지수(CI)에서 두 군간에 유의한 차이는 없었으며, 술 후 심초음파에서 측정한 좌심실 박출률은 두 군 모두 술 전과 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론： 이상의 결과에서 HTK 용액의 심근 보호효과는 기존의 냉혈 심정지액과 유의한 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권4호
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• pp.626-634
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• 2012

감식초 섭취 후 지구성 운동시 에너지 기질에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로서 기능성 음료로서의 효용성을 검토하였다. 건강한 성인 남성 8명을 대상으로 감식초(PSV) 또는 정제수(CON)를 운동 1시간 전에 섭취시키고 최대산소섭취량의 60% 강도로 1시간 운동을 부하하였다. 이후 운동강도를 80%로 증가시켜 탈진시까지 운동을 부하하였으며, 생리적 변인, 혈액성분 그리고 에너지 산화량을 분석하였다. 생리적 변인은 운동 중 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았으며, 탈진시 심박수는 PSV가 높았다. 혈중 글루코스는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았으나, 혈중 젖산은 운동 후 30분과 60분에 PSV가 유의한 감소를 보였다. 유리지방산은 운동 15분부터 60분까지 PSV에서 유의한 증가가 나타났다. 탄수화물 산화는 운동 45분 이후 PSV에서 유의하게 감소하였으며, 이와는 반대로 지방산화에서는 동일한 시기에 유의한 증가를 보였다. 또한 탈진시에도 PSV가 높았다. 호흡교환율은 운동 30분 이후부터 60분까지 PSV가 유의하게 낮았으며, 탈진시에는 CON이 낮았다. 운동강도를 증가시킨 후 탈진시까지의 운동지속시간은 PSV가 41% 연장되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 감식초 섭취에 의하여 중등도 운동시 탄수화물 산화가 억제됨으로 인하여 지방대사량이 증가하며, 피로가 억제되기 때문에 운동 1시간 전에 섭취함으로서 지구성 운동시 효과적인 운동 기능성 음료로서 이용이 가능하다고 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.199-213
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• 1967

Circulatory and respiratory activities were observed in men exposed to the environment of engine room of a cruising Republic of Korea Navy ship and compared to the control values obtained in an ordinary laboratory room on land. The environment of an engine room of cruising navy ship was presumed to be a multiple stress acting on men. The environment of the engine room included high temperature $(35-42^{\circ}C)$, low relative humidity (20-38% saturation), vibration (about 7 cycles per second), rolling and pitching of ship and noises. Sixteen men were divided into two groups consisted of each 8 subjects. Subjects of sea duty group had experience of continuous on board duty averaging 3.5 years. Men of land duty group had no experience of on board activity. On land observations were made on one day prior to the boarding and leaving the port and four days after landing. In between observations in the engine room were made on the first, 5 th, 9 th, 12 th, and 14 th day of on board activity. The whole experimental period lasted for 20 days. Measurements on circulatory and respiratory parameters were at standing resting state (after 30 minutes standing in the case of on land study and 15 minutes in engine room study) and within one minute after cessation of on the spot running of which rhythm was 30/min. and lasted for 5 minutes. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary function test were done in the period of two minutes from the 3rd to 5th minutes of running. The following results were obtained. 1. Body temperature showed no change regardless of group difference or on land or on board measurements. 2. Pulse rate increased markedly after boarding the ship id both groups. Pulse rate increased from the first day on board at rest and after exercise as compared to the on land control value. This increase in pulse rate was more marked after exercise. Sea duty group showed less increase in pulse rate at rest than the land duty group. Standing and resting pulse rate of sea duty group on lam was 81 and increased to 87 at the 5th day on board and remained smaller than the land duty group throughout the period on board. Control standing and resting pulse rate of land duty group on land was 76 and reached 89 at the 9th day on board and thereafter decreased a little. Pulse rate of land duty group at rest on board remained greater than that of sea duty group throughout the period on board. 3. Systolic blood pressure of sea duty group increased after boarding the ship and remained higher than the control value on land. In the land duty group, however, systolic blood pressure decreased during the period on board the ship. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in both groups. 4. Resting breathing rate of land duty group increased and remained higher than the control value on land. In sea duty group, however, resting breathing rate showed a transient increase on the 1st day on board and decreased thereafter to the control value on land and kept the same level throughout the period of cruise. Absolute value of breathing rate in the sea duty group was greater than the land duty group both at rest and after exercise. 5. There was a lowering of breathing efficiency in both groups. Thus, increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation volume and decreases in maximum breathing capacity, vital capacity, capacity ratio and air velocity Index were observed after boarding the ship. An increase in ventilation equivalent was also observed in both groups. The lowering of breathing efficiency was more marked in the land duty group than the sea duty group. 6. Energy expediture increased in both groups during their stay on the ship and was more marked in the sea duty group. 7, Lactate concentration in venous blood at rest and after exercise increased after boarding the ship and no group difference was observed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.649-654
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• 2005

목 적 : 본 연구는 고빌리루빈혈증이 유도된 신생자돈에서 비 침습적인 NIRS을 통한 뇌의 혈역학적 변화에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 17 마리의 신생자돈을 대상으로 정상 대조군(CG, n=6), 고빌리루빈혈증군(BG, n=7마리), 7-NI를 투여한 고빌리루빈 혈증군(NG, n=4)으로 무작위 구분하였다. 고빌리루빈혈증의 유도는 40 mg/kg의 빌리루빈을 농축괴로 정주한 후 곧 이어 30mg/kg/hr로 4시간 동안 지속 정주하여 혈중 빌리루빈 농도를 20 mg/dL 이상으로 유지하였고 7-NI는 빌리루빈을 농축괴로 투여한 전과 후에 50 mg/kg을 복막투여 하였다. 모든 실험군은 실험 기간 동안 뇌의 혈역학적 변화를 위해 NIRS로 감시하였고 뇌 조직을 적출하여 생화학적인 변화를 관찰하였다. 결 과 : 동맥혈의 base excss, pH, 평균 동맥압은 BG군과 NG군에서 CG군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다. BG군에서 유의하게 뇌 조직의 $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase activity, ATP, PCr은 유의하게 감소하고 conjugated dienes는 유의하게 증가하였으나 NG 군은 이런 이상소견이 유의하게 완화되었다(P<0.05). 뇌 혈역학적 검사상 [$HbO_2$], [HbT], 및 [HbD]는 BG군에서 CG군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였고(P<0.05) NG군은 CG군과 차이가 없었다. 실험 종료시 $ScO_2$는 세 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 고빌리루빈혈증이 유도된 신생자돈에서 뇌의 혈역학적인 변화를 비침습적인 NIRS의 감시를 통해 유용하게 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.334-351
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the improvement effect of white ginseng extract (GS-KG9) on D-galactosamine (Ga1N)-induced oxidative stress and liver injury. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups. Rats were orally administrated with GS-KG9 (300, 500, or 700 mg/kg) or silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The rats of the GS-KG9- and silymarin-treated groups and a control group were then intraperitoneally injected Ga1N at a concentration of 650 mg/kg for 4 days. To investigate the protective effect of GS-KG9 against GalN-induced liver injury, blood liver function indicators, anti-oxidative stress indicators, and histopathological features were analyzed. RESULTS: Serum biochemical analysis indicated that GS-KG9 ameliorated the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in GalN-treated rats. The hepatoprotective effects of GS-KG9 involved enhancing components of the hepatic antioxidant defense system, including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). In addition, GS-KG9 treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by GalN treatment in hepatocytes and significantly increased the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) proteins, which are antioxidant proteins. In particular, by histological analyses bases on hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, α-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-β1 staining, we determined that the administration of 500 mg/kg GS-KG9 inhibited hepatic inflammation and fibrosis due to the excessive accumulation of collagen. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that GS-KG9 improves GalN-induced liver inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, GS-KG9 may be considered a useful candidate in the development of a natural preventive agent against liver injury.